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Textile Testing and Quality Control-II, Sub Code: 1955, (Ploy technique/Diploma
Series) affiliated by Bangladesh Technical Education Board. (ISBN-978-984-
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 ‡U·UvBj †Uw÷s GÛ †KvqvwjwU K‡›Uªvj-02
welq †KvW: 1955 (cwieZ©b Aa¨vq Abyhvqx)
cwieZ©K: †gv: Gbvgyj nK wbRvg, wkÿK, †U·UvBj BwÄwbqvwis wefvM,
GAvBwUwfBwU|

Aa¨vq 01 (myZv cixÿv)

1.1 myZv cixÿvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv:
dvBevi n‡Z Kvco •Zixi †ÿ‡Î myZv ga¨eZ©x ¯ vb `Lj K‡i Av‡Q| ZvB myZvi ¸bv¸b cixÿv †_‡K wewfbœ
dvBevi Gi m¤ú©‡K †hgb ¯úó avibv cvIqv hvq †Zgwb I‡fb I wb‡UW Kvco •Zixi †ÿ‡Î Kvc‡oi ¸bv¸b
m¤ú©‡K I Rvbv hvq| ZvB ejv hvq, fv‡jv Kvco cvIqvi Rb¨ myZvi ¸bv¸b cixÿvi ¸iæZ¡ A‡bK|

1.2 Kvc‡oi •ewkó¨ Dci myZvi f~wgKv :

Kvco •Zixi KvuPvgvj nj m~Zv| Avi m~Zvi wewfbœ ¸bvejxi Dci wbf©i K‡i Kvc‡oi gvb|we‡kl K‡i myZvi
Dci cv‡Ki cwigvb Ges cv‡Ki w`‡Ki Dci wbf©i K‡i Kvc‡o wewfbœ cÖfve cwijwÿZ nq| ZvB wb‡P Kvc‡oi
•ewk‡ó¨i Dci myZvi f~wgKv Zz‡j aiv nj:

1| mwVK gv‡bi Kvco •Zix Kivi Rb¨ myZvi KvD›U mwVK nIqv cÖ‡qvRb|
2| Kvco w`‡q fv‡jv WvBs, wcÖw›Us Ges wdwbwks Ki‡Z n‡j, myZv‡K Aek¨B †gvUv RvqMv, wPKb RvqMv, ¯øve,
†bcm BZ¨vw` ÎæwUgy³ n‡Z n‡e|
3| myZv kw³kvjx n‡j, KvcoI kw³kvjx n‡e|
4| myZvi g‡a¨ †jvggqZv ev †nqvwi‡bm GK ai‡bi ÎæwU| hvi d‡j, †U·UvB‡ji wewfbœ cÖ‡m‡m mgm¨v m„wó n‡Z
cv‡i| Avevi GB †nqvwi‡bm wewfbœ †W‡Kv‡iwUf Kvco •Zix‡ZI e¨eýZ nq|
5| Ó†RWÓ Ges ÓGmÓUzB÷ Gi myZv Øviv •Zix Kvco‡K Av‡jv‡Z Avb‡j cÖwZdjb Gi Kvi‡b GK ai‡bi B‡d±
m„wó nq| hv k¨v‡Wv ÷ªvBc B‡d± bv‡g cwiwPZ|
6| myZvi cv‡Ki w`K wbe©vP‡bi Dci UzBj jvB‡bi ¯úóZv wbf©i K‡i|
7| k³ cv‡Ki myZv AwaK RxešÍ I MÖnb‡hvM¨ g‡b nq|
 Aa¨vq 02 (myZvi KvD›U)
2.1 myZvi KvD›U:

wjwbqvi †WbwmwU ev KvD›U ej‡Z eySvq myZvi myÿZv ev dvBb‡bm| myZvi GKK •`‡N©¨i fi ev GKK f‡ii •`N©¨ †K
KvD›U e‡j| myZvi KvD›U wbb©‡qi c×wZ `ywU| GKwU cÖZ¨ÿ Ges AciwU c‡ivÿ c×wZ| ‡hgb: KUb myZvi KvD›U
60/Gm|

2.2 myZvi b¤^i wbb©‡qi c×wZ:

myZvi b¤^i wbb©‡qi c×wZ mvavibZ Avu‡ki cÖKvi Ges GjvKvi Dci wbf©i K‡i| myZvi KvD›U wbb©‡qi c×wZ‡K g~jZ
`ywU As‡k fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| h_v:-

1| cÖZ¨ÿ c×wZ|
2| c‡ivÿ c×wZ|
2.5.1 myZvi KvD›U Ges e¨v‡mi g‡a¨ m¤ú©K:

wewfbœ cixÿb Ges ch©‡eÿb n‡Z †`Lv †M‡Q †h, KU‡bi Av‡cwÿK Av‡qvZb= 1.1 A_©vr 1.1 Nb †m.wg. KUb myZvi
IRb =1 MÖvg|

GLb hw` D³ KUb myZvi KvD›U Nt ‡U· nq Zvn‡j Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi, 1000 wgt myZvi fi = Nt MÖvg|

myZivs, 1 MÖvg myZvi •`N©¨ = 1000/Nt wgt

= 1000 *100 /Nt ‡m.wg. [100 †m.wg.=1 wg.]

