Dr Oliver

Dr Oliver Mathematics
Mathematics
Further Mathematics
First Order Differential Equations
Past Examination Questions
This booklet consists of 34 questions across a variety of examination topics.
Dr Oliver
The total number of marks available is 312.

1. (a) Find the general solution of the differential equation (8)

Mathematicsdy
` y tan x “ cos3 x,
dx
expressing y in terms of x.

Solution
Dr Oliver
IF “ e
ş
tan x dx
“ eln sec x “ sec x.
Hence
dy
Mathematics dy
` y tan x “ cos3 x ñ sec x ` y sec x tan x “ cos2 x
dx dx
d
ñ py sec xq “ cos2 x
dx
Dr Oliver
ż
ñ y sec x “ cos2 xdx
ż

Mathematics
`1 1
˘
ñ y sec x “ 2
cos 2x ` 2
dx

ñ y sec x “ 41 sin 2x ` 12 x ` c
` ˘
ñ y “ cos x 14 sin 2x ` 21 x ` c ,

or equivalent.
Dr Oliver
(b) Find the particular solution for which y “ 2 when x “ π. (2)

Solution
Mathematics `1 ˘
x “ π, y “ 2 ñ 2 “ ´1 2
π ` c ñ c “ ´2 ´ 12 π.
Hence `1 ˘
y “ cos x sin 2x ` 21 x ´ 2 ´ 21 π .
Dr Oliver 4

Mathematics
 Dr Oliver
2. (a) Use the substitution z “ x ` y to show that the differential equation (3)

Mathematics
dy
dx
“
x`y`3
x`y´1
p:q

may be written in the form

dz 2pz ` 1q
“ .
dx z´1

Solution
Dr Oliver
dz dy

and so
Mathematics dx
“1`
dx

dy x`y`3 dz z`3
“ ñ ´1“
dx x`y´1 dx z´1

Dr Oliver ñ
dz
dx
dz
“
z`3
z´1
`1
z`3 z´1
ñ “ `
Mathematics ñ
dx
dz
“
z´1 z´1
2z ` 2
dx z´1
dz 2pz ` 1q
ñ “ ,
dx z´1

as required. Dr Oliver
Mathematics
(b) Hence find the general solution of the differential equation p:q. (4)

Solution
dz 2pz ` 1q z´1
“ ñ dz “ 2 dx
dx z´1 żz ` 1
Dr Oliver
ż
z´1
ñ dz “ 2 dx
z`1
ż ż
pz ` 1q ´ 2
Mathematics
ñ
ż ˆ
z`1
2
dz “ 2 dx
˙ ż
ñ 1´ dz “ 2 dx
z`1
ñ z ´ 2 ln |z ` 1| “ 2x ` c
ñ x ` y ´ 2 ln |x ` y ` 1| “ 2x ` c
Dr Oliverñ y ´ 2 ln |x ` y ` 1| “ x ` c,

Mathematics 2
 Dr Oliver
or equivalent.

3. (a) Show that

Mathematics (2)
c
1`x
1´x
is an integrating factor for the differential equation
Dr Oliver
dy
`
dx 1 ´ x
y
2
?
“ 1 ´ x, |x| ă 1.

Mathematics
Solution
ż ż ˆ ˙
1 1 1 1
dx “ ´ dx
1 ´ x2 2 1`x 1´x
Dr Oliver
1
“ plnp1 ` xq ´ lnp1 ´ xqq ` c (since |x| ă 1q
2c
1`x
Mathematics
“ ln
1´x
`c

and hence c
ş 1
dx 1`x
IF “ e 1´x2 “ ,
1´x

as required. Dr Oliver
Mathematics
(b) Hence find the solution of the differential equation for which y “ 2 when x “ 0.
Give your answer in the form y “ fpxq.
(6)

Solution
c c c
dy y ? 1 ` x dy 1`x y 1 ` x?
` “ 1´xñ ` “ 1´x
dx 1 ´ x2
Dr Oliver
ñ
c
1 ´ x dx
1 ` x dy
`
c
1 ´ x 1 ´ x2
1`x y
“
?
1´x

1`x
1 ´ x dx 1 ´ x 1 ´ x2
Mathematics
ñ
d
˜ c
y
1`x
¸
?
“ 1`x
dx 1´x
c
1`x 3
ñy “ 32 p1 ` xq 2 ` c
1´x

Dr Oliver
c ˆ ˙
1´x 2 3
ñy“ p1 ` xq 2 ` c .
1`x 3

Mathematics 3
 Dr Oliver
Now

and hence
Mathematics
x “ 0, y “ 2 ñ 2 “ 2
3
`cñc“ 4
3

c ˆ ˙
1´x 2
3
4
y“ 3
p1 ` xq 2 ` 3
,
1`x

or equivalent.
Dr Oliver
Mathematics
4. (a) Use the substitution y “ xz to find the general solution of the differential equation

dy ´y¯
(6)

x ´ y “ x cos .
dx x

Solution Dr Oliver dy
“z`x
dz
dx dx
and so Mathematics ˆ ˙
dy ´y¯ dz
x ´ y “ x cos ñx z`x ´ xz “ x cos z
dx x dx
dz
ñ xz ` x2 ´ xz “ x cos z
Dr Oliver ñ x2
dz
dx
“ x cos z
dx
Mathematics ñx
dz
dx
“ cos z
1
ñ sec z dz “ dx
ż xż
1
ñ sec z dz “ dx
Dr Oliver x
ñ ln | sec z ` tan z| “ ln |x| ` c
ñ ln | sec z ` tan z| “ ln |x| ` ln A
Mathematics ñ | sec z ` tan z| “ A|x|
ˇ ´y¯ ´ y ¯ˇ
ñ ˇsec ` tan ˇ “ A|x|,
ˇ ˇ
x x

or equivalent.
Dr Oliver
(b) Find the solution of the differential equation for which y “ π when x “ 4. (2)

Mathematics 4
 Dr Oliver
Solution
Mathematics
Using the values for x and y,
?
π π 1` 2
sec 4
` tan 4
“ 4A ñ A “
4
and so
´ y ¯ˇ 1 ` ?2
Dr Oliver
ˇ ´y¯
ˇsec
ˇ
x
` tan
x
ˇ
ˇ“
4
|x|.

