Visual Basic

Console. A console program has no graphics. It is text. Easy to develop, it uses

few resources and is efficient.
These programs, however, will readily accomplish an analytical or processing \
task. We invoke WriteLine and Write. We can use ReadLine for input. Numbers
and strings are handled.
An example. This program uses Console.WriteLine. It prints "Hello world" to the
screen. The program is contained in a module named Module1. The Sub Main is
the entry point of the program.

Imports System

Module Module1

'This program will display Hello World

Sub Main()

Console.WriteLine("Hello World")

Console.ReadKey()

End Sub

End Module

Data Types Available in VB.Net

VB.Net provides a wide range of data types. The following table shows all the data types
available:

Data Storage Allocation Value Range

Type

Boolean Depends on implementing True or False

platform

Byte 1 byte 0 through 255 (unsigned)

Char 2 bytes 0 through 65535 (unsigned)

Date 8 bytes 0:00:00 (midnight) on January 1, 0001 through 11:59:59

PM on December 31, 9999

Decimal 16 bytes 0 through +/-79,228,162,514,264,337,593,543,950,335

(+/-7.9...E+28) with no decimal point; 0 through +/-
7.9228162514264337593543950335 with 28 places to
 the right of the decimal

Double 8 bytes
-1.79769313486231570E+308 through -
4.94065645841246544E-324, for negative values

4.94065645841246544E-324 through
1.79769313486231570E+308, for positive values

Integer 4 bytes -2,147,483,648 through 2,147,483,647 (signed)

Long 8 bytes -9,223,372,036,854,775,808 through

9,223,372,036,854,775,807(signed)

Object Any type can be stored in a variable of type Object

4 bytes on 32-bit platform

8 bytes on 64-bit platform

Single 4 bytes
-3.4028235E+38 through -1.401298E-45 for negative
values;

1.401298E-45 through 3.4028235E+38 for positive

values

String Depends on implementing 0 to approximately 2 billion Unicode characters

platform

Module DataTypes

Sub Main()

Dim b As Byte

Dim n As Integer

Dim si As Single

Dim d As Double

Dim da As Date

Dim c As Char

Dim s As String

Dim bl As Boolean

b = 1

n = 1234567

si = 0.12345678901234566

d = 0.12345678901234566
 da = Today

c = "U"c

s = "Me"

If ScriptEngine = "VB" Then

bl = True

Else

bl = False

End If

If bl Then

'the oath taking

Console.Write(c & " and," & s & vbCrLf)

Console.WriteLine("declaring on the day of: {0}", da)

Console.WriteLine("We will learn VB.Net seriously")

Console.WriteLine("Lets see what happens to the floating point variables:")

Console.WriteLine("The Single: {0}, The Double: {1}", si, d)

End If

Console.ReadKey()

End Sub

End Module

Variables
A variable is nothing but a name given to a storage area that our programs can manipulate.
Each variable in VB.Net has a specific type, which determines the size and layout of the
variable's memory; the range of values that can be stored within that memory; and the set
of operations that can be applied to the variable.

Type Example

Integral types SByte, Byte, Short, UShort, Integer, UInteger, Long, ULong
and Char

Floating point Single and Double

types

Decimal types Decimal

Boolean types True or False values, as assigned

 Date types Date

Variable Declaration in VB.Net

The Dim statement is used for variable declaration and storage allocation
for one or more variables.

Some valid variable declarations along with their definition are shown here:

Dim StudentID As Integer

Dim StudentName As String

Dim Salary As Double

Dim count1, count2 As Integer

Dim status As Boolean

Dim exitButton As New System.Windows.Forms.Button

Dim lastTime, nextTime As Date

Variable Initialization in VB.Net

Variables are initialized (assigned a value) with an equal sign followed by a
constant expression. The general form of initialization is:

variable_name = value;

for example,

Dim pi As Double

pi = 3.14159

You can initialize a variable at the time of declaration as follows:

Dim StudentID As Integer = 100

Dim StudentName As String = "Bill Smith"

Example
Try the following example which makes use of various types of variables:

Module variablesNdataypes

Sub Main()
 Dim a As Short

Dim b As Integer

Dim c As Double

a = 10

b = 20

c = a + b

Console.WriteLine("a = {0}, b = {1}, c = {2}", a, b, c)

Console.ReadLine()

End Sub

End Module

Accepting Values from User

The Console class in the System namespace provides a
function ReadLine for accepting input from the user and store it into a
variable. For example,

Dim message As String

message = Console.ReadLine

The following example demonstrates it:

Module variablesNdataypes

Sub Main()

Dim message As String

Console.Write("Enter message: ")

message = Console.ReadLine

Console.WriteLine()

Console.WriteLine("Your Message: {0}", message)

Console.ReadLine()

End Sub

End Module

Constants
Declaring Constants
In VB.Net, constants are declared using the Const statement.

