Art Appreciation Reviewer

2ca2

2023-2024

ARTS

 Art comes from the Aryan root word “ar” which means “to put together”
 Latin word “ars” which means “skills/ability”
 cover those areas of artistic creativity — embraces the visual arts, literature, music and dance
 expresses aesthetic ideas by use of skill & imagination

 Division of the Arts

 Visual — arts that are primarily seen, occupies space.
 Auditory — heard, timed arts; exist in time
 Combined/performing arts — combines visual & auditory elements

 Purposes of The Arts

 Provide decoration
 Reveal truth
 Immortalize
 Express religious values
 Record and commemorate experience
 Create order & harmony

 Assumptions of Art
 Art is universal
 Art is not nature.
 Arts involve experience.

 Popular Art Expressions

1. Visual Arts
are those that appeal to the sense of sight and are mainly visual in nature.
is the kind of art form that the population is most likely more exposed to
include paintings, drawings, lettering, printing, sculptures, digital imaging, and more.
2. Film
refers to the art of putting together successions of still images in order to create an
illusion of movement.
 can be created by using one or a combination of some or all of these techniques:
motion-picture camera (also known as movie camera), animation techniques,
Computer-Generated imagery (CGI), and more.
3. Performance Art
is a live art and the artist’s medium is mainly the human body which he or she uses to
perform.
usually consists of four important elements: time, place, the performer(s), and a
relationship between the audience and the performer(s).
4. Poetry Performance
is an art form where the artist expresses his emotions not by using paint, charcoal, or
camera, but expresses them through words.
words, combined with movements, tone, volume, and intensity of the delivery, add to
the artistic value of the poem.
5. Architecture
is the making of beautiful buildings
not all buildings can be considered architecture.
should embody these three important elements: plan, construction, and design.
is often referred to as the “mother of the arts” because it houses, serves as background
for, or occurs in relation to other fields of art.
Materials used include stone, concrete, brick, wood, steel, glass, and plaster.
6. Dance
is a series of movements that follows the rhythm of the music accompaniment.
is a creative form that allows people to freely express themselves
in art expression, dancers are not confined to set steps and rules but are free to create and
invent their own movements as long as they deem them graceful and beautiful.
Dance — French “dancier,” generally refers to human movement either used as a form of
expression or presented in a social, spiritual, or performnace setting.
Choreography — is the art of making dances, and the person who does this is called a
choreographer.
7. Literary Art
communicate emotion to the readers
focuses on writing using a unique style, not following a specific form or norm.
It may include both fiction and non-fiction such as novels, biographies and poems.
Examples of famous literary artist and their work include The Little Prince by Antoine de
Saint-Exupery and Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare.
8. Theater
uses live performers to present accounts or imaginary events before a live audience.
usually follows a script
also considers several elements such as acting, gesture, lighting, sound effects musical
score, scenery, and props.
Some genres of theater include drama, musical, tragedy, comedy and improvisation.
9. Applied Arts
 incorporate elements of style and design to everyday items with the aim of increasing
their aesthetical value.
Artists in this field bring beauty, charm, and comfort into many things that are useful in
everyday life.
Industrial design, interior design, fashion design, and graphic design are considered applied arts.

FUNCTIONS AND EXPRESSIONS OF ART

1. As a Therapy
Art can be and is used as therapy for individuals with a variety of illnesses, both physical
and mental.
2. As an Artifact
Artifact — a product of a particular time and place, an artwork represents the ideas and
technology of that specific time and place.
The insights we gain into cultures, including our own are enhanced tremendously by such
artifacts as paintings, sculptures, poems, plays, and buildings.
Personal Function of Art
The personal functions of art are varied and highly subjective. This means that its function
depends on the person — the artist who created the art.
art is also used to help people process their emotions or while away their time.
3. Social Function of Art
Art is considered to have a social function if and when it addresses a particular collective
interest as opposed to a personal interest.
Political art is a very common example of an art with a social function.
Art may convey message of protest, contestation, or whatever message the artist
intends his work to carry.
4. Physical Function of Art
The physical functions of art can be found in artworks that are crafted in order to serve
some physical purpose.
Architecture, jewelry-making, and even interior design are all forms of arts that have
physical function.
5. Art as a Representation
art is a form of imitation (Plato)
Aristotle considered art as an aid to philosophy in revealing truth.
Unlike Plato who thought that art is an imitation of another imitation, Aristotle
conceived of art as representing possible versions of reality.
6. Art as a Disinterested Judgment
Immanuel Kant considered the judgment of beauty, the cornerstone of art, as something
that can be universal despite its subjectivity.
7. Art as a Communication of Emotion
Art plays a huge role in communication to its audience’s emotions that the artist previously
experienced.
 Art serves as a language, a communication device that articulates feelings and emotions that
are otherwise unavailable to the audience.
In the same way that language communicates information to other people, art
communicates emotions.
In listening to music, in watching an opera, and in reading poems. The audience is at the
receiving end of the artist communicating his feelings and emotions.