Mathematics
5. The substitution y “ uk , where k is an integer, is used to solve the differential equation
dy
x ` 3y “ x2 y 2 p:q
dx

Dr Oliver
by changing it into an equation p;q in the variables u and x.
(a) Show that equation p;q may be written in the form (4)

Mathematics du 3u
`
dx kx
1
“ xuk`1 .
k

Solution
dy d k d k du du
“ kuk´1

and hence
Dr Oliver
dx
“
dx
pu q “
du
pu q ˆ
dx dx

dy
dx
Mathematics
2 2
ˆ
` 3y “ x y ñ x ku k´1 du
dx
˙
` 3uk “ x2 puk q2
du
ñ kuk´1 x ` 3uk “ x2 u2k
dx
du 3u 1
ñ ` “ xuk`1 ,
Dr Oliver dx kx k

as required.
Mathematics
(b) Write down the value of k for which the integrating factor method may be used to (1)
solve equation p;q.

Solution

Dr Oliver
The RHS needs to be just a function of x and so k “ ´1 is the value that is
required.

Mathematics 5
 Dr Oliver
(c) Using this value of k, solve equation p;q and hence find the general solution of (4)
equation p:q, giving your answer in the form y “ fpxq.

Solution
Mathematics
If k “ ´1 then the differential equation is
du 3u
´ “ ´x.
Dr Oliver
The integrating factor is
dx x

Mathematicse
ş
´ x3 dx
“ e´3 ln x “ x´3

and so
du 3u du 3u
´ “ ´x ñ x´3 ´ “ ´x´2
dx x dx x4
Dr Oliver ñ
d ` ´3 ˘
dx
x u “ ´x´2
ñ x´3 u “ ´x´1 ` c
Mathematics ñ u “ x2 ` cx3
1
ñ “ x2 ` cx3
y
1
ñy“ 2 .
x ` cx3
Dr Oliver
Mathematics
6. The variables x and y are related by the differential equation

dy 2x2 ` y 2
“ . p:q
dx xy

equation p:q into Dr Oliver

(a) Use the substitution y “ ux, where u is a function of x to transform the differential

du 2
(3)

x “ .
Mathematics dx u

Solution
dy d du
“ puxq “ u ` x
dx dx dx
Dr Oliver
Mathematics 6
 Dr Oliver
and so
Mathematics
dy
“
2x2 ` y 2
ñ
dy
“
2x y
`
dx xy dx y x
du 2
ñu`x “ `u
dx u
du 2
Dr Oliver ñx
dx
“ ,
u

as required.
Mathematics
(b) Hence find the general solution of differential equation p:q, giving your answer in (4)
the form y 2 “ fpxq.

Solution
Dr Oliver
x
du 2
“ ñ u du “ dx
2
dx u xż
Mathematics ż
ñ u du “
2
x
dx

ñ 12 u2 “ 2 ln |x| ` c
ñ u2 “ 4 ln |x| ` 2c
ñ y 2 “ x2 p4 ln |x| ` 2cq,
Dr Oliver
or any equivalent expression that begins ‘y 2 “’. (Note that there is nothing
Mathematics
specified in the question about the possible values of x and so we must have the
modulus signs in our answer.)

7. Find the solution of the differential equation (9)

Dr Oliver dy
dx
` y cot x “ 2x

Mathematics
for which y “ 2 when x “ π6 . Give your answer in the form y “ fpxq.

Solution
ş
cot x dx ln sin x
IF “ e e “ sin x

Dr Oliver
Mathematics 7
 Dr Oliver
and hence
dy Mathematics
` y cot x “ 2x ñ
dy
sin x ` y cos x “ 2x sin x
dx dx
d
ñ py sin xq “ 2x sin x
dx ż

Dr Oliver ñ y sin x “ 2x sin x dx.

This requires integration by parts:

Mathematics
u “ 2x ñ
du
“ 2 and
dv
“ sin x ñ v “ ´ cos x.
dx dx
Hence
ż ż
y sin x “
Dr Oliver
2x sin x dx ñ y sin x “ ´2x cos x `

ñ y sin x “ ´2x cos x ` 2 sin x ` c

2 cos x dx

Mathematics ñ y “ ´2x cot x ` 2 ` c cosec x.

Finally, ? ?
π 3
x “ π6 , y “ 2 ñ 2 “ ´2 ˆ π
6
ˆ 3 ` 2 ` 2c ñ c “ 6

and so ?

Dr Oliver
y “ ´2x cot x ` 2 ` π 3
6
cosec x,

or equivalent.
Mathematics
8. Solve the differential equation (8)
dy
x ´ 3y “ x4 e2x
dx
for y in terms of x, given that y “ 0 when x “ 1.
Dr Oliver
Solution
Mathematics
x
dy
´ 3y “ x4 e2x ñ
dy 3
´ y “ x3 e2x
dx dx x
and so
´ x3 dx
ş ´3
IF “ e “ e´3 ln x “ eln x “ x´3 .

Dr Oliver
Mathematics 8
 Dr Oliver
So
dy 3Mathematics
´ y “ x3 e2x ñ x´3
dy 3
´ 4 y “ e2x
dx x dx x
d ` ´3 ˘
ñ x y “ e2x
dx ż
e2x dx
Dr Oliver ñ x´3 y “

ñ x´3 y “ 12 e2x ` c

Now
Mathematics ñ y “ x3 p 21 e2x ` cq.

1 1
x “ 0, y “ 1 ñ 1 “ 2
`cñc“ 2

and so
y “ 12 x3 pe2x ` 1q.
Dr Oliver
9. The differential equation Mathematics (8)
dy cos x
3xy 2 ` 2y 3 “
dx x
is to be solved for x ą 0. Use the substitution u “ y 3 to find the general solution for y
in terms of x.
Dr Oliver
Solution
Mathematics
du
“
d 3
py q “
d 3
py q ˆ
dy
“ 3y 2
dy
dx dx dy dx dx
and hence
dy cos x du cos x
3xy 2 ` 2y 3 “ ñx ` 2u “
Dr Oliver
dx x
ñ
dx
du 2u
`
x
cos x
“ 2 .
dx x x
Now Mathematics ş2
dx
IF “ e x “ e2 ln x “ x2

Dr Oliver
Mathematics 9
 Dr Oliver
and so
Mathematics
du 2u
`
cos x
“ 2 ñ x2
du
` 2xu “ cos x
dx x x dx
d 2
ñ px uq “ cos x
dx
ñ x2 u “ sin x ` c
Dr Oliver ñu“
sin x ` c
x2

Mathematics ñ y3 “
sin x ` c
c x
2

3 sin x ` c
ñy“ .
x2

Dr Oliver
10. (a) By using an integrating factor, find the general solution of the differential equation (7)

Mathematics
dy
`
4y
dx 2x ` 1
“ 4p2x ` 1q5 .