A_©vr, 1.1 Nb ‡m.wg. myZvi ‣`N©¨ = 1000 *100 /Nt ‡m.wg. = 105 /Nt

Avevi Avgiv Rvwb, AvqZb = cÖ¯ ‡”Q` * •`N©¨

ev, 1.1 = πd2 /4 * 105 /Nt [GLv‡b, d = ‡m.wg. G myZvi e¨vm]

ev, d2 = 4 * 1.1 * Nt / π * 105

myZivs, d = 0.375/100 Nt ‡m.wg.

GUvB nj, †U· c×wZ‡Z KUb myZvi e¨vm Ges KvD‡›Ui g‡a¨ m¤ú©K|
 Aa¨vq 03 (myZvi KvD›U cwigvc)
3.1 myZvi KvD›U cwigv‡ci cÖ‡qvRbxqZv:

1| wbw`©ó •`‡N¨© IRb mwVK ivL‡Z myZvi KvD›U cwigvc `iKvi|

2|myZvi Av`©k gvb wbb©q Ki‡Z myZvi KvD›U cwigvc cÖ‡qvRb|
3| Kvc‡oi gvb wVK ivL‡Z myZvi KvD›U cwigv‡ci cÖ‡qvRb|
4| Kvc‡oi mwVK g~j¨ myZvi KvD‡›Ui Dci wbf©i K‡i|
5| Kvco •Zix Ki‡Z †gwk‡bi mwVK c¨vivwgUvi w`‡ZI myZvi KvD›U cwigvc Kiv LyeB Riæix|

3.5 Wvej ev cøvB myZvi KvD›U:

aiv hvK, `yB Zvi GKK KUb myZv‡K GK‡Î ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ cvK †`Iqv nj Ges D³ myZvi KvD›U 14s cvIqv †Mj|
cøvB myZv •Zixi mgq Wvewjs cÖ‡m‡m K‡¤úv‡b›U myZvi •`‡N¨©i Kb÷ªvKkb kZKiv 10 fvM| c‡ivÿ c×wZ‡Z myZvi
KvD›U wbb©‡qi †ÿ‡Î †iRvëv÷ KvD›U I Gi K‡¤úv‡b›U myZvi KvD‡›Ui g‡a¨ m¤ú©K ¯ vcb Kiv hvq|
1/N = 1/N1 + 1/N2
GLv‡b,
= 1/N1 + 1/ N1 [N1 = N2]
=1+1/ N1 N1 = †iRvëv÷ KvD›U

ev, 1/N = 2/ N1 N1 Ges N2 = K‡¤úv‡b›U myZvi KvD›U

ev, 1/14S = 2/ N1 [ KvD›U = 14 S ] GLv‡b, N1 = N2

N1 = 28 S
 Aa¨vq 04 (myZvi cvK)
4.4 UzB÷ †d±i (Twist Factor):

UzB÷ †d±i (K) GKwU aªæe msL¨v| UzB÷ †d±i (K) Gi gvb wewfbœ KvD‡›Ui myZvi Rb¨ wewfbœ n‡q _v‡K Ges G gvb
wba©vib K‡i wbw`©ó •`N¨© cÖwZ myZvi cvK msL¨v wbb©q Kiv hvq| UzB÷ †d±i mvavibZ myZvi gvb, e¨envi, Av‡kui
÷¨cj •`N¨©, •ewkó¨ BZ¨vw`i Dci wbf©i K‡i| G UzB÷ d¨v±‡ii Dci wbf©i K‡I m~Zv‡K cÖavbZ `yBfv‡M fvM Kiv
hvq| †hgb:-

1| k³ cv‡Ki myZv (Hard Twisted yarn):- †hgb- †µc m~Zv, Uvbv myZv|

2| big cv‡Ki myZv (Soft Twisted yarn):- †hgb-c‡ob m~Zv|

Aa¨vq 04 (myZvi cv‡Ki cwigvb)

5.1 cvK cwigvc:

1| bgybvqb (Sampling):

mvavibZ myZvi g‡a¨ ‡h cvK †`Iqv nq, Zvi cwigvb me RvqMvq GK _v‡K bv| ch©‡eÿb †_‡K †`Lv †M‡Q †h, myZvi
`ye©j hvqMvq †gvUv ¯ v‡bi †P‡q cv‡Ki cwigvb †ekx _v‡K, Kvib, cvK * IRb = aªæe msL¨v| Avi †h‡nZz me©w`K w`qv
mylg myZv •Zix Kiv m¤¢e bq ZvB Amyweav `~i Kivi Rb¨ bgybv mwVKfv‡e MÖnb Kiv DwPr|

wb‡b¥ myZvi ai‡bi Dci cixÿ‡bi msL¨v I •`N©¨ †`qv nj|

myZvi aib, cixÿ‡bi msL¨v I ˆ`N©¨

myZvi aib cixÿ‡bi b~b¨Zg msL¨v cixÿbxq •`N©¨ (BwćZ)

cøvB Ges K¨vej m~Zv 20 wU 10 BwÄ
Kw›UwbDqvm wdjv‡g›U GKK m~Zv 20 wU 10 BwÄ
 Aa¨vq 04 (myZvi kw³)
6.1 myZvi kw³ (Yarn Strength) :-

myZvi kw³ ej‡Z eySvq KZUzKz ej ev fvi cÖ‡qv‡Mi d‡j m~Zv wQ‡o hvq ev KZUzKz fvi ch©šÍ myZvwU wb‡Z cv‡I
Zv‡K G․ myZvi kw³ e‡j| myZvi wewfbœ ¸bvejxi g‡a¨ myZvi kw³ Ab¨Zg|

myZvi kw³i cÖ‡qvRbxqZv:

1| dvBevi hZ k³ n‡e Zv †_‡K ZZ k³ m~Zv cvIqv hv‡e|

2| myZvi kw³i Dci Kvc‡oi kw³ wbf©i K‡i|

3| DBwfs ev wbwUs Gi mgq m~Zv chv©ß kw³ m¤úbœ bv n‡j Kvco •Zix m¤¢e nq bv|

4| M‡elbv I wbZ¨ bZzb cY¨ •Zix‡Z myZvi kw³ cixÿvi ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg|

6.4.2 wm.Avi.Gj Ges wm.Avi.wm. bxwZ (CRL Ges CRE Principles)

A_ev, kw³ cixÿvi †gwk‡bi cÖKvi‡f` (Types of strength testing instruments)

‡U·UvBj cb¨mvgMÖxi kw³ cixÿvi Rb¨ †h ai‡bi hš¿ e¨envi Kiv nq Zv‡`i‡K g~jZ `yfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| †hgb:-

1| fv‡ii wbqwgZ cwie©Z‡bi mvnv‡h¨ PvwjZ †gwkb (Constant rate of Loading i.e. CRL Principle Machine)

2| cÖmvib wbqwgZ cwie©Z‡bi mvnv‡h¨ PvwjZ †gwkb(Constant rate of Extension i.e. CRL Principle Machine)

fv‡ii wbqwgZ cwie©Z‡bi mvnv‡h¨ PvwjZ †gwkb

(Constant rate of Loading i.e. CRL Principle Machine)

aiv hvK, GKwU bgybv (A) e¯‧wU w¯ i Dc‡ii †Pvqvj (Fixed upper jaw) C Ges Pjbkxj wb‡Pi †Pvqvj (Movable
lower jaw) D †Z AvUKv‡bv nj| GLb GKwU ej (Force) hv cÖv_wgK Ae¯ vq k~b¨ wQj, cieZx©‡Z G․ ej evwo‡q
wP‡Îi w`‡K e¯‧i Dci cÖ‡qvM Kiv nj| Gi d‡j cÖhy³ e‡ji w`‡K e¯‧wUi cÖmvib NU‡e Ges GK chv©‡q ej e„w×i
mv‡_ mv‡_ e¯‧wU wQ‡o hv‡e| G‡ÿ‡Î, CRL bxwZi mvnv‡h¨ e¯‧i cÖmvib kw³ cvB|
 cÖmvib wbqwgZ cwie©Z‡bi mvnv‡h¨ PvwjZ †gwkb
(Constant rate of Extension i.e. CRL Principle Machine)

aiv hvK, B e¯‧wU w¯ i †Pvqv‡ji C Ges Pjbkxj †Pvqvj D ‡Z AvUKv‡bv Av‡Q| ‡Pvqvj D Ges E Gi
c¨v‡Pi mvnv‡h¨ wbqwgZ MZx‡Z wb‡Pi w`‡K bvgv‡bv hvq| GLb, cÖv_wgK Ae¯ vq cixÿbxq e¯‧ B Gi Dci
Uvb (Tension) k~b¨ wQj wKš‧ †Pvqvj D bx‡Pi w`‡K bvg‡Z ïiæ K‡I ZLbB G Uvb evo‡Z _v‡K d‡j e¯‧i
cÖmvib N‡U Ges GK chv©‡q e¯‧wU wQ‡o hvq| A_v©r , CRE bxwZi gva¨‡g e¯‧i Dci ej cÖhy³ nq Ges
wbw`©ó kw³i ci Zv wQ‡o hvq|

CRE Ges CRL Gi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨:

wPÎ n‡Z Avgiv cvB, CRE cixÿvi †ÿ‡Î hLb Gjs‡Mkb e„w× cvq ZLb fvi(Load) K‡g| hv m¤¢e| wKš‧
CRL cixÿvi †ÿ‡Î, fvi (Load) Aek¨B evo‡e Bnv m¤¢e bv| hvB †nvK, CRE Ges CRL Gi c×wZi
†ÿ‡Î GUvB g~j cv_©K¨|
 Aa¨vq 07 (myZvi B‡fb‡bm)
7.2 myZvi B‡i¸jvwiwUi aib:

K = I‡qf ev †fwi‡qk‡bi we¯Ívi

L = wcwiqwWK †fwi‡qk‡bi Zi½‣`N©¨

M = Mo PvU© D”PZv % we¯Ívi ev K/M * 100

7.5 B‡i¸jvwiwUi cÖKvk (Expression of Irregularity)

A_ev, B‡i¸jvwiwUi cÖK…wZ (Nature of Irregularity)

A_ev, †`LvI †h, CV = 1.25 X PMD

‡Kvb myZvi B‡i¸jvwiwU cwigv‡ci Rb¨ cixÿbxq e¯‧‡K mgvb •`‡N¨© †K‡U Zvi IRb wbb©q Kiv nq Ges wPÎ
7.1 Gi b¨vq GKwU MÖv‡d cøU Kiv nq| hv GKwU jvBb Øviv Mo gvb †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q|

