Name: Anna Weinberg

Class and Section: Anthro 5 (3318)

ANTHRO 5 Exam 3 Study Guide (Fill in the blank)
Lecture 13 – Principles of Classification
1. What is taxonomy?

Taxonomy is the science of classifying and naming organisms

2. Define the Class Mammalia.

The Class Mammalia is a taxonomic classification within the animal kingdom.

3. What is macroevolution?

Macroevolution refers to evolutionary changes that occur at or above the level of species over
long periods of time
4. What are the 4 forces of evolutionary change?

The four forces of evolutionary change, as described by population geneticist Motoo Kimura,
are:
• Mutation: The ultimate source of genetic variation, mutations are changes in the DNA
sequence that can lead to new alleles.
• Genetic Drift: Random fluctuations in allele frequencies within a population due to
chance events, particularly significant in small populations.
• Gene Flow: The movement of alleles between populations through migration, which can
introduce new genetic variation or homogenize allele frequencies.
• Natural Selection: The process by which individuals with certain heritable traits are more
likely to survive and reproduce, leading to the increase in frequency of advantageous
traits in a population over time.
5. What is the definition of a biological species?

A biological species is defined as a group of interbreeding or potentially interbreeding

populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups. In other words,
members of a biological species can mate and produce fertile offspring with each other
but not with members of other species.

6. Explain the process of speciation.

Speciation is the process by which new biological species arise. It typically involves the gradual
accumulation of genetic differences between populations, leading to reproductive
isolation. Speciation can occur through several mechanisms, including allopatric
speciation (geographic isolation), sympatric speciation (within the same geographic
area), and parapatric speciation (in adjacent but distinct habitats).

7. What is a cladogram and what information does it use?

A cladogram is a branching diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships between a group
of organisms. It illustrates shared ancestry and common evolutionary history among
species. Cladograms are constructed based on similarities in traits, with each branch
representing a divergence from a common ancestor. They do not typically show the
time scale of evolutionary events but focus on patterns of shared derived traits.

8. What are homologous traits?

: Homologous traits are features that are similar in two or more species because they are
inherited from a common ancestor. These traits may have different functions in
different species but share a common underlying structure.

9. Define a derived trait and an ancestral trait? How do they differ?

10. Derived Trait: Also known as an apomorphy, a derived trait is a characteristic that is
present in an organism but was absent in the last common ancestor of the group being
considered. It is a novelty that arose in the evolutionary lineage leading to a particular
species or group of species.
11. Ancestral Trait: Also called a plesiomorphy, an ancestral trait is a characteristic that was
present in the common ancestor of a group of organisms. It is inherited by all members of
the group and may be retained or modified in different descendant lineages

Lecture 14 – Primate Evolution

10. List the features found in a primate.
11. Binocular vision
12. Opposable thumbs or digits
13. Nails instead of claws (usually)
14. Forward-facing eyes
15. Large brain relative to body size
16. Grasping hands and feet
17. Typically social behavior
18. Generally arboreal (tree-dwelling) or semi-arboreal
 19. What is the Y-5 molar pattern?

The Y-5 molar pattern is a dental characteristic found in some primates, particularly apes and
humans. It refers to the pattern of cusps on the molars, which form a Y shape when
viewed from above due to the presence of five cusps arranged in three main rows.

20. What is a bilophodont molar?

A bilophodont molar is a type of molar found in some primates, characterized by having two
main ridges (lophs) running parallel to each other on the surface of the tooth. This
pattern is common in Old World monkeys.

21. What is the primitive mammalian dental formula?

The primitive mammalian dental formula is 3.1.4.3 / 3.1.4.3, meaning three incisors, one canine,
four premolars, and three molars on each side of the upper and lower jaws.

22. What features do we see for an organism that uses suspensory locomotion?

Long arms relative to body size

Mobile shoulder joints
Strong grasping hands or feet
Flexible wrist and ankle joints
Ability to hang or swing from branches

23. What features do we see for an organism that is an arboreal quadruped?

Strong limbs for climbing

Prehensile tail (in some species)
Gripping hands and feet
Long, agile digits
Flexible joints for navigating branches

24. What features do we see for a terrestrial quadruped?

Shorter limbs relative to body size

Weight-bearing limbs
Well-developed pelvis for stability
Reduced or absent tail
Typically hoofed or padded feet

25. What features do we see for an organism that uses leaping locomotion?

Powerful hind limbs for jumping

Strong muscles for propulsion
Long hind limbs relative to body size
Flexible spine for absorbing shock

26. What are the suborders that use genetics to group organisms together?

Haplorhini and Strepsirrhini.

