‫بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم‬

‫أكاديمية العلوم الهندسية والطبية‬

‫امتحان الذكاء االصطناعي‬
‫االسم مصطفى محمد الصديق محمد‬

An expired system is a system or software that has reached its /1

end of life (EOL) or has passed its expiration date. This means that
the system is no longer supported by its developer or vendor, and it
may no longer receive security updates, bug fixes, or other critical
maintenance

Learning Algorithms: The Brains Behind AI / 2

Learning algorithms are the computational methods that enable

machines to learn from data and improve their performance over
time. They form the core of machine learning and artificial
intelligence, allowing systems to make predictions, decisions, and
recognize patterns

Knowledge Representation: The Language of AI /3/

Knowledge representation (KR) is a crucial aspect of artificial

intelligence that focuses on how to represent information in a way
that can be understood and utilized by machines. It's essentially the
language that AI systems use to communicate and reason about the
.world

In the realm of artificial intelligence, an agent is a software / 4

program or system designed to perceive its environment, make
decisions, and take actions to achieve specific goals. It operates
.autonomously, without direct human control

.. Q2

i) Forward Chaining /1

In forward chaining, the system starts with a set of initial facts and
applies rules to those facts to generate new facts. This process
.continues until no more new facts can be generated

Example: Medical Diagnosis

Initial Facts: Patient has a fever, patient has a cough, patient has a *
headache
:Rules

.If a patient has a fever and a cough, then they may have the flu *

If a patient has a headache and a fever, then they may have a *

.migraine

:Forward Chaining Process *

.The system checks the initial facts against the rule conditions *

It finds that the first rule's condition is met, so it adds "may have *
.the flu" to the fact base

The system continues to check the rules against the updated fact *
.base

It finds that the second rule's condition is also met, so it adds *

."may have a migraine" to the fact base

ii) Backward Chaining

In backward chaining, the system starts with a hypothesis and

works backward to find the facts that support that hypothesis. The
system starts with a goal and tries to find a rule whose conclusion
matches the goal. If such a rule is found, the system then tries to
.prove the rule's antecedents

Example: Troubleshooting a Computer Problem

.Goal: Determine why the computer is not booting *

:Rules *

If the computer does not boot and the power light is not on, then *
.the power supply is faulty

If the computer does not boot and the hard drive is making *
.strange noises, then the hard drive is faulty

:Backward Chaining Process *

The system starts with the goal: "Determine why the computer is *
".not booting

It checks the rules to find one whose conclusion matches the *

.goal

It finds the first rule, so it tries to prove the antecedents: *

"."computer does not boot" and "power light is not on
If both antecedents are true, then the hypothesis "power supply *
.is faulty" is confirmed

Key Differences

Feature | Forward Chaining | Backward Chaining |

|Starting Point | Initial Facts | Goal Hypothesis

| Rule Application | Data-Driven | Goal-Driven |

Efficiency | Can be inefficient if many rules are irrelevant | More |

| efficient, as it focuses on relevant rules

Best Use Cases | Monitoring systems, real-time applications | |

.Diagnosis, troubleshooting, expert systems

Overview /2

Machine vision and image processing are subfields of artificial

intelligence (AI) that involve the development of algorithms and
techniques to enable computers to interpret and understand visual
information from the real world. These technologies allow computers
to "see" and "understand" images and videos, much like humans do

ii) State of the Art

The state of the art in machine vision and image processing is

rapidly evolving. Some of the most significant advancements
:include

Deep Learning: Deep learning techniques, particularly *

convolutional neural networks (CNNs), have revolutionized image
classification, object detection, and image segmentation. These
models can learn complex patterns and features directly from the
.data, achieving state-of-the-art performance

Real-time Image Processing: Advancements in hardware, such as *

GPUs and specialized AI accelerators, have enabled real-time
processing of high-resolution images and videos, making
applications like autonomous driving and surveillance systems
.possible

Computer Vision: Computer vision techniques, such as feature *

extraction, object tracking, and 3D reconstruction, are becoming
increasingly sophisticated, enabling applications like augmented
reality and virtual reality

iii) Current Applications

Machine vision and image processing are already being used in a
:wide range of applications, including

Medical Imaging: Analyzing medical images to detect diseases like *

.cancer and other abnormalities

Autonomous Vehicles: Enabling self-driving cars to perceive their *

.surroundings and make decisions

Facial Recognition: Identifying individuals for security purposes *

.and unlocking devices

Quality Control: Inspecting products for defects in manufacturing *

.processes

.Retail: Analyzing customer behavior and optimizing store layouts *

Remote Sensing: Monitoring environmental changes and natural *

disasters

iv) Potential Applications

The potential applications of machine vision and image processing

are vast and continue to expand. Some of the most promising areas
:include

Agriculture: Monitoring crop health, optimizing irrigation, and *

.automating harvesting

Robotics: Enabling robots to interact with the physical world more *

.intelligently

Biometrics: Developing more accurate and secure biometric *

.authentication systems

Art and Design: Creating new forms of art and design through AI- *
generated images

v) Challenges and Open Issues

Despite significant progress, there are still several challenges and

:open issues in machine vision and image processing

Data Quality and Quantity: High-quality, labeled data is essential *

for training accurate models, but it can be expensive and time-
.consuming to acquire