For example,
'The following statements declare constants.'

Const maxval As Long = 4999

Public Const message As String = "HELLO"

Private Const piValue As Double = 3.1415

Example
The following example demonstrates declaration and use of a constant
value:

Module constantsNenum

Sub Main()

Const PI = 3.14149

Dim radius, area As Single

radius = 7

area = PI * radius * radius

Console.WriteLine("Area = " & Str(area))

Console.ReadKey()

End Sub

End Module

Statements
A statement is a complete instruction in Visual Basic programs. It may
contain keywords, operators, variables, literal values, constants and
expressions.

Statements could be categorized as:

 Declaration statements - these are the statements where you name a variable, constant, or
procedure, and can also specify a data type.
 Executable statements - these are the statements, which initiate actions. These statements
can call a method or function, loop or branch through blocks of code or assign values or
expression to a variable or constant. In the last case, it is called an Assignment statement.

 Declaration Statements
 The declaration statements are used to name and define procedures,
variables, properties, arrays, and constants. When you declare a
programming element, you can also define its data type, access level,
and scope.
 The programming elements you may declare include variables,
constants, enumerations, classes, structures, modules, interfaces,
 procedures, procedure parameters, function returns, external
procedure references, operators, properties, events, and delegates.
 Following are the declaration statements in VB.Net:

S.N Statements and Description Example

1 Dim number As Integer

Dim Statement
Dim quantity As Integer = 100
Dim message As String =
Declares and allocates storage space for one or more "Hello!"
variables.

2 Const Statement Const maximum As Long = 1000

Declares and defines one or more constants. Const naturalLogBase As Object
= CDec(2.7182818284)

3 Enum Statement Enum CoffeeMugSize

Declares an enumeration and defines the values of its Jumbo
members. ExtraLarge
Large
Medium
Small
End Enum

4 Class Box
Class Statement
Public length As Double
Declares the name of a class and introduces the definition of
Public breadth As Double
the variables, properties, events, and procedures that the
Public height As Double
class comprises.
End Class

5 Structure Box
Structure Statement
Public length As Double
Declares the name of a structure and introduces the
Public breadth As Double
definition of the variables, properties, events, and
Public height As Double
procedures that the structure comprises.
End Structure

6 Public Module myModule

Module Statement
Sub Main()
Declares the name of a module and introduces the definition
Dim user As String =
of the variables, properties, events, and procedures that the
InputBox("What is your name?")
module comprises.
MsgBox("User name is" & user)

End Sub
 End Module

7 Public Interface MyInterface

Interface Statement
Sub doSomething()

Declares the name of an interface and introduces the End Interface

definitions of the members that the interface comprises.

8 Function myFunction
Function Statement
(ByVal n As Integer) As Double
Declares the name, parameters, and code that define a
Return 5.87 * n
Function procedure.
End Function

9 Sub mySub(ByVal s As String)

Sub Statement
Return
Declares the name, parameters, and code that define a Sub
End Sub
procedure.

10 Declare Function getUserName

Declare Statement
Lib "advapi32.dll"
Declares a reference to a procedure implemented in an
Alias "GetUserNameA"
external file.
(

ByVal lpBuffer As String,

ByRef nSize As Integer) As Integer

11 Public Shared Operator +

Operator Statement
(ByVal x As obj, ByVal y As obj) As
Declares the operator symbol, operands, and code that obj

define an operator procedure on a class or structure. Dim r As New obj

' implemention code for r = x + y

Return r

End Operator

12 ReadOnly Property quote() As String

Property Statement
Get
Declares the name of a property, and the property
Return quoteString
procedures used to store and retrieve the value of the
End Get
property.
End Property
13 Public Event Finished()
Event Statement

Declares a user-defined event.

14 Delegate Function MathOperator(

Delegate Statement
ByVal x As Double,
Used to declare a delegate.
ByVal y As Double

) As Double

 Executable Statements
 An executable statement performs an action. Statements calling a
procedure, branching to another place in the code, looping through
several statements, or evaluating an expression are executable
statements. An assignment statement is a special case of an
executable statement.
 Example
 The following example demonstrates a decision making statement:
 Module decisions
 Sub Main()
 'local variable definition '
 Dim a As Integer = 10

 ' check the boolean condition using if statement '
 If (a < 20) Then
 ' if condition is true then print the following '
 Console.WriteLine("a is less than 20")
 End If
 Console.WriteLine("value of a is : {0}", a)
 Console.ReadLine()
 End Sub
 End Module