Zvn‡j †`Lv hvq †h, B‡i¸jvwiwU GKwU Mo gv‡bi Pviw`‡K we¯Í…Z| Mo †_‡K we¯Í…wZi cv_©K¨ (Mean
Deviation) †ei Kiv nq †hLvb †_‡K kZKiv Mo Mo cv_©K¨ (Percentage of Mean Deviation or
PMD) wbbx©Z nq hv B‡i¸jvwiwU cwigv‡c wb‡`©k K‡i|

∈ 𝐼𝑥𝑖 −𝑥𝐼
Avgiv Rvwb, we¯Í…wZi cv_©K¨ (Mean Deviation) =
𝑛
𝑀.𝐷.
kZKiv Mo cv_©K¨ (Percentage of Mean Deviation or PMD) =
𝑥

Avevi Mo †_‡K msL¨v¸‡jvi cv_©‡K¨i e‡M©i mgwó‡K †gvU MbmsL¨v Øviv fvM K‡i Zvi eM©g~j‡K cwiwgZ
e¨eavb wn‡m‡e Kiv nq| cwiwgZ e¨eavb‡K Mo Øviv fvM K‡i Zv‡K kZKivq cÖKvk Ki‡j Zv‡K
Coefficient of Variation or CV e‡j|
CV % = cwiwgZ e¨eavb / MvwbwZK Mo X 100

𝑆.𝐷. ∈(𝑋𝑖 − 𝑥 )
= X 100 GLv‡b, 𝑆. 𝐷 =
𝑥 𝑛

CV = 1.25 X PMD

(cÖgvwbZ)

7.1 myZvi B‡i¸jvwiwU (Yarn Irregularity):

myZvi B‡i¸jvwiwU Gi wecixZ kãB n‡”Q B‡i¸jvwiwU ev AmgZv| GKwU myZvi cÖwZ BDwbU f‡i †h wfbœZv
cvIqv hvq Zv‡K G․ myZvi B‡i¸jvwiwU e‡j| †hgb:-w_K †cøm, w_b †cøm Ges †bcm|

GKwU myZv KZUv B‡i¸jvwiwU Av‡Q Zv wb‡Pi K‡qKwUfv‡e eySv hvq-

1| wjwbqvi †WbwmwUi wfbœZv|

2| w_K‡bm Gi wfbœZv|
3| UzB÷ Gi wfbœZv|
4| kw³i wfbœZv|
5| Kvjvi Gi wfbœZv|

7.1 myZvi Bgcvi‡dKkb ev Am¤ú~©bZv:

ÎæwUi ˆ`N©¨:-
w_K †cøm: -30%, -40%, -50%, -60% 4-25 wg.wg.
w_b †cøm: +35%, +50%, +70%, +100% 4-25 wg.wg.
‡bcm: +200%, +240%, +400% 1-4 wg.wg.
e¨envwiK

‡U·UvBj †Uw÷s GÛ †KvqvwjwU K‡›Uªvj-2

welq †KvWt-1955
cixÿv bst- 01 ZvwiLt----------

cixÿvi bvgt i¨vcix‡ji gva¨‡g myZvi KvD›U wbb©q Kiv|

D‡Ïk¨ (Objectives):-

1| myZvi KvD›U wbb©q Kiv|

2| B”QvgZ myZvi •`N©¨ wb‡q myZvi KvD›U wbb©q Kiv Rvbv|
3| mnR GKwU c×wZ Rvbv myZvi KvD›U wbb©q Ki‡Z|

h‡š¿i eb©bv (Machine Description):

mvavibZ myZv c¨v‡KR AvKv‡i cvIqv hvq| Avi GB c¨v‡KR †_‡K B”QvgZ myZvi •`N¨© †bqv hvq| G c¨v‡KR
mvavibZ PxR (Cheese) ev wis eweb (Ring Bobbin) BZ¨vw` AvKv‡i _vK‡Z cv‡i| G‡ÿ‡Î i¨vcixj Gi mvnv‡h¨
wbw`©ó •`‡N©¨i myZvi †gvov (Skein) •Zwi Kiv nq| G i¨vcix‡ji wbb¥ewb©Z Ask _v‡K|

1| GKwU ixj (A reel)|

2| myZvi c¨v‡KR emv‡bvi µxj (Yarn Package Reel)|
3| myZvi MvBW (Yarn Guide)|
4| w`K wb‡`©kK wgUvi (Length Indicator)|
5| GKwU mZ©KZv N›Uv (A warning Bell)|

Kvh©cÖbvjx (Working Procedure):

i¨vcixj n¯ÍPvwjZ I kw³PvwjZ Dfq cÖKv‡ii n‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e eZ©gv‡b kw³PvwjZ i¨vcixjB †ewk e¨eýZ nq|
ix‡ji cwiwa Bswjk KvD›U c×wZ‡Z Rb¨ 54 BwÄ ev 1.5 MR _v‡K hv‡Z 80 evi N~©b‡bi d‡j 120 M‡Ri jx (Lea)
‣Zwi nq| ix‡ji cwiwa †gwUªK c×wZi Rb¨ 1 wgUvi, Di‡÷W Gi Rb¨ 36 BwÄ n‡q _v‡K|ix‡ji 8 wU evû _v‡K hv
Dchy³ wbq‡g ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ Ave× †_‡K GKwU e„‡Ëi AvKvi avib K‡i| G h‡š¿ myZv Rov‡bvi ci GKwU evû wXjv
K‡i myZvi NvU Ly‡j †`Iqv hvq|
mZ©KZv (Precution):