SUBJECT AND CONTENT

 Subject refers to the visual focus or the image that may be extracted from examining the
artwork.
 Content is the meaning that is communicated by the artist or the artwork.
 Form refers to how the elements and the medium or material are put together

 Types of Subject
 Representational art — These types of art have subjects that refer to object or events occurring
in the real world. Often, it is also termed figurative art, because as the name suggest, the figures
depicted are easy to makes out and decipher.
 Non-representational — This art does not make a reference to the real world, whether it is a
person, place, thing, or even a particular event. It is stripped down to visual elements such as
shapes, lines, emotion, and even concept.

 Sources of Subject
 Nature
 History
 Sacred Oriental Texts
 Greek and Roman Mythology
 Judeo-Christian Tradition
 Other works of art

 Kinds of Subject
 History
 Landscape
 Still Life
 Animals
 Nature
 Fantasies
 Myth
 Dreams
 Mythology
 Figures
 Seascape
  Cityscape

 Content in Art
1. Factual — pertains to the most rudimentary level of meaning for it may be extracted from the
identifiable or recognizable forms in the artwork and understanding how these elements relate
to one another.
2. Conventional —pertains to the acknowledged interpretation of the artwork using motifs, signs,
symbols and other cyphers as bases of its meaning. These conventions are established through
time, strengthened by recurrent use and wide acceptance by its viewers or audience and
scholars who study then.
3. Subjectivities — when consulted, a variety of meaning may arise when a particular work of art is
read. These meanings stem from the viewer’s or audience’s circumstances that come into play
when engaging with art.

ELEMENTS AND PRINCIPLES OF ART

VISUAL ELEMENTS

are the visual components which are required to create a work of art.

 The Elements of Visual Arts

1. Lines
2. Colors
3. Texture
4. Perspective
5. Space
6. Form
7. Volume

LINES

is an important element at the disposal of every artist.

always has direction, always moving.
is used in any work of art, may either be straight or curved.
Lines are the first element of art and are continuous marks that are made on any surface with a
moving point.
Lines can be used in various ways to create different compositions.
A line can be used to express various things or feelings; it can be used to show various moods or
anything abstract.
Line serves as an essential building block of art, but it can also serve as the content itself of a
work of art, or be manipulated to evoke an emotional or intellectual response from viewer
(Fichner-Rathus, 2010).
 Kinds of Lines
Vertical lines are poised for action. They are poised, balanced, forceful, and dynamic. They
express an impression of dignity. Only vertical lines can be used to express an orderly feeling
Horizontal lines are lines of repose and serenity. They express ideas of calmness and
quiescence. Only horizontal lines can give a feeling of peacefulness and stillness.
Diagonal lines are used to create feelings of movement or action.
Curved lines, sometimes referred as S curves, suggest gracefulness or sexiness.

 Three Main Types of Lines

1. Repetition — occurs when two or more lines are drawn within a corner following the lines of
the corner.
2. Contrast — lines that are in opposition to each other.
3. Transition Line — is a line that connects two workflow elements. Transition lines allow you to
define what the next step in a workflow will be.

COLOR

 Color refers to the visual perception of light being reflected from a surface of an artwork.
 In the most basic classification, colors can be divided into three groups: primary, secondary and
tertiary.
 A color wheel is an abstract illustrative organization of color hues around a circle, that shows
relationships between primary, secondary, and tertiary colors, etc.

 Attributes of Color
 Hue is the term for the pure spectrum colors commonly referred to by the "color names" (red,
orange, yellow, blue, green violet) which appear in the hue circle or rainbow. Theoretically all
hues can be mixed from three basic hues, known as primaries.
 Value refers to the lightness or darkness of a color. It is the quality which depends on the
amount of light and dark in color.
 Tints are values above the normal
 Shades are values below the normal.
 Intensity refers to the brightness or darkness of color. It gives color strength. When a hue is
vivid form, it is said to be in full intensity. When it is dulled, it is said to be partly neutralized.

 Psychology of Colors
 Black is associated with death and gloom
 White stands for purity and innocence
 Red is associated with blood, anger and fear
 Green implies happiness and abundance

TEXTURE
 is the element that deals more directly with the sense of touch.
applies to how an object feels or appears to feel.
Texture is the element that deals more directly with the sense of touch.
It has to do with the characteristics of surfaces which can be rough or smooth, fine or coarse,
shiny or dull, plain or irregular.
can be either implied or actual.
 Implied texture expresses the idea of how a surface might feel. For example, a painting of a
blanket might convey the idea that the blanket is soft.
 Actual texture, on the other hand, is texture that can actually be felt. For example, a
ceramic bowl might feature a carved texture that could be felt when holding that bowl.

PERSPECTIVE

deals with the effect of distance upon the appearance of objects, by means of which the eye
judges spatial relationships.