 When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the

following result:
 a is less than 20;
 value of a is : 10

 Arithmetic Operators
 Following table shows all the arithmetic operators supported by VB.Net. Assume
variable A holds 2 and variable B holds 7, then:
 Show Examples

Operator Description Example

^ Raises one operand to the power of another B^A will
give 49

+ Adds two operands A+B

will give
9

- Subtracts second operand from the first A-B

will give
-5

* Multiplies both operands A*B

will give
14

/ Divides one operand by another and returns a floating B/A

point result will give
3.5

\ Divides one operand by another and returns an integer B\A

result will give
3

MOD Modulus Operator and remainder of after an integer

division

Comparison Operators
Following table shows all the comparison operators supported by VB.Net.
Assume variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20, then:

Show Examples

Operato Description Example

r

= Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not; if (A = B) is

yes, then condition becomes true. not true.

<> Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not; if (A <> B)
 values are not equal, then condition becomes true. is true.

> Checks if the value of left operand is greater than the value (A > B) is
of right operand; if yes, then condition becomes true. not true.

< Checks if the value of left operand is less than the value of (A < B) is
right operand; if yes, then condition becomes true. true.

>= Checks if the value of left operand is greater than or equal (A >= B)
to the value of right operand; if yes, then condition is not
becomes true. true.

<= Checks if the value of left operand is less than or equal to (A <= B)
the value of right operand; if yes, then condition becomes is true.
true.

Assignment Operators
There are following assignment operators supported by VB.Net:

Show Examples

Operato Description Example

r

= Simple assignment operator, Assigns values from right C=A+B

side operands to left side operand will assign
value of A
+ B into C

+= Add AND assignment operator, It adds right operand to the C += A is

left operand and assigns the result to left operand equivalen
t to C = C
+A

-= Subtract AND assignment operator, It subtracts right C -= A is

operand from the left operand and assigns the result to equivalen
left operand t to C = C
-A

*= Multiply AND assignment operator, It multiplies right C *= A is

operand with the left operand and assigns the result to left equivalen
operand t to C = C
*A
/= Divide AND assignment operator, It divides left operand C /= A is
with the right operand and assigns the result to left equivalen
operand (floating point division) t to C =
C/A

\= Divide AND assignment operator, It divides left operand C \= A is

with the right operand and assigns the result to left equivalen
operand (Integer division) t to C =
C \A

^= Exponentiation and assignment operator. It raises the left C^=A is

operand to the power of the right operand and assigns the equivalen
result to left operand. t to C = C
^A

<<= Left shift AND assignment operator C <<= 2

is same
as C = C
<< 2

>>= Right shift AND assignment operator C >>= 2

is same
as C = C
>> 2

&= Concatenates a String expression to a String variable or

Str1 &=
property and assigns the result to the variable or property.
Str2 is
same as

Str1 =
Str1 &
Str2

Decision Making
Decision making structures require that the programmer specify one or
more conditions to be evaluated or tested by the program, along with a
statement or statements to be executed if the condition is determined to be
true, and optionally, other statements to be executed if the condition is
determined to be false.

Following is the general form of a typical decision making structure found in

most of the programming languages:
VB.Net provides the following types of decision making statements. Click
the following links to check their details.

Statement Description

An If...Then statement consists of a boolean

If ... Then statement
expression followed by one or more
statements.

An If...Then statement can be followed by

If...Then...Else statement
an optional Else statement, which executes
when the boolean expression is false.

You can use one If or Else if statement inside

nested If statements
another If or Else if statement(s).

A Select Case statement allows a variable to

Select Case statement
be tested for equality against a list of values.

You can use one select case statement

nested Select Case
inside another select case statement(s).
statements

If Then Else
Info:We see if the user typed "1" or
"2" and pressed return. We also
display the output.
VB.NET program that uses ReadLine
Module Module1
Sub Main()
While True

' Read value.

Dim s As String = Console.ReadLine()

' Test the value.

If s = "1" Then
Console.WriteLine("One")
ElseIf s = "2" Then
Console.WriteLine("Two")
End If

' Write the value.

Console.WriteLine("You typed " + s)

End While
End Sub
End Module

Output

1
One
You typed 1
2
Two
You typed 2
3
You typed 3

Example:
Module decisions
Sub Main()
Dim a As Integer = 100
If (a = 10) Then
Console.WriteLine("Value of a is 10")
ElseIf (a = 20) Then
Console.WriteLine("Value of a is 20")
ElseIf (a = 30) Then
Console.WriteLine("Value of a is 30")
Else
Console.WriteLine("None of the values is matching")
End If
Console.WriteLine("Exact value of a is: {0}", a)
 Console.ReadLine()
End Sub
End Module

When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following
result:

None of the values is matching

Exact value of a is: 100

VB.Net - Select Case Statement

A Select Case statement allows a variable to be tested for equality against
a list of values. Each value is called a case, and the variable being switched
on is checked for each select case.