Solution
Dr Oliver
IF “ e
ş 4
2x`1
dx
“ e2 lnp2x`1q “ p2x ` 1q2
and so
dy
`
4y Mathematics
“ 4p2x ` 1q5 ñ p2x ` 1q2
dy
` 4p2x ` 1qy “ 4p2x ` 1q7
dx 2x ` 1 dx
d ` ˘
ñ yp2x ` 1q2 “ 4p2x ` 1q7
dx ż

Dr Oliver ñ yp2x ` 1q2 “ 4p2x ` 1q7 dx

ñ yp2x ` 1q2 “ 41 p2x ` 1q8 ` c

Mathematics ñ y “ 41 p2x ` 1q6 ` cp2x ` 1q´2 ,

or equivalent.

(b) The gradient of a curve at any point px, yq on the curve is given by the differential (3)
equation
Dr Oliver
dy
`
4y
“ 4p2x ` 1q5 .
dx 2x ` 1
Mathematics 10
 Dr Oliver
The point whose x-coordinate is zero is a stationary point of the curve. Using your
answer to part (a), find the equation of the curve.

Solution
Mathematics
Using the differential equation,
dy
x “ 0, “ 0 ñ y “ 1.

Now, using part (a),

Dr Oliver dx

Mathematics
x “ 0, y “ 1 ñ 1 “ 1
4
`cñc“ 3
4

and hence
y “ 14 p2x ` 1q6 ` 43 p2x ` 1q´2 .

Dr Oliver
11. (a) Differentiate lnpln xq with respect to x. (1)

Solution Mathematics
You may find it easiest to see the answer by writing out a full chain rule state-
ment. Let y “ ln u where u “ ln x. Then
d dy du 1 1 1
plnpln xqq “ .
Dr Oliver
dx
ˆ
du dx
“ ˆ “
u x x ln x

Mathematics
(b) (i) Show that ln x is an integrating factor for the first-order differential equation (2)

dy 1
` y “ 9x2 , x ą 1.
dx x ln x

Solution
Dr Oliver
By part (a),
Mathematics
IF “ e
ş 1
x ln x
dx
“ elnpln xq “ ln x,

as required.

(ii) Hence find the solution of this differential equation, given that y “ 4e3 when (6)
x “ e.
Dr Oliver
Mathematics 11
 Dr Oliver
Solution
Mathematics
dy
`
1
y “ 9x2 ñ ln x
dy 1
` y “ 9x2 ln x
dx x ln x dx x
d
ñ py ln xq “ 9x2 ln x
dx ż
9x2 ln x dx.
Dr Oliver ñ y ln x “

This requires integration by parts:

Mathematics
u “ ln x ñ
du 1
“ and
dv
“ 9x2 ñ v “ 3x3 .
dx x dx
Hence
ż ż

Dr Oliver
y ln x “ 2
9x ln x dx ñ y ln x “ 3x ln x ´ 3

ñ y ln x “ 3x3 ln x ´ x3 ` c.
3x2 dx

Now, Mathematics
x “ e, y “ 4e3 ñ 4e3 “ 3e3 ´ e3 ` c ñ c “ 2e3
and so
3x3 ln x ´ x3 ` 2e3
Dr Oliver
y ln x “ 3x3 ln x ´ x3 ` 4e3 ñ y “
ln x
,

or equivalent.
Mathematics
12. By using an integrating factor, find the general solution of the differential equation (6)

du 2x
´ 2 u “ 3px2 ` 4q,
dx x ` 4
Dr Oliver
giving your answer in the form u “ fpxq.

Solution
Mathematics
2x
ş
´ dx 2 `4q
IF “ e x2 `4 “ eln ´px “ px2 ` 4q´1 .

Dr Oliver
Mathematics 12
 Dr Oliver
Hence
du
´ 2
2xMathematics
u “ 3px2 ` 4q ñ 2
1 du
´ 2
2xu
“3
dx x ` 4 x ` 4 dx px ` 4q2
ˆ ˙
d u
ñ “3
dx x2 ` 4
ż
Dr Oliver ñ 2
u
x `4
u
“ 3 dx

ñ 2 “ 3x ` c
Mathematics x `4
ñ u “ p3x ` cqpx2 ` 4q,

or equivalent.

Dr Oliver
13. (a) Find the particular values of the constants a, b, and c for which a`b sin 2x`c cos 2x
satisfies the differential equation
(4)

Mathematics
dy
dx
` 4y “ 20 ´ 20 cos 2x.

Solution
d
dx
Dr Oliver
pa ` b sin 2x ` c cos 2xq “ 2b cos 2x ´ 2c sin 2x

Mathematics
and so, substituting into the differential equation gives

p2b ` 4cq cos 2x ` p4b ´ 2cq sin 2x ` 4a ” 20 ´ 20 cos 2x.

Hence a “ 5, b “ ´2, and c “ ´4.

Dr Oliver
(b) Hence find the solution of this differential equation, given that y “ 4 when x “ 0. (4)

Solution
Mathematics
The ‘complementary function’ is y “ Ae´4x and so the general solution is

y “ Ae´4x ` 5 ´ 2 sin 2x ´ 4 cos 2x.

Since y “ 4 when x “ 0 we have A “ 3 and hence

Dr Oliver
y “ 3e´4x ` 5 ´ 2 sin 2x ´ 4 cos 2x.

Mathematics 13
 Dr Oliver
Note that you can solve this problem using the integrating factor approach: the
Mathematics
IF is clearly e4x and so
dy dy
` 4y “ 20 ´ 20 cos 2x ñ e4x ` 4e4x y “ 20e4x ´ 20e4x cos 2x
dx dx
d ` 4x ˘
ñ ye “ 20e4x ´ 20e4x cos 2x
dx
Dr Oliver 4x
ñ ye “
ż
` 4x ˘
20e ´ 20e4x cos 2x dx

Mathematics
ż
ñ ye “ 5e ` c ´ 20 e4x cos 2x dx.
4x 4x

You should be able to recognise that this

ş integral is a classic case of having to
do integration by parts twice. Let I “ e4x cos 2x dx. Then

Dr Oliver
u “ e4x ñ
du
dx
“ 4e4x and
dv
dx
“ cos 2x ñ v “ 12 sin 2x.

So
Mathematics
I“ 1 4x
2
e sin 2x ´ 2
ż
e4x sin 2x dx.

Now for the second round of integration by parts:

du dv
u “ e4x ñ “ 4e4x and “ sin 2x ñ v “ ´ 21 cos 2x

and so
Dr Oliver
dx dx

I“ 2
Mathematics
1 4x
e
"
1 4x
ż
4x
sin 2x ´ 2 ´ 2 e cos 2x ` 2 e cos 2x dx
*

“ 12 e4x sin 2x ` e4x cos 2x ´ 4I,

and hence
1 4x
sin 2x ` 15 e4x cos 2x.
So
Dr Oliver
I“ 10
e

Mathematics ` 1 4x
ye4x “ 5e4x ` c ´ 20 10 e sin 2x ` 15 e4x cos 2x
ñ ye4x “ 5e4x ` c ´ 2e4x sin 2x ´ 4e4x cos 2x
˘

ñ y “ 5 ` ce´4x ´ 2 sin 2x ´ 4 cos 2x,

and we can now find the value of c as before.