Suborders that use anatomy to group organisms together: Anthropoidea and Prosimii.
Features of strepsirrhines:Moist, rhinarium (wet nose),Postorbital bar
Grooming claw on the second toe, Tooth Comb, Typically smaller body size, Includes lemurs,
lorises, and galagos (bushbabies).

27. What are the suborders that use anatomy to group organisms together?

Anthropoidea and Prosimi

28. What are the features of strepsirrhines? What organisms are included in this category?

Moist, rhinarium (wet nose),Postorbital bar, Grooming claw on the second toe, Toothcomb,
Typically smaller body size

Includes lemurs, lorises, and galagos (bushbabies).

29. What are the features of haplorhines? What organisms are included in this category?
30. Dry, naked nose (no rhinarium)

, Typically larger brain size

, Reduced reliance on olfaction

, no grooming claw. Includes Tarsiers, monkeys, and apes.

1. What are the features of prosimians? What organisms are included in this category?

Shared features with strepsirrhines, including a moist, rhinarium, postorbital bar, grooming claw,
and toothcomb. They also tend to have smaller body sizes.

2. What are the features of anthropoids? What organisms are included in this category?

Shared features with haplorhines, including a dry, naked nose, larger brain size, and lack of a
grooming claw. They include monkeys and apes.

3. What is the Angiosperm Radiation Hypothesis?

This hypothesis suggests that the diversification and proliferation of flowering plants
(angiosperms) during the Cretaceous period provided new ecological niches for
mammals, which led to adaptive radiation and the emergence of new mammalian
lineages.

4. List the features of Plesiadapiforms.

Early mammalian relatives with primitive primate-like features, such as grasping hands and feet,
forward-facing eyes, and possibly some degree of arboreality.

5. List the features of Adapids.

Early primates with more advanced primate-like features, including forward-facing eyes,
grasping hands and feet, and adaptations for an arboreal lifestyle.

6. List the features of Omomyids.

Another group of early primates with features similar to adapids but often with smaller bodies
and more nocturnal adaptations, such as larger eyes for better night vision.

7. List the traits of Proconsul.

Quadrupedalism, Limb structure, grasping hands and feet.

Lecture 15 – Meet the Living Primates

29. Why is it important to study primates?

Primates are our closest living relatives, and studying them helps us understand our own
evolutionary history and the traits that make us uniquely human.

30. What kind of skeleton does a primate have?

Primates have a skeletal structure that is adapted for climbing, grasping, and manipulating
objects in their arboreal environment.

31. List the features of primate hands and feet.

Opposable thumb, nails instead of claws, mobile ankles and wrists, arched foot structure.

32. Define a post-orbital bar and a post-orbital plate?

A post-orbital bar is a bony structure that forms a complete ring around the eye socket (orbit). It
is found in some primates, including strepsirrhines, and serves to reinforce and protect
the eye. A post-orbital plate, on the other hand, is a solid bony structure that partially or
completely encloses the eye socket from behind. It is found in haplorhine primates,
including tarsiers and anthropoids.

33. Lemurs and lorises fall into which primate suborder?

Lemurs and lorises fall into the primate suborder Strepsirrhini.

34. What kind of trait is a “wet nose”?

A "wet nose" is a trait characterized by a moist, fleshy area of the nose, known as a rhinarium,
which is common in strepsirrhine primates like lemurs and lorises.
 35. What kind of trait is a “dry nose”?

A "dry nose" is a trait characterized by a dry, hair-covered nose, lacking a rhinarium, which is
typical of haplorhine primates like monkeys, apes, and tarsiers.

36. List the features of a tarsier. What suborders do tarsiers fall into?

Large eyes adapted for nocturnal vision,long hind legs for leaping,Specialoized auditory
adaptions.Tarsiers fall into the suborder Haplorhini.