Syntax:
The syntax for a Select Case statement in VB.Net is as follows:

Select [ Case ] expression

[ Case expressionlist
[ statements ] ]
[ Case Else
[ elsestatements ] ]
End Select

Where,

 expression: is an expression that must evaluate to any of the elementary data type in
VB.Net, i.e., Boolean, Byte, Char, Date, Double, Decimal, Integer, Long, Object, SByte, Short,
Single, String, UInteger, ULong, and UShort.
 expressionlist: List of expression clauses representing match values for expression. Multiple
expression clauses are separated by commas.
 statements: statements following Case that run if the select expression matches any clause
in expressionlist.
 elsestatements: statements following Case Else that run if the select expression does not
match any clause in the expressionlist of any of the Case statements.

Flow Diagram:
Example:
Module Module1
Sub Main()

Dim grade As Char

Console.writeline(“Enter Grade”)
grade = CChar(console.readline())
Select grade
Case "A"
Console.WriteLine("Excellent!")
Case "B", "C"
Console.WriteLine("Well done")
Case "D"
Console.WriteLine("You passed")
Case "F"
Console.WriteLine("Better try again")
Case Else
Console.WriteLine("Invalid grade")
 End Select
Console.WriteLine("Your grade is " & grade)
Console.ReadLine()
End Sub
End Module

When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following
result:

Well done
Your grade is B

Example Program - Boolean operators - NOT, AND, OR

Module Module1
Sub Main()
Dim age, points As Integer
Console.WriteLine("What is your age?")
age = Int(Console.ReadLine())
Console.WriteLine("How many points do you have on your licence?")
points = Int(Console.ReadLine())
If age > 16 And points < 9 Then
Console.WriteLine("You can drive!")
Else
Console.WriteLine("You are not eligable for a driving licence")
End If
Console.ReadKey()
End Sub
End Modul

Loops
There may be a situation when you need to execute a block of code several
number of times. In general, statements are executed sequentially: The first
statement in a function is executed first, followed by the second, and so on.

Programming languages provide various control structures that allow for

more complicated execution paths.
A loop statement allows us to execute a statement or group of statements
multiple times and following is the general form of a loop statement in most
of the programming languages:

VB.Net provides following types of loops to handle looping requirements.

Click the following links to check their details.

Loop Type Description

It repeats the enclosed block of statements while a

Do Loop
Boolean condition is True or until the condition becomes
True. It could be terminated at any time with the Exit Do
statement.

It repeats a group of statements a specified number of

For...Next
times and a loop index counts the number of loop
iterations as the loop executes.

It repeats a group of statements for each element in a

For Each...Next
collection. This loop is used for accessing and
manipulating all elements in an array or a VB.Net
collection.

It executes a series of statements as long as a given

While... End While
condition is True.

It is not exactly a looping construct. It executes a series of

With... End With
statements that repeatedly refer to a single object or
structure.
 You can use one or more loops inside any another While,
Nested loops
For or Do loop.

Loop Control Statements:

Loop control statements change execution from its normal sequence. When
execution leaves a scope, all automatic objects that were created in that
scope are destroyed.

VB.Net provides the following control statements. Click the following links to
check their details.

Control Statement Description

Terminates the loop or select case statement and

Exit statement
transfers execution to the statement immediately
following the loop or select case.

Causes the loop to skip the remainder of its body and

Continue statement
immediately retest its condition prior to reiterating.

Transfers control to the labeled statement. Though it is

GoTo statement
not advised to use GoTo statement in your program.

Module loops

Sub Main()

' local variable definition

Dim a As Integer = 10

'do loop execution

Do

Console.WriteLine("value of a: {0}", a)

a = a + 1

Loop Until (a = 20)

Console.ReadLine()

End Sub

End Module

Module loops

Sub Main()

Dim a As Byte
 ' for loop execution

For a = 10 To 20

Console.WriteLine("value of a: {0}", a)

Next

Console.ReadLine()

End Sub

End Module

Module loops

Sub Main()

Dim a As Integer = 10

' while loop execution '

While a < 20

Console.WriteLine("value of a: {0}", a)

a = a + 1

End While

Console.ReadLine()

End Sub

End Module

Nested Loops
Example:
The following program uses a nested for loop to find the prime numbers
from 2 to 100:

Module loops

Sub Main()

' local variable definition

Dim i, j As Integer

For i = 2 To 100

For j = 2 To i

' if factor found, not prime

If ((i Mod j) = 0) Then

Exit For

End If

Next j

If (j > (i \ j)) Then

 Console.WriteLine("{0} is prime", i)

End If

Next i

Console.ReadLine()

End Sub

End Module

When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following
result:

2 is prime

3 is prime

5 is prime

7 is prime

11 is prime

13 is prime

17 is prime

19 is prime

23 is prime

29 is prime

31 is prime

37 is prime

41 is prime

43 is prime

47 is prime

53 is prime

59 is prime

61 is prime

67 is prime

71 is prime

73 is prime

79 is prime

83 is prime

89 is prime

97 is prime
 Arrays
An array stores a fixed-size sequential collection of elements of the same
type. An array is used to store a collection of data, but it is often more
useful to think of an array as a collection of variables of the same type.