Dr Oliver
Mathematics 14
 Dr Oliver
14. Find the general solution of the differential equation (7)

Mathematics
dy
dx
` 2y cot 2x “ sin x, 0 ă x ă π2 ,

giving your answer in the form y “ fpxq.

Solution
Dr Oliver
IF “ e
ş
2 cot 2x dx
“ eln sin 2x “ sin 2x.
Hence
dy
Mathematics dy
` 2y cot 2x “ sin x ñ sin 2x ` 2y cos 2x “ sin 2x sin x
dx dx
d
ñ py sin 2xq “ 2 sin2 x cos x
dx
Dr Oliver ñ y sin 2x “ 32 sin3 x ` c
2 sin3 x ` 3c
ñy“ .
Mathematics 3 sin 2x

15. Find the general solution of the differential equation (7)

Dr Oliver px ` 1q
dy
dx
1
` 2y “ ,
x

Mathematics
giving your answer in the form y “ fpxq.

Solution
dy 1 dy 2 1
px ` 1q ` 2y “ ñ ` y“ .
dx x dx x ` 1 xpx ` 1q
Now, Dr Oliver
ş 2
dx 2
IF “ e x`1 “ e2 lnpx`1q “ elnpx`1q “ px ` 1q2
Mathematics

Dr Oliver
Mathematics 15
 Dr Oliver
and
dy
`
2
y“
Mathematics
1
ñ px ` 1q2
dy
` 2px ` 1qy “
x`1
dx x ` 1 xpx ` 1q dx x
d “ ‰ x`1
ñ ypx ` 1q2 “
dx x
d “ 1
Dr Oliver
‰
ñ ypx ` 1q2 “ 1 `
dx x
ñ ypx ` 1q2 “ x ` ln |x| ` c

Mathematics
ñy“
x ` ln |x| ` c
px ` 1q2
.

Dr Oliver
16. During an industrial process, the mass of salt, S kg, dissolved in a liquid t minutes after
the process begins is modelled by the differential equation

Mathematics
dS
dt
`
2S
120 ´ t
“ 14 , 0 ď t ă 120.

Given that S “ 6 when t “ 0,

(a) find S in terms of t, (8)

Solution
IF “ e
şDr Oliver
2
120´t
dx
“ e´2 lnp120´tq “ elnp120´tq
´2
“ p120 ´ tq´2
and
dS 2S
Mathematics 1 dS 2S 1
1
` “ 4
ñ 2
` 3
“
dt 120 ´ t p120 ´ tq dt p120 ´ tq 4p120 ´ tq2
„ 
d S 1
ñ “
dt p120 ´ tq2 4p120 ´ tq2
Dr Oliver ñ
S
p120 ´ tq 2
“
1
4p120 ´ tq
`c

Mathematics ñ S “ 41 p120 ´ tq ` cp120 ´ tq2 .

Now,
1
S “ 6, t “ 0 ñ 6 “ 30 ` 14400c ñ c “ ´ 600
and
Dr Oliver
S “ 41 p120 ´ tq ´ 1
600
p120 ´ tq2 .

Mathematics 16
 Dr Oliver
(b) calculate the maximum mass of salt that the model predicts will be dissolved in the (4)
liquid at any one time during the process.

Solution
Mathematics
dS 1
“ 0 ñ ´ 14 ` 300 p120 ´ tq “ 0
dt
1
p120 ´ tq “ 41
Dr Oliver ñ 300
ñ 120 ´ t “ 75
ñ t “ 45
Mathematics ñ S “ 758
.

17. Obtain the general solution of the differential equation (8)

Dr Oliver
x
dy
` 2y “ cos x, x ą 0,
dx
Mathematics
giving your answer in the form y “ fpxq.

Solution
dy dy 2 cos x
x ` 2y “ cos x ñ ` y“

and
Dr Oliver
dx
ş 2
dx x x

dx
IF “ e “ e2 ln x “ x2 .
Mathematics
x

Hence
dy 2 cos x dy
` y“ ñ x2 ` 2xy “ x cos x
dx x x dx
d 2
ñ px yq “ x cos x
Dr Oliver dx ż
ñ x2 y “ x cos x dx.

Now, Mathematics
dv du
u “ x, “ cos x ñ “ 1, v “ sin x
dx dx

Dr Oliver
Mathematics 17
 Dr Oliver
and

2
xy“
Mathematics
ż
2
x cos x dx ñ x y “ x sin x ´
ż
sin x dx

ñ x2 y “ x sin x ` cos x ` c
x sin x ` cos x ` c
ñy“ .
Dr Oliver x2

18.
Mathematics (7)
dy
´ y tan x “ 2 sec3 x.
dx
Giving that y “ 3 and x “ 0, find y in terms of x.

Solution
Dr Oliver
Mathematics
ş
tan x dx
IF “ e´ “ eln cos x “ cos x.
Hence,
dy dy
´ y tan x “ 2 sec3 x ñ cos x ´ y sin x “ 2 sec2 x
dx dx

Dr Oliver ñ
d
dx
py cos xq “ 2 sec2 x
ñ y cos x “ 2 tan x ` c.

Now, Mathematics
x “ 0, y “ 3 ñ 3 “ 0 ` c ñ c “ 3
and
2 tan x ` 3
y cos x “ 2 tan x ` 3 ñ y “ .
cos x
Dr Oliver
Mathematics
19. Solve the differential equation
dy
(7)
´ 3y “ x,
dx
to obtain y as a function of x.

Dr Oliver
Mathematics 18
 Dr Oliver
Solution
Mathematics IF “ e´
ş
3 dx
“ e´3x
and
dy dy
´ 3y “ x ñ e´3x ´ 3e´3x y “ xe´3x
dx dx
Dr Oliver
ñ
d ´3x
dx
pe yq “ xe´3x
ż

Mathematics ñ e´3x y “ xe´3x dx.

Now,
dv du
u “ x, “ e´3x ñ “ 1, v “ ´ 13 e´3x
dx dx
and

e ´3x
y“
żDr Oliver
xe ´3x
dx ñ e ´3x
y“ ´ 13 xe´3x ` 1
ż
e´3x dx
3

Mathematics ñ e´3x y “ ´ 13 xe´3x ´ 19 e´3x ` c

ñ y “ ´ 13 x ´ 19 ` ce3x .