1| G h‡š¿ myZv Rov‡bvi mgq mv‡_ cÖwZ N~b©‡b mgvb •`‡N¨©i myZv mgUv‡b Uvb Uvb Ae¯ vq Rovq †m w`‡K jÿ¨ ivLv
cÖ‡qvRb|

2| A‡bK †ÿ‡Î, myZvi cÖK…Z †Ubkb Rvbv _v‡K bv hv myZvi KvD›U wbb©‡qi †ÿ‡Î wKQzUv cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i|

cixÿv bst- 02 ZvwiLt----------

cixÿvi bvgt ‡bv‡qjm e¨vjÝ Gi gva¨‡g myZvi KvD›U wbb©q Kiv|

D‡Ïk¨ (Objectives):-

1| myZvi KvD›U wbb©q Kiv|

2| †Kvb cÖKvi MvwbwZK wnmvewbKvk Qvov mn‡R myZvi KvD›U wbb©q Kiv|
3| mivmwi myZvi KvD›U wbb©q Kiv|

h‡š¿i eb©bv (Machine Description):

G ai‡bi e¨v‡j‡Ý GKwU exg e¨v‡jÝ _v‡K hvi wcQ‡b Ggb GKwU Avjv`v iW _v‡K hvi AvK…wZ G ai‡bi †h G‡Z 5
w`K i‡q‡Q| hvi A †_‡K E Aÿi Øviv wPwýZ _v‡K| G‡Z wewfbœ KvD›U †i‡Äi Rb¨ KvD›U †¯‥j †Lv`vB Kiv
`vMvw¼Z _v‡K| G †¯‥‡ji `ywU c¨vb _v‡K hvi evgw`‡Ki c¨v‡b wPwýZ IRb †`Iqv nq I ex‡g wbw`©ó ivBWvi (Rider)
ivLv nq Ges Wvbw`‡Ki c¨v‡b myZvi jx (Lea) ivLv nq|

wPÎ: 3.5

Kvh©cÖbvjx (Working Procedure):

aiv hvK, GKwU KUb myZvi KvD›U wbb©q Ki‡Z n‡e Ges D³ myZvi KvD›U AvbygvwbK 36s we‡ePbv Kiv nj| Zvn‡j
†¯‥‡ji wPwýZ B w`K mvg‡b Nywo‡q Avb‡Z n‡e Ges evg c¨v‡b wbw`©ó IRb B ¯ vcb Kivi Rb¨ ivBWvi‡K ex‡gi
Dci mvg‡b wcQ‡b mwi‡q A¨vWRv÷ Kiv nq| G Ae¯ vq mivmwi †¯‥j n‡Z myZvi KvD‡›Ui cvV †bIqv nq| G ai‡bi
K‡qKwU cvV wb‡q myZvi Mo KvD›U †ei Kiv nq|

mZ©KZv (Precution):

wbw`©ó KvD›U †i‡Ái Rb¨ †¯‥‡ji w`K wbev©Pb mwVK bv n‡j Ges mwVK ivBWvi wbev©P‡b e¨_© n‡j Zv Sv‡gjvc~b© n‡e
Ges mgqmv‡cÿ|
cixÿv bst- 03 ZvwiLt----------

cixÿvi bvgt ‡Kvqv‡W©›U e¨vjÝ Gi gva¨‡g myZvi KvD›U wbb©q Kiv|

D‡Ïk¨ (Objectives):-

1| ¯øvBfvi Ges iwes Gi n¨vsK wbb©q Kiv|

2| Bswjk KUb KvD›U QvovI Ab¨ c×wZ‡Z `vMvswKZ cvIqv|

h‡š¿i eb©bv (Machine Description):

‡Kvqv‡W©›U Bs‡iwR kã hvi A_© e„‡Ëi cwiwai GK PZz_v©sk| G e¨v‡jÝwU‡Z †h †¯‥j e¨envi Kiv nq Zv †`L‡Z
e„‡Ëi cwiwai GK PZz_©vs‡ki b¨vq e‡jB G h‡š¿i Giæc bvgKib Kiv n‡q‡Q| G h‡š¿, avZzi ev ev‡Ui wbwg©Z cvqv
(Leg) C Gi A Gi Dci †¯‥j B emv‡bv _v‡K| Zv‡Z myZv Szjv‡bvi Rb¨ GKwU ûK D Ges KvD›U wb‡`©‡ki Rb¨
GKwU c‡q›Uvi (Pointer) E †¯‥‡ji mv‡_ F we›`y‡Z Ggbfv‡e AvUKv‡bv _v‡K †h, û‡Ki Dci myZv Szjv‡j Zv û‡Ki
mv‡_ mv‡_ †¯‥‡ji w`‡K m‡i hvq|

wPÎ: 3.6

Kvh©cÖbvjx (Working Procedure):