All arrays consist of contiguous memory locations. The lowest address

corresponds to the first element and the highest address to the last
element.

Creating Arrays in VB.Net

To declare an array in VB.Net, you use the Dim statement. For example,

Dim intData(30) ' an array of 31 elements

Dim strData(20) As String ' an array of 21 strings

Dim twoDarray(10, 20) As Integer 'a two dimensional array of integers

Dim ranges(10, 100) 'a two dimensional array

You can also initialize the array elements while declaring the array. For
example,

Dim intData() As Integer = {12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32}

Dim names() As String = {"Karthik", "Sandhya", _

"Shivangi", "Ashwitha", "Somnath"}

Dim miscData() As Object = {"Hello World", 12d, 16ui, "A"c}

The elements in an array can be stored and accessed by using the index of
the array. The following program demonstrates this:

Module arrayApl

Sub Main()

Dim n(10) As Integer ' n is an array of 11 integers '

Dim i, j As Integer

' initialize elements of array n '

For i = 0 To 10

n(i) = i + 100 ' set element at location i to i + 100

 Next i

' output each array element's value '

For j = 0 To 10

Console.WriteLine("Element({0}) = {1}", j, n(j))

Next j

Console.ReadKey()

End Sub

End Module

When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following
result:

Element(0) = 100

Element(1) = 101

Element(2) = 102

Element(3) = 103

Element(4) = 104

Element(5) = 105

Element(6) = 106

Element(7) = 107

Element(8) = 108

Element(9) = 109

Element(10) = 110

Dynamic Arrays
Dynamic arrays are arrays that can be dimensioned and re-dimensioned as
par the need of the program. You can declare a dynamic array using
the ReDimstatement.

Syntax for ReDim statement:

ReDim [Preserve] arrayname(subscripts)

Where,

 The Preserve keyword helps to preserve the data in an existing array, when you resize it.
 arrayname is the name of the array to re-dimension.
 subscripts specifies the new dimension.

Module arrayApl

Sub Main()
 Dim marks() As Integer

ReDim marks(2)

marks(0) = 85

marks(1) = 75

marks(2) = 90

ReDim Preserve marks(10)

marks(3) = 80

marks(4) = 76

marks(5) = 92

marks(6) = 99

marks(7) = 79

marks(8) = 75

For i = 0 To 10

Console.WriteLine(i & vbTab & marks(i))

Next i

Console.ReadKey()

End Sub

End Module

When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following
result:

0 85

1 75

2 90

3 80

4 76

5 92

6 99

7 79

8 75

9 0

10 0
re-release material May/June 2015
Here is a copy of the pre-release material
Task1
A school keep records of the weights of each pupil. The weight in kilograms of each
pupil is recorded on the first day of term. Input and store the weights and names
recorded for a class of 30 pupils. You must store the weights in a one-dimensional array
and the names in another one-dimensional array. All the weights must be validated on
entry and any invalid weights rejected. You must decide your own validation rules. You
must assumethatthepupilsnamesareunique.Outputthenamesandweightsofthepupilsin the
class.
Task2
The weight in kilograms of each pupil is recorded again
onthelastdayofterm.Calculateandstorethedifferenceinweightforeachpupil.
Task3
Forthosepupilswhohaveadifferenceinweightofmorethan2.5kilograms,output,
withasuitablemessage,thepupil’sname,thedifferenceinweightandwhetherthisis rise or a
fall. Your program must include appropriate prompts for the entry of data.
Errormessagesandotheroutputsneedtobesetoutclearlyandunderstandably.All variables,
constants and other identifiers must have meaningful names. Each task must be fully
tested.