Dr Oliver
20. (a) Show that the substitution y “ vx transforms the differential equation (3)

dy x 3y
Mathematics
dx
“ ` , x ą 0, y ą 0 p:q
y x
into the differential equation
dv 1
x “ 2v ` p;q.
dx v
Dr Oliver
Solution
Mathematics y “ vx ñ
dy
“v`x
dv
dx dx

Dr Oliver
Mathematics 19
 Dr Oliver
and
Mathematics
dy x 3y
“ ` ñv`x
dv
“
x
`
3vx
dx y x dx xv x
dv 1
ñv`x “ ` 3v
dx v
dv 1
Dr Oliver ñx
dx
“ 2v ` .
v

Mathematics
(b) By solving differential equation p;q, find a general solution of the differential equa- (7)
tion p:q in the form y “ fpxq.

Solution
1
Dr Oliver
1
ş ´2
dx
IF “ e´2 x “ e´2 ln x “ eln x “
x2
and

Mathematics
x
dv
dx
1
“ 2v ` ñ x
v
dv
dx
“
2v 2 ` 1
v
v 1
ñ 2 dv “ dx
ż2v ` 1 xż
v 1
ñ dv “ dx
Dr Oliver 2v 2 ` 1 x
ñ 14 lnp2v 2 ` 1q “ ln x ` c
1

Mathematics ñ lnp2v 2 ` 1q 4 ´ ln x “ c
»
2
1
fi
p2v ` 1q fl
4
ñ ln – “c
x
1
p2v 2 ` 1q 4
Dr Oliver ñ
x
“ ec
1
ñ p2v 2 ` 1q 4 “ xec
Mathematics ñ 2v 2 ` 1 “ Ax4

Dr Oliver
Mathematics 20
 Dr Oliver
where A “ e4c
Mathematics ñ 2v 2 “ Ax4 ´ 1
2 Ax4 ´ 1
ñv “
c 2
Ax4 ´ 1
Dr Oliver ñv“

y
c 2
Ax4 ´ 1
ñ “
Mathematics x

ñy“x
c 2
Ax4 ´ 1
.
2

Given that y “ 3 and x “ 1,Dr Oliver

(c) find the particular solution of differential equation p:q. (2)

Solution
Mathematics
Now, c
A´1
x “ 1, y “ 3 ñ 3 “ ñ A “ 19
2
and Dr Oliver c
19x4 ´ 1
y“x .
2
Mathematics
1
21. (a) Show that the substitution y “ t
transforms the differential equation (4)

dy
Dr Oliver
sin x
dx
` y cos x “ y 2 , 0 ă x ă π p:q

into the differential equation

Mathematics
dt
´ t cot x “ ´ cosec x, 0 ă x ă π p;q.
dx

Solution
Dr Oliver y“
1
t
ñ
dy
dx
1 dt
“´ 2
t dx

Mathematics 21
 Dr Oliver
and

sin x
Mathematics
dy 1
` y cos x “ y 2 ñ ´ 2 sin x
dt 1
` cos x “ 2
1
dx t dx t t
dt
ñ sin x ´ t cos x “ ´1
dx
dt
Dr Oliver ñ
dx
´ t cot x “ ´ cosec x.

Mathematics
(b) Solve the differential equation p;q. (5)

Solution ş
cot x dx ´1
IF “ e´ “ e´ ln sin x “ elnpsin xq “ cosec x
and so
dt
Dr Oliver dt
´ t cot x “ ´ cosec x ñ cosec x ´ t cosec x cot x “ ´ cosec2 x
dx
Mathematics
ñ
d
dx
pt cosec xq “ ´ cosec2 x
dx
ñ t cosec x “ cot x ` c
ñ t “ sin xpcot x ` cq.

Dr Oliver
(c) Hence show that (2)
Mathematics
y“
1
cos x ` c sin x
,
where c is an arbitrary constant, is a general solution of the differential equation
p:q.

Solution
Dr Oliver 1
t “ sin xpcot x ` cq ñ “ sin xpcot x ` cq
y
Mathematics ñy“
1
sin xpcot x ` cq
1
ñy“ .
cos x ` c sin x

?
Dr Oliver
2
Given that y “ at x “ π4 ,
3
Mathematics 22
 Dr Oliver
(d) find the value of y at x “ π2 . (3)

Solution Mathematics
?
2
?
2 1
x “ π4 , y “ ñ “
3 3 ?1
` ?c22
? ?
2 2
Dr Oliver ñ
3
“
ñ c “ 2,
1`c

and we have Mathematics y“

1
“ 12 .
π
cos 2
` 2 sin π2

Dr Oliver
22. (a) Find, in the form y “ fpxq, the general solution of the equation

dy
(6)

` y cot x “ sin x, 0 ă x ă π.
Mathematics
dx

Solution ş
cot x dx
IF “ e “ eln sin x “ sin x
and so
dy
Dr Oliver dy
` y cot x “ sin x ñ sin x ` y cos x “ sin2 x
dx
Mathematics ñ
d
dx
py sin xq “ sin2 x
dx
d
ñ py sin xq “ 12 ´ 12 cos 2x
dx
ñ y sin x “ 21 x ´ 14 sin 2x ` c
Dr Oliver ñy“
1
2
x ´ 14 sin 2x ` c
.
sin x
Mathematics
Given that y “ 1 at x “ π2 ,
(b) show that, at x “ π4 , ? (4)

Dr Oliver y“
p6 ´ πq 2
8
.

Mathematics 23
 Dr Oliver
Solution
Mathematics
x “ π2 , y “ 1 ñ 1 “
π
4
´ 14 sin π ` c
sin π2
ñc“1´ π
4

and
π
8
´ 14 sin π2 ` 1 ´ π
4
y“
Dr Oliver 3
4
´
sin π4
π
8
“
?1
Mathematics “
1
8
p6 ´
2
πq
?1
2
?
p6 ´ πq 2
“ .
8
Dr Oliver
Mathematics
23. (a) Show that the substitution z “
1
y2
transforms the differential equation (4)

dy
` y “ 4xy 3 , y ą 0 p:q
dx
into the differential equation
Dr Oliver dz
dx
´ 2z “ ´8x p;q.

Mathematics
Solution
1 dz 2 dy
z“ 2
ñ “´ 3
y dx y dx
and we have
Dr Oliver
dy
` y “ 4xy 3 ñ ´
y 3 dz
` y “ 4xy 3
dx 2 dx
Mathematics ñ y2
dz
dx
´ 2 “ ´8xy 2
dz 2
ñ ´ 2 “ ´8x
dx y
dz
ñ ´ 2z “ ´8x.
Dr Oliver dx

Mathematics 24
 Dr Oliver
(b) Hence find the solution of the differential equation p:q in the form y “ fpxq. (7)

Solution Mathematics IF “ e´
ş
2 dx
“ e´2x
and so
dz dz
´ 2z “ ´8x ñ e´2x ´ 2e´2x z “ ´8xe´2x
dx
Dr Oliverñ
d
dx
pze´2x q “ ´8xe´2x
dx
Mathematics ż
ñ ze´2x “ ´ 8xe´2x dx.