Computational Cost: Deep learning models can be computationally *

intensive, requiring powerful hardware and energy-efficient
.algorithms
Ethical Considerations: The use of machine vision and image *
.processing raises ethical concerns, such as privacy and bias

Robustness and Generalization: Models need to be robust to *

variations in lighting, weather conditions, and other factors to
generalize well to real-world scenarios

vi) Conclusion

Machine vision and image processing have emerged as a critical

area of AI research and development

Q3

Overview .i

Robotics is a multidisciplinary field that involves the design,

construction, operation, and use of robots. It combines elements of
engineering, computer science, and artificial intelligence to create
machines that can perform tasks autonomously or semi-
.autonomously

State of the Art .ii

The state of the art in robotics is rapidly advancing, with significant

:breakthroughs in several key areas

Autonomous Robots: Robots can now navigate complex *

environments, such as warehouses and hospitals, without human
.intervention

Humanoid Robots: Humanoid robots are becoming increasingly *

sophisticated, with improved dexterity and social interaction
.capabilities

Collaborative Robots (Cobots): Cobots are designed to work *

.alongside humans, sharing workspace and tasks

Artificial Intelligence Integration: AI techniques, such as machine *

learning and computer vision, are being integrated into robots to
.enhance their intelligence and adaptability

iii. Current Applications

Robotics is already making a significant impact on various

:industries

Manufacturing: Robots are widely used in assembly lines for tasks *

.like welding, painting, and packaging
Healthcare: Robots assist in surgeries, rehabilitation, and elderly *
.care

Logistics: Robots are used in warehouses for tasks like picking, *

.packing, and transporting goods

Agriculture: Robots can perform tasks like planting, harvesting, *

.and weed control

Exploration: Robots are used to explore dangerous environments, *

.such as underwater, space, and disaster zones

iv. Potential Applications

The future of robotics holds even greater promise, with potential

:applications in

Domestic Tasks: Robots could perform household chores like *

.cleaning, cooking, and laundry

Education: Robots can be used as teaching assistants or *

.personalized tutors

Elderly Care: Robots can provide companionship and assistance to *

.the elderly

Space Exploration: Robots can explore distant planets and *

.asteroids

v. Challenges and Open Issues

While robotics has made significant progress, there are still several
:challenges and open issues

Energy Efficiency: Robots need to be more energy-efficient to *

.operate for longer periods

Safety: Ensuring the safety of humans working alongside robots is *

.crucial

Ethical Considerations: The development and deployment of *

autonomous robots raise ethical questions about accountability and
.decision-making

.Cost: The high cost of robotics can limit its widespread adoption *

vi. Conclusion

Robotics, driven by advancements in AI, is poised to revolutionize

various industries and aspects of our daily lives

:Problem-Solving and Decision Making )b(

AI aims to develop intelligent systems that can analyze complex *
.problems, identify patterns, and make informed decisions

These systems can handle tasks that would be difficult or *

impossible for humans, such as optimizing complex logistics,
predicting market trends, or diagnosing diseases

C((

:Here are four limitations of expert systems

:Knowledge Acquisition Bottleneck *

Acquiring and representing expert knowledge in a formal way can *

.be time-consuming and expensive

It often requires significant effort from domain experts and *

.knowledge engineers

:Lack of Common Sense Reasoning *

Expert systems often struggle with tasks that require common *

sense reasoning, such as understanding implicit meanings or
.making inferences based on everyday knowledge

:Brittleness *

Expert systems can be brittle, meaning they may perform poorly *

or fail when faced with situations that deviate from the specific
.knowledge they were programmed with

:Explanation Capability *

Many expert systems lack the ability to explain their reasoning *

process in a clear and understandable way. This can limit their
transparency and trustworthiness

Q4

Programming Without AI

Human-Centric: Relies heavily on human programmers to write *

.and maintain code

Explicit Instructions: Programmers define precise algorithms and *

.logic to solve specific problems

Manual Processes: Tasks like code writing, debugging, and testing *

.are primarily manual

Slower Development Cycles: Complex projects can take significant *

.time and effort
.Error-Prone: Human error can lead to bugs and vulnerabilities *

Programming with AI

AI-Assisted: Leverages AI tools to automate various development *

.tasks

Learning and Adaptation: AI models can learn from data and adapt *
.to new situations