Coding for the given tasks

Module Module1
Sub Main()
Dim Name(30) As String
Dim Count As Integer
Dim Weight1(30) As Single
Const Upper_Limit As Single = 500
Const Lower_Limit As Single = 5
'Task 1
For Count = 1 To 30

Console.WriteLine("Student No. : "& Count)

Console.Write("Enter name : ")
Name(Count) = Console.ReadLine()
Console.Write("Enter Weight at day 1 of term ")
Weight1(Count) = Console.ReadLine()

'Validation Check for Weight

While Weight1(Count) < Lower_Limit Or Weight1(Count) > Upper_Limit
Console.WriteLine("Error: Invalid weight. It must be between 5 and 500")
Console.Write("Re-enter weight on first day ")
Weight1(Count) = Console.ReadLine()
EndWhile
 Next

'For Displaying list of name and weight of students

For Count = 1 To 5
Console.WriteLine(Name(Count) &" "& Weight1(Count))
Next

‘Task 2
Dim weight2(30), Weight_Difference(30) AsSingle
For Count = 1 To 30
Console.WriteLine(Count & " " & Name(Count) & " " & Weight1(Count))
Console.Write("Enter weight on last day ")
weight2(Count) = Console.ReadLine()
'Validation Check for Weight
While weight2(Count) < Lower_Limit Or weight2(Count) > Upper_Limit
Console.WriteLine("Error: Invalid weight. It must be between 5 and 500")
Console.Write("Re-enter weight on lastt day ")
weight2(Count) = Console.ReadLine()
EndWhile
Weight_Difference(Count) = weight2(Count) - Weight1(Count)

Next
'Task 3
For Count = 1 To 30
If Weight_Difference(Count) > 2.5 Then
Console.WriteLine(Name(Count) & " has a rise in weight of " & Weight_Difference(Count) & " kg")
ElseIf Weight_Difference(Count) < -2.5 Then
Console.WriteLine(Name(Count) &" has a fall in weight of "& Weight_Difference(Count) &" kg")
EndIf
Next
Console.ReadKey()
EndSub
EndModule

Pre-release material
A teacher needs a program to record marks for a class of 30 students who have sat three
computer
science tests.
Write and test a program for the teacher.
• Your program must include appropriate prompts for the entry of data.
• Error messages and other output need to be set out clearly and understandably.
• All variables, constants and other identifiers must have meaningful names.
You will need to complete these three tasks. Each task must be fully tested.
TASK 1 – Set up arrays
Set-up one dimensional arrays to store:
• Student names
• Student marks for Test 1, Test 2 and Test 3
o Test 1 is out of 20 marks
o Test 2 is out of 25 marks
o Test 3 is out of 35 marks
• Total score for each student
Input and store the names for 30 students. You may assume that the students’ names are unique.
Input and store the students’ marks for Test 1, Test 2 and Test 3. All the marks must be validated
on
entry and any invalid marks rejected.
TASK 2 – Calculate
Calculate the total score for each student and store in the array.
Calculate the average total score for the whole class.
Output each student’s name followed by their total score.
Output the average total score for the class.
TASK 3 – Select
Select the student with the highest total score and output their name and total score.

Following are the questions and pseudocodes from chapter 10 of

your book, make their Visual Basic programs. ( A sample VB
program is given for question no. 8)

Q1: Show two ways of selecting different actions using Pseudocode.

Ans:

Pseudocode

If Condition

Begin

Input marks

If marks >= 60

Then Print "passed"

 Else Print "failed"
End If

End

Case Statement

Begin

Input Marks

Case Marks of
Case =100
Print “Perfect Score”
Case > 89
Print “Grade = A”
Case > 79
Print “Grade = B”
Case > 69
Print “Grade = C”
Case > 59
Print “Grade = D”
Otherwise
Print “Grade = F”
End Case

End

Or

Begin
Input grade
CASE grade OF
“A” : points = 4
“B” : points = 3
“C” : points = 2
“D” : points = 1
“F” : points = 0
Otherwise : print “ invalid grade”
ENDCASE
Output points
End

Q: Input two numbers and a mathematical symbol from user and output total.
  Total should be the sum of two numbers if the mathematical symbol is “+”
 Total should be the difference of two numbers if the mathematical symbol is “-”
 Total should be the product of two numbers if the mathematical symbol is “*”
 Total should be the coefficient of two numbers if the mathematical symbol is “/”
 Else display “invalid operator”
Pseudocode
Begin
Input num1, num2, symbol
CASE symbol OF
“+” : total = num1 + num2
“-” : total = num1 - num2
“*” : total = num1 * num2
“/” : total = num1 / num2
otherwise : print “Invalid symbol”
ENDCASE
Output total
End

Q2: You have been asked to choose the correct routine from the menu shown below.

a) Decide which type of conditional statement are you going to you use.
b) Explain your choice.
c) Write the Pseudocode
d) Select your test data and explain why you choose each value.