Now,
dv du
u “ ´8x, “ e´2x ñ “ ´8, v “ ´ 12 e´2x
dx dx
and Dr Oliver
ż ż

Mathematics
´2x ´2x ´2x ´2x
ze “´ 8xe dx ñ ze “ 4xe ´ 4e´2x dx

ñ ze´2x “ 4xe´2x ` 2e´2x ` c

ñ z “ 4x ` 2 ` ce2x
1
ñ 2 “ 4x ` 2 ` ce2x
y
Dr Oliver ñ y2 “
4x ` 2e
1
´2x ` ce2x

Mathematics
c
1
ñy“ .
´4x ´ 2 ` ce2x

The stationary point of the graph of a particular solution of the differential equation p:q
is px1 , y1 q, x1 ą 0.
1
Dr Oliver
(c) Show that y1 “ ? . (2)

Solution
2 x1
Mathematics

Dr Oliver
Mathematics 25
 Dr Oliver
So, we have
Mathematics dy
“ 0 ñ y1 “ 4x1 y13
dx
ñ 1 “ 4x1 y12
1
ñ y12 “
Dr Oliver 4x1
ñ y1 “ ? .
1
2 x1
Mathematics
24. Find the general solution of the differential equation (7)
dy
Dr Oliver
sin

giving your answer in the form y “ fpxq.

dx
´ y cos x “ sin 2x sin x,

Mathematics
Solution
dy dy
sin ´ y cos x “ sin 2x sin x ñ ´ y cot x “ sin2
dx dx
and
Dr Oliver
IF “ e´
ş
cot x dx
“ e´ ln sin x “ elnpsin xq
´1
“
1
sin x
.
Hence,

dy
Mathematics 1 dy cos x sin2 x
´ y cot x “ sin2 x ñ ´ y “
dx sin x dx sin2 x sin x
d ” y ı 2 sin x cos x
ñ “
dx sin x sin x
Dr Oliver ñ
d ” y ı
dx sin x
y
“ 2 cos x

ñ “ 2 sin x ` c
Mathematics sin x
ñ y “ 2 sin2 x ` c sin x.

Dr Oliver
25. (a) Show that the substitution z “ y 2 transforms the differential equation
dy 1
(5)

´ 4y tan x “ 2y 2 p:q
Mathematics dx
26
 Dr Oliver
into the differential equation

Mathematics dz
dx
´ 2z tan x “ 1 p;q.

Solution
1 dz 1 dy
z “ y2 ñ “ 12 y ´ 2

and so
Dr Oliver dx dx

dy
dx Mathematics 1 1 dy
´ 4y tan x “ 2y 2 ñ 12 y ´ 2
dx
1
´ 2y 2 tan x “ 1
dz
ñ ´ 2z tan x “ 1.
dx

Dr Oliver
(b) Solve the differential equation p;q to find z as a function of x. (6)

Solution
Mathematics
IF “ e´2
ş
tan x dx
“ e´2 ln sec x “ elnpsec xq
´2
“ cos2 x
and
dz dz
´ 2z tan x “ 1 ñ cos2 x ´ 2z sin x cos x “ cos2 x
dx
Dr Oliver ñ
d
dx
dx
pz cos2 xq “ cos2 x

Mathematics ñ
d
dx
pz cos2 xq “ 12 ` 12 cos 2x
ñ z cos2 x “ 21 x ` 14 sin 2x ` c
1
2
x ` 14 sin 2x ` c
ñz“ .
cos2 x

Dr Oliver
(c) Hence obtain the general solution of the differential equation p:q. (1)

Solution
Mathematics
1
1 1` 41 sin 2x ` c
2
x
z“ y2 ñ “ y2
cos2 x
ˆ1 ˙2
x ` 41 sin 2x ` c
Dr Oliver ñy“ 2
cos2 x
.

Mathematics 27
 Dr Oliver
26. Find the general solution of the differential equation (8)

Mathematics
dy
dx
` 5y “
x
ln x
x
, x ą 0,

giving your answer in the form y “ fpxq.

Solution
xDr Oliver
dy
dx
` 5y “
ln x
x
ñ
dy 5 ln x
` y“ 2 .
dx x x
Now,
Mathematics
IF “ e
ş 5
x
dx 5
“ e5 ln x “ eln x “ x5
and
dy 5 ln x dy
` y“ ñ x5 ` 5x4 y “ x3 ln x
dx x x dx
Dr Oliver ñ
d 5
dx
px yq “ x3 ln x
ż

Mathematics ñ x5 y “ x3 ln x dx.

Now,
dv du 1
u “ ln x, “ x3 ñ “ , v “ 14 x4
dx dx x
and we have

5
xy“
Dr Oliver
ż
3
x ln x dx ñ x y “ 5 1 4
x ln x ´
ż
1 3
x dx
4 4

Mathematics ñ x5 y “ 41 x4 ln x ´
1 4 1 4
1 4
16
x ` c
4
x
ln x ´ 16
x `c
ñy“
x5
ln x 1 c
ñy“ ´ ` 5.
4x 16x x
Dr Oliver
Mathematics
27. (a) Show that the substitution y “ vx transforms the differential equation (3)
dy
3xy 2 “ x3 ` y 3 p:q
dx
into the differential equation

Dr Oliver 3v 2 x
dv
dx
“ 1 ´ 2v 3 p;q.

Mathematics 28
 Dr Oliver
Solution
Mathematics
y “ vx ñ
dy
dx
“v`x
dv
dx
and we have
ˆ ˙
2 dy 3 3 2 dv
3xy “ x ` y ñ 3xpvxq v ` x “ x3 ` pvxq3
dx dx
Dr Oliver
ñ 3v 3 x3 ` 3v 2 x4
dv
dx
“ x3 ` v 3 x 3

Mathematics
ñ 3v 3 ` 3v 2 x
dv
dv
dx
“ 1 ` v3

ñ 3v 2 x “ 1 ´ 2v 3 .
dx

Dr Oliver
(b) By solving differential equation p;q, find a general solution of the differential equa- (6)
tion p:q in the form y “ fpxq.