37. What are the features of the infraorder Platyrrhini? What organisms fall into this
category?

The infraorder Platyrrhini includes New World monkeys and is characterized by: flat broad nose
with outward facing nostrils. Three premolars in each quadrant of the mouth.
Prehinsile tail in some.

38. What are the features of the infraorder Catarrihni? What organisms fall into this
category?

The infraorder Catarrhini includes Old World monkeys, apes, and humans features are: Narrow,
downward-facing noses with close-set nostrils

Two premolars in each quadrant of the mouth

Lack of prehensile tails

39. What is the scientific name of bonobos and chimpanzees?

The scientific name of bonobos is Pan paniscus, and the scientific name of chimpanzees is Pan
troglodytes.

40. What are the features of bonobos?

Features of bonobos include:

Slim build, Long legs, Dark face with pink lips, Prominent brow ridges, Highly social behavior,
Female dominance in social groups.

41. What are the features of chimpanzees?

Robust build

Long arms (longer than legs)

Dark face with black lips

Prominent brow ridges

Complex social behavior, including tool use and hunting

Male dominance in social groups

42. What is the scientific name of a gorilla?

The scientific name of a gorilla is Gorilla.

43. List the features of a gorilla.

Features of a gorilla include:

• Large size and robust build

• Broad chest and shoulders
• Pronounced sagittal crest in males
• Dark hair and skin
• Herbivorous diet
• Knuckle-walking locomotion

44. List the features of an orangutan.

Features of an orangutan include:

• Long, shaggy reddish-brown hair

• Long arms and fingers
• Pronounced cheek pads (flanges) in males
• Arboreal lifestyle, primarily found in trees
• Solitary habits for most of their lives
• Frugivorous diet

Film – The New Chimpanzees

45. Where did Jane Goodall do her research on chimpanzees and what did her research
reveal?

Jane Goodall conducted her groundbreaking research on chimpanzees in the Gombe Stream
National Park in Tanzania, starting in the early 1960s. Her research revealed several
important insights into chimpanzee behavior, including their use of tools, social
structures, and emotional lives.

46. Do chimpanzees have culture? Give an example from the film.

Chimpanzees do exhibit cultural behaviors, which are learned and transmitted through social
interaction. An example from the film might include the way chimpanzee communities have
different techniques for cracking nuts, with variations depending on the group.

47. How do chimpanzees use tools? How do they learn to do this?

Chimpanzees use tools for various purposes, such as foraging for food, grooming, and
communication. They learn to use tools through observation, imitation, and trial-and-
error learning from other members of their group.

48. Who in the chimpanzee group raises the young?

In chimpanzee groups, young are primarily raised by their mothers, although other members of
the group, particularly older siblings and close relatives, may also provide care and
protection.
 49. Are chimpanzees violent? Give an example from the film.

Chimpanzees can display violent behaviors, particularly during conflicts over territory,
resources, or social status. An example from the film might include a scene where two
male chimpanzees engage in a physical altercation.

50. What behavior do male chimpanzees do to show dominance in a group?

Male chimpanzees demonstrate dominance within a group through various behaviors, including
displays of aggression, vocalizations, and physical posturing.

51. According to the film, why do male chimpanzees patrol their territory?

According to the film, male chimpanzees patrol their territory to defend it against rival groups
and to maintain access to resources such as food and females.

52. According to the film, what disturbing behavior do some chimpanzees participate in?

Some chimpanzees participate in disturbing behaviors such as hunting and cannibalism, which
are rare but have been observed in certain populations.

53. How do chimpanzees ease tension within the group?

Chimpanzees ease tension within the group through various behaviors, including grooming, play,
and vocalizations that signal reconciliation.

54. How do bonobos ease tension within the group?

Bonobos, like chimpanzees, ease tension within their group through grooming, play, and other
social interactions. However, they are also known for their frequent use of sexual
behavior as a means of conflict resolution and social bonding.

55. Who dominates in bonobo social groups?

In bonobo social groups, females typically dominate, forming strong social bonds and
influencing group dynamics.

56. Why do bonobos frequently walk bipedally (on 2 legs)?

Bonobos frequently walk bipedally (on two legs) as a natural part of their locomotion, which
may be related to their arboreal habitat and the need to navigate through dense
vegetation while foraging.