Answer:

a) I am using Case Statement

b) because it is very simple and relevant to use in the given scenario.
c) Pseudocode:
Pseudocode
Begin

Input Choice

Case Choice of

1 : SetUpNewAccount;

2 : MakeChangesToAnExistingAccount;

3: CloseAnAccount;

4 : ViewMyOrders;

5 : PlaceANewOrder;
 6 : AlterAnExistingOrder;

0 : Exit;

H : Help;

End Case

End

Q3: Show three ways to use a loop to add up five numbers and print out the total can be set up using
Pseudocode. Explain which loop is the most efficient to use.

Pseudocode
Answer:

There are three different loop structures that we can use to add five numbers.

1) By Using For Loop

Begin

Sum=0

For Count = 1 to 5

Input Num

Sum = Sum + Num

Next Count

Output “Total = ”, Sum

End

2) By Using Repeat Until Loop

Begin

Sum=0

Count = 0

Repeat

Input Num

Sum = Sum + Num

 Count = Count + 1

Until Count = 5

Output “Total = ”, Sum

End

3) By Using While Do EndWhile Loop

Begin

Sum=0

Count = 0

While Count < 5 Do

Input Num

Sum = Sum + Num

Count = Count + 1

EndWhile

Output “Total = ”, Sum

End
Q4: A sweets shop sells five hundred different types of sweets. Each sort of sweet is identified by a
different four digit code. All sweets that start with 1 are Chocolates, All sweets that start with 2 are
toffees, All sweets that start with 3 are jellies and all other sweets are miscellaneous and can start with
any other digit except zero.

a) Write an algorithm, using a flowchart or Pseudocode which input the four digit code for all 500
items and output the number of chocolates, toffees and jellies.
b) Explain how you would test your flow chart.
c) Decide the test data to use and complete a trace table showing a dry run of your flow chart.

Answer:

Pseudocode
Begin
TotalChocolate = 0
TotalToffees = 0
TotalJellies = 0
For Count = 1 to 500
Input Code
If Code >= 1000 And Code <=1999
Then TotalChocolate = TotalChocolate + 1
Else
If Code >= 2000 And Code <=2999
Then TotalToffees = TotalToffees + 1
Else
If Code >= 3000 And Code <=3999
Then TotalJellies = TotalJellies + 1
End If
End If
End If
Next Count
Output “Total Number Of Chocolates :” , TotalChocolate
Output “Total Number Of Toffees :” , TotalToffees
Output “Total Number Of Jellies :” , TotalJellies
End

Q5: The temperature in an apartment must be kept between 18⁰C and 20⁰C. If the temperature
reaches 22⁰C then the fan is switched On; If the temperature reaches 16⁰C then the heater is
switched On; otherwise the fan and the heater are switched Off. The following library routines
are available:
 GetTemperature
 FanOn
 FanOff
 HeaterOn
 HeaterOff
Write an algorithm using Pseudocode or flow chart, to keep the temperature at the right level.

Pseudocode
Begin
Temperature = GetTemperature;

If Temperature >= 22
Then FanOn;
Else
If Temperature <= 16
Then HeaterOn;
Else
FanOff;
HeaterOff;
End If
End If
End
Q6: Daniel lives in Italy and travels to Mexico, India and New Zealand. The time difference are:

Country Hours Minutes

Mexico -7 0
India +4 +30
New Zealand +11 0
Thus, If it is 10:15 in Italy it will be 14:45 in India.
a) Write an algorithm which:
  Inputs the name of the country
 Inputs the time in Italy in hours and in minutes
 Calculate the time in the country input using the data from the table
 Output the country and the time in hours and in minutes.
b) Describe with examples two sets of test data you would use to test your algorithm.
a)
Begin
Input Country, Hours, Minutes
If Country = “Mexico”
Then Hours = Hours - 7
Else
If Country = “India”
Then Hours = Hours + 4
Minutes = Minutes + 30
If Minutes > = 60
Minutes = Minutes – 60
Hours = Hours + 1
End If
Else
If Country = “New Zealand”
Then Hours = Hours + 11
End If
End If
End If
End
Q7: A school is doing a check on the heights and weights of the students. The school has 1000
students. Write a Pseudocode and program in VB, which:
 Input height and weight of all 1000 students
 Output the average height and weight
 Include any necessary error traps for the input
Pseudocode
Begin
TotalWeight =0
TotalHeight =0
For x= 1 to 1000
Repeat
Input height, weight
Until (height > 30) and (height < 80) and (weight > 30 ) and ( weight < 100)
TotalWeight = TotalWeight + weight
TotalHeight = TotalHeight + height
Next
AverageHeight = TotalHeight / 1000
AverageWeight = TotalWeight / 1000
Output “ Average height of the students is : ”, AverageHeight
Output “ Average weight of the students is : ”, AverageWeight
End

Q8: A small café sells five types of items:

Bun $0.50
Coffee $1.20
Cake $1.50
Sandwich $2.10
Dessert $4.00
Write a program, which
 Input every item sold during the day
 Uses an item called “end” to finish the day’s input
 Adds up the daily amount taken for each type of item
 Outputs the total takings ( for all items added together ) at the end of the day
 Output the item that had the highest takings at the end of the day
Pseudocode
Begin
Tbun =0
Tcoffee =0
Tcake =0
Tsandwich = 0
Tdessert =0
HighestTaking = 0
Repeat
Input Item, quantity
Case Item of
“bun” : Tbun = Tbun + quantity
“coffee” : Tcoffee = Tcoffee + quantity
“cake” : Tcake = Tcake + quantity
“sandwich” : Tsandwich = Tsandwich + quantity
“dessert” : Tdessert = Tdessert + quantity
Otherwise Output “ Enter relevant product ”
End Case
Until Item = “End”
TotalTakings = Tbun + Tcoffee + Tcake + Tsandwich + Tdessert
Output “The total takings of the whole day” , TotalTakings
 If (Tbun > HighestTaking) Then
HighestTaking = Tbun
Item = “Bun”
End If
If (Tcoffee > HighestTaking) Then
HighestTaking = Tcoffee
Item = “Coffee”
End If
If ( Tcake > HighestTaking) Then
HighestTaking = Tcake
Item = “Cake”
End If
If ( Tsandwich > HighestTaking) Then
HighestTaking = Tsandwich
Item = “Sandwich”
End If
If (Tdessert > HighestTaking) Then
HighestTaking = Tdessert
Item = “Dessert”
End If
Output “The item which has the highest sales today is : ” , Item
End

VB program
Module Module1
Sub Main( )
Dim Tbun, Tcoffee, Tcake, Tsandwich, Tdessert, quantity, TotalTakings, HighestTaking As Integer
Tbun =0
Tcoffee =0
Tcake =0
Tsandwich = 0
Tdessert =0
Dim Item As String
Do
Console.writeline ( “Enter the item in lower case only”)
Item = console.readline( )
Console.writeline ( “Enter its quantity”)
quantity = Int(console.readline( ))
Select Item
Case “bun”
Tbun = Tbun + quantity
Case “coffee”
Tcoffee = Tcoffee + quantity
Case “cake”
Tcake = Tcake + quantity
Case “sandwich”
Tsandwich = Tsandwich + quantity
Case “dessert”
Tdessert = Tdessert + quantity
Case Else
Console.writeline(“ Enter relevant product ”)
 End Select
Loop Until ( Item = “End” )
TotalTakings = Tbun + Tcoffee + Tcake + Tsandwich + Tdessert
Console.writeline(“The total takings of the whole day” & TotalTakings)
If (Tbun > HighestTaking) Then
HighestTaking = Tbun
Item = “Bun”
End If
If (Tcoffee > HighestTaking) Then
HighestTaking = Tcoffee
Item = “Coffee”
End If
If ( Tcake > HighestTaking) Then
HighestTaking = Tcake
Item = “Cake”
End If
If ( Tsandwich > HighestTaking) Then
HighestTaking = Tsandwich
Item = “Sandwich”
End If
If (Tdessert > HighestTaking) Then
HighestTaking = Tdessert
Item = “Dessert”
End If
Console.writeline(“The item which has the highest sales today is : ” & Item)
Console.readkey( )
End Sub
End Module

Q9: 5000 numbers are being input which should have either one digit, two digits, three digits or four digits. Write an
algorithm which:
 Input 5000 numbers
 Output how many numbers have one digit, two digits, three digits and four digits.
 Output the percentage of numbers which were outside the range.
Pseudocode
Begin
OneDigit = 0
TwoDigit = 0
ThreeDigit = 0
FourDigit = 0
OutSide = 0
For Count = 1 to 500
Input Number
If Number >= 0 And Number <=9
Then OneDigit = OneDigit + 1
Else
If Number >= 10 And Number <=99
Then TwoDigit = TwoDigit + 1
Else
If Number >= 100 And Number <=999
Then ThreeDigit = ThreeDigit + 1
 Else
If Number >= 1000 And Number <=9999
Then FourDigit = FourDigit + 1
Else
OutSide = OutSide + 1
End If
End If
End If
End If
Next Count
Percentage = OutSide / 5000 * 100
Output “Total Number Of One Digit Numbers :” , OneDigit
Output “Total Number Of Two Digit Numbers :” , TwoDigit
Output “Total Number Of Three Digit Numbers :” , ThreeDigit
Output “Total Number Of Four Digit Numbers :” , FourDigit
Output “Percentage of numbers outside the range” , Percentage
End