Automated Processes: AI can automate tasks like code generation, *

.testing, and debugging

Faster Development Cycles: AI tools can accelerate development *

.and reduce time-to-market

b) Four Applications of AI

:Healthcare *

Medical Diagnosis: AI-powered systems can analyze medical *

images and patient data to accurately diagnose diseases like
.cancer

Drug Discovery: AI can accelerate drug discovery by predicting *

.molecular interactions and identifying potential drug candidates

Personalized Medicine: AI can tailor treatment plans to individual *

.patients based on their genetic makeup and medical history

:Finance *

Fraud Detection: AI algorithms can identify fraudulent *

.transactions by analyzing patterns in financial data

Algorithmic Trading: AI-powered trading systems can make rapid *

.decisions based on market trends and news

Risk Assessment: AI can assess creditworthiness and investment *

.risks more accurately

:Autonomous Vehicles *

Self-Driving Cars: AI enables cars to perceive their surroundings, *

.make decisions, and navigate roads safely

Drone Delivery: AI-powered drones can deliver packages *

.efficiently and autonomously

:Natural Language Processing (NLP) *

Language Translation: AI can translate text and speech between *
.different languages accurately

Chatbots: AI-powered chatbots can provide customer support and *

.answer queries

Sentiment Analysis: AI can analyze text to determine the *

.sentiment or opinion expressed

c) Types of Knowledge Acquisition in AI

:i) Auditory Learning

Auditory learning involves acquiring knowledge through listening. In

AI, this can be achieved by using techniques like speech recognition
and natural language processing. For example, a virtual assistant
.can learn from voice commands and respond accordingly

:ii) Episodic Learning

Episodic learning involves learning from personal experiences. In AI,

this can be implemented using techniques like reinforcement
learning. For example, a robot can learn to navigate a maze by trial
.and error, remembering successful and unsuccessful attempts

:iii) Motor Learning

Motor learning involves learning physical skills and movements. In

AI, this can be achieved through techniques like robotics and
machine learning. For example, a robot can learn to walk or
manipulate objects by practicing and adjusting its movements
.based on feedback

Q5

Components of an Expert System

An expert system is a computer program designed to emulate the

decision-making ability of a human expert. It consists of several key
:components

Knowledge Base: This component stores the domain-specific *

knowledge and rules that the expert system uses to reason and
.make decisions. It Includes facts, rules, and heuristics

Inference Engine: This is the "brain" of the expert system. It *

applies logical reasoning to the knowledge base to derive
conclusions and solve problems. It uses techniques like forward
.chaining and backward chaining to draw inferences

User Interface: This component provides a user-friendly interface *

for interacting with the expert system. It allows users to input
queries, receive explanations, and view the system's reasoning
.process

Explanation Facility: This component enables the expert system to *

explain its reasoning and decision-making process to the user. It
.helps build trust and transparency in the system

Knowledge Acquisition Facility: This component facilitates the *

acquisition and integration of new knowledge into the knowledge
base. It involves techniques like knowledge engineering and
.machine learning

B) Artificial Intelligence Is Multi-disciplinary

Artificial Intelligence is a multi-disciplinary field because it draws

upon and integrates knowledge from various disciplines to achieve
:its goals. These disciplines include

Computer Science: Provides the foundational algorithms, data *

.structures, and computational power to implement AI systems

Mathematics: Underpins many AI techniques, including probability *

.theory, statistics, and linear algebra

Psychology: Contributes to understanding human cognition, *

learning, and decision-making processes, which are essential for
.developing intelligent agents

Linguistics: Provides insights into language structure, semantics, *

and pragmatics, which are crucial for natural language processing
.and understanding

Neuroscience: Inspires the development of neural networks and *

.other biologically inspired AI techniques

Philosophy: Explores questions about consciousness, intelligence, *

and ethics, which are relevant to the development of ethical and
.responsible AI

C) Difference between Human and Machine Intelligence

| Feature | Human Intelligence | Machine Intelligence |

Learning | Learns through experience, observation, and instruction |
| | Learns from data and algorithms

Reasoning | Uses logical reasoning, intuition, and creativity | Uses |

| algorithms and statistical models

Perception | Perceives the world through senses (sight, hearing, |

touch, taste, smell) | Perceives data through sensors and algorithms
|
Consciousness | Possesses self-awareness and subjective |
| experiences | Lacks self-awareness and subjective experiences

General Intelligence | Capable of adapting to diverse situations and |

| learning new tasks | Often specialized in specific tasks

D) Natural Language Processing (NLP) in AI

Natural Language Processing (NLP) is a field of AI that focuses on

the interaction between computers and human language. It enables
computers to understand, interpret, and generate human language.
:NLP has various applications in AI, including

Machine Translation: Translating text from one language to *

.another

Text Summarization: Condensing long texts into shorter *

.summaries

Sentiment Analysis: Determining the sentiment or emotion *

.expressed in a text

Chatbots and Virtual Assistants: Interacting with users in natural *

.language

Information Extraction: Extracting specific information from text *

.documents