‡h myZvi KvD›U wbb©q Ki‡Z n‡e Zvi wbw`©ó •`N¨© i¨vcix‡ji mvnv‡h¨ †K‡U û‡K ¯ vcb Ki‡jB wb‡`©kKwU †¯‥‡ji
g‡a¨ GKwU we›`y wb‡`©k Ki‡e hv mivmwi D³ myZvi KvD›U wb‡`©k K‡i| Gfv‡e K‡qKwU cvV wb‡q Mo Ki‡jB myZvi
KvD›U cvIqv hvq|

mZ©KZv (Precution):

wewfbœ †¯‥‡ji Rb¨ e¨eýZ bgybv ¯øvBfvi , †ivwfs ev myZvi wba©vwiZ mwVK •`N©¨ †bIqv bv n‡j n¨vsK ev KvD›U mwVK
cvIqv hvq bv|
cixÿv bst- 04 ZvwiLt----------

cixÿvi bvgt exRwjR Bqvb© e¨vjÝ Gi gva¨‡g myZvi KvD›U wbb©q Kiv|

D‡Ïk¨ (Objectives):-

1| Kvco n‡Z msM„wnZ myZv †QvU †QvU b¤^i †ei Kiv|

2| AwZ mn‡R Ges Kg mg‡q myZvi KvD›U wbb©q Kiv|

h‡š¿i eb©bv (Machine Description):

GKwU avZe KvV wbwg©Z ÷¨v‡Ûi I Dci GK cv‡k¦© `v AvK…wZi GKwU †¯‥j A Lvovfv‡e Ges Ab¨cv‡k GKwU `Û E
emv‡bv _v‡K| `‡Ûi C we›`y‡Z GKwU exg emv‡bv _v‡K hvi GK gv_vq myZv Szjv‡bvi ûK B Ges Ab¨ cvk¦© wb‡`©kK F
_v‡K| exgwUi `‡Ûi mv‡_ Ggbfv‡e emv‡bv _v‡K hv‡Z Zv Gw`K Iw`K `yj‡Z cv‡i|

wPÎ: 3.7

Kvh©cÖbvjx (Working Procedure):

ch©‡eÿbi ïiæ‡Z wb‡`©kKwU †¯‥‡ji Mv‡q `vMvswKZ †WUvg jvBb () Gi mv‡_ †j‡fj Kiv nq| Zvici †h ai‡bi
myZvi bvg¦vi †ei Ki‡Z n‡e, †m ai‡bi myZvi Rb¨ GKwU Av`©k IRb () Zzjv`ÛwU LywUi mv‡_ †hw`‡K AvUKv‡bv
Av‡Q Zvi Kv‡Q GKwU Lv‡R () ewm‡q †`qv nq| G‡Z wb‡`©kKwU †WUvg jvB‡bi bx‡P c‡o hvq| GLb †h ai‡bi myZvi
b¤^i wbb©q Ki‡Z n‡e †Ug‡cøU wPwýZ †m w`K n‡Z †h myZvi K‡qKwU UyKiv †g‡c I †K‡U Zzjv`‡Ûi myZvi û‡K
¯ vcb Ki‡Z nq| hš¿wUi wb‡`©kK KvUvwU‡K †WUvg jvB‡b Avb‡Z hZwU myZvi cÖ‡qvRb c‡o cixwÿZ myZvi KvD›UI
ZZ n‡e|

mZ©KZv (Precution):

myZvi aib Abyhvqx †Ug‡cøU e¨envi Ki‡Z bv cvi‡j Ges Av`k© IRb wbev©Pb mwVK bv n‡j myZvi KvD›UI mwVK n‡e
bv|
cixÿv bst- 05 ZvwiLt----------

cixÿvi bvgt AwW©bvwi UzB÷ †U÷vi gva¨‡g ‡Kvb bgybvi UzB÷ cwigvc Kiv|

D‡Ïk¨ (Objectives):-

1| myZvi UzB÷ cwigvc Kiv|

2| GKK ev †`vZvi myZvi UzB÷ cwigvc Kiv|

h‡š¿i eb©bv (Machine Description):

myZvi cvK wbb©q Kivi Rb¨ w` AwW©bvix UzB÷ †U÷vi me‡P‡q †ewk cÖPwjZ| G h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ GKK ev †`vZvi myZvi
cvK wbb©q Kiv hvq|

evwK me UzKz †jLv c„óv : 80 (wPÎmn)

Kvh©cÖbvjx (Working Procedure):

me UzKz †jLv c„óv : 80

mZ©KZv (Precution):

1| cixÿbxq myZv‡K UvbUvbfv‡e †hb K¬vc G AvUKv‡bv nq †mw`‡K †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e|
2| cvK Lyjvi Rb¨ wb‡Wj w`‡q Lye mZK©Zvi mv‡_ Uvb w`‡Z n‡e|
cixÿv bst- 06 ZvwiLt----------

cixÿvi bvgt ‡Ubkb UzB÷ †U÷vi ev UzB÷ KbUªvKkb c×wZ‡Z †h †Kvb bgybvi UzB÷ cwigvc|

D‡Ïk¨ (Objectives):-

1| KUb ev wdjv‡g›U myZvi cvK wbb©q Kiv|

2| MÖnb‡hvM¨ djvdj †c‡Z cixÿv Kiv Rvbv|
3| hš¿ Pvj‡Ki AwfÁZv ev `ÿZv Qvov UzB÷ cwigvc Kiv Rvbv|

h‡š¿i eb©bv (Machine Description):

me UzKz †jLv c„óv : 81 (wPÎmn)