 Kinds of Perspective
 Linear perspective is the representation of an appearance of distance by means of converging
lines. It has to do with the direction of lines and with the size of objects.
 Foreshortening is the representation of objects or parts of the body as smaller from the
point of view of the observer.
 Aerial perspective is the representation of relative distances of objects by gradations of tone or
color. Objects become fainter in the distance due to the effect of the atmosphere. Objects
appear to be lighter in color as they recede into the distance or atmosphere.

SPACE

refers to how the artist fills the surface on which a work of art is created. It can also refer to the
expression of depth within a work of art.
When talking about a three-dimensional object, space is the actual volume that is taken up by
the artwork.
Space, as an element of art, refers to distances or areas around, between or within components
of a piece.
Space can be positive (white or light) or negative (black or dark),
open or closed, shallow or deep, and two-dimensional or three-dimensional.
Sometimes space isn't actually within a piece, but the illusion of it is.

 Kinds of Space
 Positive space — the areas in a work of art that are the subjects, or areas of interest.
 Negative space — areas around the subjects, or areas of interest.

FORM

Form applies to the over-all design of a work of art.

 It describes the structure or shape of an object.
Form refers to a three-dimensional object. As such, form is an art term that is only applied to
those artworks that are three-dimensional, such as sculpture and pottery.
Forms, much like shapes, can be geometric or organic. Geometric forms have hard lines and
edges. Organic forms are curvy and more free-form.

 Types of Form
 Organic forms such as these snow-covered boulders typically are irregular in outline, and often
asymmetrical. Organic forms are most often thought of as naturally occurring.
 Geometric forms are those which correspond to named regular shapes, such as squares,
rectangles, circles, cubes, spheres, cones, and other regular forms.

VOLUME

Volume refers to the amount of space occupied in three dimensions.

It refers to solidity or thickness.

PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN

 Principles of Design refer to the visual strategies used by artists, in conjunction with the
elements of arts – for expressive purposes (Fichner-Rathus, 2008).
 Include:
 Harmony
 Balance
 Rhythm
 Emphasis
 Proportion
 Unity
 Simplicity
 Clarity
 Contrast
 Variety

HARMONY

 Harmony in visual design means all parts of the visual image relate to and complement each
other.
 Harmony is the visually satisfying effect of combining similar or related elements.

RHYTHM

 is organized movement, a beat, a repetition.

 is created by repetition, and repetitive patterns convey a sense of movement.
  in the visual arts, the viewer perceives rhythm by grouping elements such as color, line and
shape.
 Rhythmical patterns help the eye to move easily from one part of the room to another or from
one part of a design to another (Sanchez, et al., 2009).

 Types of Rhythm
 Regular Repetition — steady, evenly spaced pattern.
 Minimalism — an abstract art movement begun in the 1960s that emphasizes the use of
pure and simple shapes and materials.
 Alternating Rhythm — a type of rhythm in which different elements in a work repeat
themselves in predictable order.
 Progressive Rhythm — Minor variations in rhythm can add interest to a composition. Such
variations are seen in progressive rhythm, in which the rhythm of elements of a work of art such
as shape, texture, or color change slightly as they move, or progress toward a defined point in
the composition.

BALANCE

Balance is the concept of visual equilibrium, and relates to our physical sense of balance. It is a
reconciliation of opposing forces in a composition that results in visual stability.
Most successful compositions achieve balance in one of two ways: symmetrically or
asymmetrically.

 Types of Balance
 Symmetrical Balance — the type of balance in which the elements of a work are balanced
by similarity of form or arrangement on either side of a dividing line or plane, or to
correspondence of parts, as in size, shape, or position. Symmetrical balance can be
described as having equal "weight" on equal sides of a centrally placed fulcrum. It may also
be referred to as formal balance. When the elements are arranged equally on either side of
a central axis, the result is Bilateral symmetry. This axis may be horizontal or vertical. It is
also possible to build formal balance by arranging elements equally around a central point,
resulting in radial symmetry.
 Asymmetrical Balance — the type of balance in which there are more than slight differences
between the divided areas of a work, yet there is an overall sense of balance.

EMPHASIS

 “All emphasis is no emphasis”

 Types of Emphasis
 Emphasis by Directional Lines
 Emphasis by Isolation
UNITY

Unity is a powerful concept.

In art, unity implies harmony. It suggests that the parts of a composition are there by
happenstance; rather, they fit together to form a meaningful whole (Fichner-Rathus, 2008).
Unity is powerful, but, as the British writer Aphra Behn said, “Variety is the soul of pleasure.”
Without variety, life would comprise a bland sameness, a cookie-cutter existence from which we
all shrink. Variety in art, as in life, is seductive. It demands our attention, turns the predictable
on edge (Fichner-Rathus, 2008).

PROPORTION

Proportion refers to the relative size and scale of the various elements in a design. The issue is
the relationship between objects, or parts, of a whole. This means that it is necessary to discuss
proportion in terms of the context or standard used to determine proportions.

CONTRAST

refers to the arrangement of opposite elements (light vs. dark colors, rough vs. smooth textures,
large vs. small shapes, etc.)