Solution
Mathematics

Dr Oliver
Mathematics

Dr Oliver
Mathematics

Dr Oliver
Mathematics 29
 Dr Oliver
For this, we need x ą 0 and y ą 0:

3v 2 x
dv Mathematics
“ 1 ´ 2v 3 ñ
3v 2
dv “ dx
1
dx 1 ´ 2v 3 x
3v 2
ż ż
1
ñ 3
dv “ dx
1 ´ 2v x

Dr Oliver
ñ ´ 12 lnp1 ´ 2v 3 q “ ln x ` c
ñ ´ lnp1 ´ 2v 3 q “ 2 ln x ` 2c
ñ ´ lnp1 ´ 2v 3 q “ ln x2 ` ln a (where ln a “ 2c)
Mathematics
ñ ´ lnp1 ´ 2v 3 q “ lnpax2 q
1
ñ 3
“ ax2
1 ´ 2v
1
ñ 1 ´ 2v 3 “ 2
ax
Dr Oliver 3
ñ 2v “ 1 ´ 2
ax
1

2
ax 1
Mathematics
ñ v3 “
c2ax
´

2
2

y 3 ax ´ 1
ñ “ 2
x c 2ax
2
3 ax ´ 1
ñy“x .
Dr Oliver 2ax2

Given that y “ 2 at x “ 1, Mathematics

dy
(c) find the value of at x “ 1. (2)
dx
Solution
Dr Oliver
x “ 1, y “ 2 ñ 3 ˆ 1 ˆ 22 ˆ
dy
dx
“ 13 ` 23 ñ
dy
dx
“ 34 .

Mathematics
28. (a) Find, in the form y “ fpxq, the general solution of the equation (6)

dy
` 2y tan x “ sin 2x, 0 ă x ă π2 .
dx
Dr Oliver
Mathematics 30
 Dr Oliver
Solution
Mathematics
IF “ e
ş
2 tan x dx
“ e2 ln sec x “ eln sec
2 x
“ sec2 x
and so
dy dy
` 2y tan x “ sin 2x ñ sec2 x ` 2y sec2 x tan x “ sin 2x sec2 x
dx dx
Dr Oliver ñ
d `
dx
˘
y sec2 x “ p2 sin x cos xq sec2 x
ż
ñ y sec2 x “ 2 tan x dx
Mathematics ñ y sec2 x “ 2 ln sec x ` c
ñ y “ cos2 xp2 ln sec x ` cq,

or equivalent.
Dr Oliver
π
Given that y “ 2 at x “ ,
Mathematics
3
(b) find the value of y at x “ π6 , giving your answer in the form a ` k ln b where a and (4)
b are integers and k is rational.

Solution
x “ π3 , y “ 2 ñ 2 “ 41 p2 ln 2 ` cq ñ c “ 8 ´ ln 4.
Hence
x“
Dr Oliver
π
ñy“ 3
´ ¯
2 ln ?23 ` 8 ´ ln 4 “ 6 ´ 43 ln 3.
6 4

Mathematics
29. (a) Find the general solution of the differential equation (5)

dy
x ` 2y “ 4x2 .
Dr Oliver dx

Solution Mathematicsdy dy 2
x ` 2y “ 4x2 ñ ` y “ 4x
dx dx x
and hence
2
ş 2
dx
IF “ e x “ e2 ln x “ eln x “ x2 .

Dr Oliver
Mathematics 31
 Dr Oliver
So
Mathematics
dy 2
` y “ 4x ñ x2
dy
` xy “ 4x3
dx x dx
d
ñ pyx2 q “ 4x3
dx ż
ñ yx2 “ 4x3 dx
Dr Oliver ñ yx2 “ x4 ` c

Mathematics ñy“
x4 ` c
x2
,

or equivalent.

form y “ fpxq. Dr Oliver

(b) Find the particular solution for which y “ 5 at x “ 1, giving your answer in the (2)

Solution
Mathematics
x “ 1, y “ 5 ñ 5 “
1`c
1
ñc“4

and hence
x4 ` 4
y“ .
x2
Dr Oliver
(c) (i) Find the exact values of the coordinates of the turning points of the curve with (2)
Mathematics
equation y “ fpxq, making your method clear.

Solution
dy
y “ x2 ` 4x´2 ñ “ 2x ´ 8x´3 .
dx
So
Dr Oliver dy
“ 0 ñ 2x ´ 8x´3 “ 0
dx
Mathematics ñ x4 “ 4
?
ñ x “ ˘ 2.

So the coordinates of the stationary points are

? ?
Dr Oliver p 2, 4q and p´ 2, 4q.

Mathematics 32
 Dr Oliver
(ii) Sketch the curve with equation y “ fpxq, showing the coordinates of the turning (3)
points.

Solution
Mathematics
y

Dr Oliver 4

Mathematics x
? ?
´ 2 O 2

30. (a) Show that the substitution v “ y ´3 transforms the differential equation
Dr Oliver x
dy
` y “ 2x4 y 4 p:q
(5)

dx
Mathematics
into the differential equation
dv 3v
´ “ ´6x3 . p;q
dx x

Solution Dr Oliver 1 dy 4 dv
v “ y ´3 ñ y “ v ´ 3 ñ “ ´ 13 v ´ 3 .
So,
Mathematics dx dx

ˆ ˙
dy 4 4 1 ´ 3 dv
4 1 4
x ` y “ 2x y ñ x ´ 3 v ` v ´ 3 “ 2x4 v ´ 3
dx dx

Dr Oliver 4 dv
ñ xv ´ 3
4 dv
dx
3 1
1

4
4
´ 3v ´ 3 “ ´6x4 v ´ 3

ñ v´ 3 ´ v ´ 3 “ ´6x3 v ´ 3
Mathematics ñ
dv 3v
dx x
´ “ ´6x3 ,
dx x

as required.

Dr Oliver
(b) By solving the differential equation p;q, find a general solution of differential equa-
tion p:q in the form y 3 “ fpxq.
(6)

Mathematics 33
 Dr Oliver
Solution
MathematicsIF “ e
ş
´ x3 dx
“ e´3 ln x “ x´3
and so
dv 3v dv 3v
´ “ ´6x3 ñ x´3 ´ “ ´6
dx x dx x4
Dr Oliver ñ
d ´3
dx
px vq “ ´6
ñ x´3 v “ c ´ 6x
Mathematics ñ v “ cx3 ´ 6x4
ñ y ´3 “ cx3 ´ 6x4
1
ñ y3 “ 3 .
cx ´ 6x4

Dr Oliver
31. (a) Find the general solution of the differential equation (6)
Mathematics
dy
dx
` 2y tan x “ e4x cos2 x, ´ π2 ă x ă π2 ,

giving your answer in the form y “ fpxq.

Solution
Dr Oliver
IF “ e
ş
2 tan x dx
“ e2 lnpsec xq “ elnpsec
2 xq
“ sec2 x.
Hence
dy Mathematics
` 2y tan x “ e4x cos2 x ñ
dy
sec2 x ` 2y tan x sec2 x “ e4x
dx dx
d
ñ py sec2 xq “ e4x
dx
ñ y sec2 x “ 14 e4x ` c
Dr Oliver ` ˘
ñ y “ cos2 x 41 e4x ` c .