Kvh©cÖbvjx (Working Procedure):

me UzKz †jLv c„óv : 81

mZ©KZv (Precution):

gv‡S gv‡S †`Lv hvq, hZ¸‡jv cvK Lyj‡j myZv cvKk~b¨ nh, wVK ZZ¸‡jv Dëv cv‡K c‡q›Uvi k~b¨ `v‡M Av‡m bv|
GB mKj e¨vcv‡i AviI mZK© n‡Z n‡e|

cixÿv bst- 07 ZvwiLt----------

cixÿvi bvgt ‡UKAvc UzB÷ †U÷vi c×wZ‡Z †h †Kvb bgybvi UzB÷ cwigvc|

D‡Ïk¨ (Objectives):-

1| myZvi UzB÷ cwigvc Kiv|

2| GKK ev †`vZvi myZvi UzB÷ cwigvc Kiv|

h‡š¿i eb©bv (Machine Description):

GKwU wbw`©ó cøvB ev Wvej myZvq cvKiZ Ae¯ vq Gi •`N¨© Ges cvK †`Iqvi c~‡e© Gi GKK myZvi Avw` ‣`†N¨©i
kZKiv cÖKvk Kiv nq| GwU †b‡MwUf ev c‡RwUf n‡Z cv‡i| hv wbf©i K‡i †dvì‡WW () myZvi Wvewjs ms‡KvPb () ev
cÖmvib () Gi Kvi‡b| hš¿wU g~jZ AwW©bvix UzB÷ †U÷v‡ii g‡Zv Z‡e G‡Z UzB÷ KvD›Uvi Ges UzB÷ Acmvib c×wZ
mwbœ‡ewkZ nq| G h‡š¿ N~bvq©gvbnxb K¬vc‡K GK‡Rvov gm„b i‡Wi Dci emv‡bv nq| hv ci¯ú‡ii w`‡K gy³fv‡e
Mwo‡q ev ¯øvBwWs Ki‡Z cv‡i| N~bv©qgvb K¬vc Ges Ave©Zbkxj KvD›Uv‡ii m¤ú~b© BDwbU‡K bgybv myZvi •`N¨© Abycv‡Z
†eBR †¯‥‡ji w`‡K mwi‡q A¨vWRv÷ Kiv nq|

wPÎ:
Kvh©cÖbvjx (Working Procedure):

KvD›Uvi‡K (0) k~b¨ Ae¯ v‡b G‡b bgybv myZvi GK cÖvšÍ N~bv©qgvb K¬v‡c AvUKv‡bv nq Ges Ab¨ ¯øvBwWs K¬v‡c
AvUKv‡bv nq| cixÿvi mgq myZvq hv‡Z h_vhZ †Ubkb _v‡K †mRb¨ †Ubkb I‡qU wnmv‡e w¯úªs e¨envi Kiv nq|
Gici myZvi cvK Acmvi‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRYxq N~b©b msL¨v KvD›Uvi †_‡K wbb©q Kiv nq| cvK Acmvib Kivi ci myZvq
cÖmvib n‡j ¯øvBwWs K¬v¤ú m‡i wM‡q †¯‥‡ji Dci Gi Ae¯ vb cwie©Zb K‡i| Gfv‡e hLb mg¯Í Wvewjs UzB÷
AcmvwiZ nq ZLb KvD›Uv‡ii N~b©b msL¨v †iKW© Kiv nq Ges †¯‥j †_‡K ¯øvBwWs Ae¯ v‡bi cwie©Zb A_©vr myZvi
cÖmvibI †iKW© Kiv nq| Gfv‡e K‡qKwU bgybv wb‡q Gi Mo UzB÷ wbb©q Kiv nq Ges UzB÷ KbUªvKkb % I †ei Kiv
nq|

C = F-L/L X 100 GLv‡b,

C= cvi‡m›U UzB÷ KbUªvKkb
F= wm‡½j myZv cøvB Gi c~‡e© Avw` •`N©¨
L= cøvB myZvi •`N¨©

mZ©KZv (Precution):

1| KvD›UviUv 0(k~b¨) Ae¯ v‡b Av‡Q wKbv †`‡L wb‡Z n‡e|

2| N~b©b msL¨v Lye mZ©KZvi mwnZ wb‡Z n‡e|
cixÿv bst- 08 ZvwiLt----------

cixÿvi bvgt w` K¨vw¤^ªR G·‡Ub‡gvwgUvi Gi c×wZ‡Z GKK myZvi cixÿv Ki|

D‡Ïk¨ (Objectives):-

1| w¯úªs e¨envi K‡i m~Zvi kw³ cixÿv Kiv Rvbv|

2| myZvi GKK kw³ I cÖmvib wbb©q Kiv Rvbv|

h‡š¿i eb©bv (Machine Description):

me UzKz †jLv c„óv : 92 (wPÎmn)

Kvh©cÖbvjx (Working Procedure) I djvdj:

me UzKz †jLv c„óv : 93

mZ©KZv (Precution):

1| w¯úªs Gi †Ubkb wVK Av‡Q wKbv †`‡L wb‡Z n‡e|

2| ‡iKW© hš¿wU Av‡M cixÿv K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|

cixÿv bst- 09 ZvwiLt----------

cixÿvi bvgt ‡cÛzjvg wjfvi †gwkb Gi gva¨‡g myZvi jx kw³ cixÿv Ki|

D‡Ïk¨ (Objectives):-

1| wkí KviLvbvq wKfv‡e myZvi kw³ cixÿv K‡I Zv Rvbv|

2| myZvi kw³i m‡½ m‡½ Gi KvD›U wbb©q Kiv Rvbv|
h‡š¿i eb©bv (Machine Description):
me UzKz †jLv c„óv : 94 Ges 95 (wPÎmn)

Kvh©cÖbvjx (Working Procedure):

me UzKz †jLv c„óv : 95

mZ©KZv (Precution):

1| h‡š¿ jx ¯ vc‡bi mgq †hb fzjekZ mvgvb¨ cvK †`qv bv nq|

2| Nl©b ej †K †hb Gwo‡q Pjv hvh †m w`‡K †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e|
3| cixÿvi mgq hw` jx wQ‡o hvq Z‡e †gwkb mv‡_ mv‡_ e× K‡I w`‡Z n‡e|
cixÿv bst- 10 ZvwiLt----------

cixÿvi bvgt D÷vi B‡fb‡bm †U÷vi Gi gva¨‡g myZvi B‡fb‡bm cixÿv Kiv Rvbv|

D‡Ïk¨ (Objectives):-

1| myZvi B¤úvi‡dKkb mg~n we‡kl ¯ vwcZ wgUv‡ii gva¨‡g Rvbv|

2| wc.Gg.wW. ev wm.wf% Rvbv|
3| cÖ‡Z¨KwU wi‡cv©U Qvcv‡bv Kwc cvIhv hvq|
h‡š¿i eb©bv (Machine Description):
me UzKz †jLv c„óv : 113 Ges 114 (wPÎmn)

Kvh©cÖbvjx (Working Procedure):

me UzKz †jLv c„óv : 115

cixÿv bst- 11 ZvwiLt----------

cixÿvi bvgt wfRyqvj G·vwg‡bkb c×wZ‡Z myZvi B‡i¸jvwiwU cixÿv Kiv Rvbv|

D‡Ïk¨ (Objectives):-

1| Kg mg‡q myZvi B‡i¸jvwiwU cixÿv Kiv Rvbv|

Kvh©cÖbvjx (Working Procedure):

me UzKz †jLv c„óv : 110

 e¨envwiK cwiÿvi Rb¨ m¤¢ve¨ cÖkœ
1| KvD›U wK?
2| myZv mvavibZ KZ Ae¯ vq cvIqv hvq?
3| i¨vcixj †gwk‡bi 3 wU As‡ki bvg ej?
4| wµ‡¤úi kZKiv nv‡ii m~ÎwU ej?
5| †Uw÷s AvenvIqv KZ?
6| myZvi KvD›U wbb©‡qi Rb¨ e¨eýZ nq Ggb 5 wU h‡š¿i bvg ej?
7| †Kvqv‡W©›U Gi A_© wK?
8| i¨vcixj , †bvqv‡jm, ‡Kvqv‡W©›U, exRwjR Bqvb© e¨v‡jÝ ‡Kvb †Kvb ai‡bi myZvi KvD›U wbb©‡q e¨eýZ nq?
9| GK jx mgvb KZ MR?
10| KUb m~Zv cwigv‡ci Rb¨ i¨vcix‡ji cwiwa KZ?
11| †Ug‡cøU wK?
12| cøvB myZv wK?
13| UyB÷ ev cvK wK? Bnv KZ cÖKvi I wK wK?
14| e¨v‡jÝ UzB÷ wK?
15|KK©¯… UzB÷ wK?
16| wU.wc.AvB. Gi c~b© iƒc wK? Gi m~ÎwU ej?
17| wU.Gd. wK?
18| wewfbœ RyU myZvi UzB÷ d¨v±i Gi gvb ej?
19| ÓGmÓ Ges Ó†RUÓ UzB÷ wK?
20| wµwUK¨vj c‡q›U Kv‡K e‡j?
21|cvK cwigv‡ci 5 wU h‡š¿i bvg ej?
22| ÷¨vÛvW© †Ubkb KZ ivªLv nq?
23|UzB÷ KbUªvKkb % Gi myÎwU ej?
24| m¨v¤új Ges bgybvqb wK?
25| fvi, fs¸i fi, cxob, †UbvwmwU, †SvKu, Bjvw÷K wi‡Kvfvix wK? G‡`I GKK wK?
26| m~Zvi kw³i cÖfvweZ Kivi wbqvgKmg~n wK wK?
27| wm.Avi.Gj Ges wm.Avi.B. Gi c~b©iæc wK? G‡`I g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wK?
28|GKK myZvi kw³ cixÿvi K‡qKwU h‡š¿I bvg wjL?
29|GKK m~Zv I jx myZvi g‡a¨ m¤úK© wK?
30| wm.Gm.wc., GBP.Gm.wm., AvB.Gm.AvB Gi c~b© iæc wK?
31| myZvi B‡fb‡bm, B‡i¸jvwiwU I B¤úvi‡dKkb wK?
 32| myZvi B¸jvwiwU KZ ai‡bi nq?
33| B¸jvwiwUi 3 wU Kvib ej?
34| wc.Gg.wW. Ges wm.wf. c~b© iæc wK? G‡`I g‡a¨ m¤ú©K wK?
35| wm.wf% Gi myÎwU wK?
36| B¸jvwiwU cwigv‡ci 5 wU c×wZi bvg ej?
37| wfRyqvj †g_W wK?
38| e¨v‡jÝ I †mbwmwUwfwU K‡›Uªvj Gi KvR wK?

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