Mathematics
(b) Find the particular solution for which y “ 1 at x “ 0. (2)

Solution
1 3
x “ 0, y “ 1 ñ 1 “ 4
`cñc“ 4
and so
Dr Oliver ` ˘
y “ 14 cos2 x e4x ` 3 .

Mathematics 34
 Dr Oliver
32. Find, in the form y “ fpxq, he general solution of the differential equation (6)

Mathematics
tan x
dy
dx
` y “ 3 cos 2x tan x, 0 ă x ă π2 .

Solution
tan x
dy Dr Oliver
` y “ 3 cos 2x tan x ñ
dy
` y cot x “ 3 cos 2x
dx dx
and we have Mathematics
IF “ e
ş
cot x dx
“ eln sin x “ sin x.
Now,
dy dy
` y cot x “ 3 cos 2x ñ sin x ` y cos x “ 3 cos 2x sin x
dx
Dr Oliver ñ
d
dx
py sin xq “ 3 cos 2x sin x
dx
Mathematics ż
ñ y sin x “
ż
3 cos 2x sin x dx

ñ y sin x “ 3p2 cos2 ´1q sin x dx

ñ y sin x “ 3p´ 32 cos3 x ` cos xq ` c

Dr Oliver ñ y sin x “ ´2 cos3 x ` 3 cos x ` c
´2 cos3 x ` 3 cos x ` c
ñy“ .
Mathematics sin x

33.
dx
p
dt Dr Oliver
` qx “ r, where p, q, and r are constants.

(a) Given that x “ 0 when t “ 0,

Solution
Mathematics
(i) find x in terms of t, (4)

dx dx q r
p ` qx “ r ñ ` x“
dt dt p p
and
Dr Oliver q q
ş
dx
IF “ e p “ e p t.

Mathematics 35
 Dr Oliver
Now,
Mathematics
dx q r q dx
` x “ ñ ept
q q r q
` e p tx “ e p t
dt p p dt p p
d q q
ñ pxe p t q “ pr e p t
dt ż

Dr Oliver
q q
ñ xe p t “ r pt
p
e dt
q q
ñ xe p t “ qr e p t ` c
Mathematics ñx“ r
q
q
` ce´ p t .

Also,
r
x “ 0, t “ 0 ñ 0 “ q
` c ñ c “ ´ qr
and we have
Dr Oliver x“ r
q
´ qr e´ p t .
q

Mathematics
(ii) find the limiting value of x as t Ñ 8. (1)

Solution
t Ñ 8, x Ñ qr .

(b)
Dr Oliver (7)
dy
Mathematicsdθ
` 2y “ sin θ.
Given that y “ 0 when θ “ 0, find y in terms of θ.

Solution ş
2 dθ
IF “ e “ e2θ
and Dr Oliver
dy dy
` 2y “ sin θ ñ e2θ ` 2e2θ y “ e2θ sin θ
Mathematics
dθ
ñ
d
dθ
pye2θ q “ e2θ sin θ
dθ ż
ñ ye2θ “ e2θ sin θ dθ.

Now, we are going to have to apply integration by parts twice:

Dr Oliver
u “ e2θ ,
dv
dθ
“ sin θ ñ
du
dθ
“ 2e2θ , v “ ´ cos θ,

Mathematics 36
 Dr Oliver
dv du

and
Mathematics
u “ 2e2θ ,
dθ
“ cos θ ñ
dθ
“ 4e2θ , v “ sin θ,

ż ż
2θ 2θ 2θ 2θ
ye “ e sin θ dθ ñ ye “ ´e cos θ ` 2e2θ cos θ dθ
„ ż 
Dr Oliver
ñ ye2θ 2θ 2θ 2θ
“ ´e cos θ ` 2e sin θ ´ 4e sin θ dθ
ż
ñ ye2θ “ ´e cos θ ` 2e sin θ ´ 4 e2θ sin θ dθ
2θ 2θ

Mathematics
ñ ye2θ “ ´e2θ cos θ ` 2e2θ sin θ ´ 4ye2θ ` c
ñ 5ye2θ “ ´e2θ cos θ ` 2e2θ sin θ ` c.

Now,

and
Dr Oliver
y “ 0, θ “ 0 ñ 0 “ ´1 ` c ñ c “ 1

Mathematics
5ye2θ “ ´e2θ cos θ ` 2e2θ sin θ ` 1
ñ ye2θ “ 15 e2θ p2 sin θ ´ cos θq ` 1
5
ñ y “ 51 p2 sin θ ´ cos θq ` 15 e´2θ .

Dr Oliver
34. (a) Find, in the form y “ fpxq, the general solution of the equation (8)

Mathematics
cos x
dy
dx
` 2 sin x “ 2 cos3 x sin x ` 1, 0 ă x ă π2 .

Solution
cos x
dy
dx
Dr Oliver
` 2 sin x “ 2 cos3 x sin x ` 1 ñ
dy
dx
` 2 tan x “ 2 cos2 x sin x ` sec x

and we have
Mathematics
ş
IF “ e tan x dx “ eln sec x “ sec x.

Dr Oliver
Mathematics 37
 Dr Oliver
Now,
dy Mathematics
` 2 tan x “ 2 cos2 x sin x ` 1 ñ sec x
dy
` 2 sec x tan x “ 2 cos x sin x ` sec2 x
dx dx
d
ñ py sec xq “ 2 cos x sin x ` sec2 x
dx ż

Dr Oliver ñ y sec x “ psin 2x ` sec2 xq dx

ñ y sec x “ ´ 21 cos 2x ` tan x ` c

Mathematics ñ y “ cos xp´ 12 cos 2x ` tan x ` cq.

?
Given that y “ 5 2 when x “ π4 ,
?
Dr Oliver
(b) find the value of y when x “ π6 , giving your answer in the form a ` b 3, where a
and b are rational numbers to be found.
(3)

Solution Mathematics?
5 2 “ cos π4 p´ 12 cos π2 ` tan π4 ` cq
? ?
ñ 5 2 “ 22 p0 ` 1 ` cq
10 “ 1 ` c
Dr Oliver
ñ
ñ c“9
ñ y “ cos xp´ 21 cos 2x ` tan x ` 9q

and
Mathematics
π
x“ 6
ñ y “ cos π6 p´ 12 cos π3 ` tan π6 ` 9q
? ?
3 1 3
ñy“ 2
p´ 4
` 3
` 9q

Dr Oliver
? ?
ñy“ ´ 83 ` 12 ` 9 2 3
1 35
?
ñy“ 2
` 8
3.

Mathematics

Dr Oliver
Mathematics 38