Ram Devi Jindal Group of Institutions

Lalru,Mohali (140501)

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Practical File
Subject Name: Computer Network
Subject Code: BTCS 507-18

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

MS.ANISHA NAME: ARTI DEVI
(ASSISTANT PROFESSOR) ROLL NO: 2236315
CLASS & SEM: B. TECH(CSE),5TH

1
 INDEX
S.NO EXPERIMENT PAGENO. REMARKS
1. TostudythedifferenttypesofNetworkcablesandne 3-7
tworktopologies.
2. Practicallyimplementandtestthecross- 8-11
wiredcable and straight through cable
usingclamping toolandnetworklabcabletester.
3. Studyandfamiliarizationwithvariousnetworkdevi 12-13
ces.
4. FamiliarizationwithPacketTracerSimulationtool/ 14-27
anyotherrelatedtool.
5. StudyandImplementationofIPAddressingSchem 28-29
es.
6. CreationofSimpleNetworkingtopologiesusinghub 30-31
sand switches.
7. Simulationofwebtraffic inPacketTracer 32-33

8. Studyandimplementationofvariousrouterco 34-36
nfigurationcommands.
9. CreationofNetworksusingrouters. 37-40
10. Configuringnetworksusingtheconceptofsubnetti 41-43
ng.
11. Practical implementation of basic 44-47
networkcommand and Network
configurationcommandslikeping,ipconfig,netst
at,tracert
etc.fortroubleshootingnetworkrelatedp
roblems.
12. Configurationofnetworksusingstaticandde 48-52
faultroutes.

2
Task1:TostudythedifferenttypesofNetworkcablesandnetworktopologies.Topol
ogy:-
Networktopologyreferstothearrangementofdifferentelementslikenodes,links,ordevic
es in a computer network. It defines how these components are connected
andinteractwitheachother.

TypesofTopology:-
Fig1.1Topologytypes

Bustopology
Bus Topology is the simplest of network topologies. In this type of topology, all the
nodes(computersaswellasservers)areconnectedtothesinglecable(calledbus),bythehelpofinte
rfaceconnectors.ThiscentralcableisthebackboneofthenetworkandisknownasBus(thusthenam
e).EveryworkstationcommunicateswiththeotherdevicethroughthisBus.

Fig1.2BusTopology

3
Startopology
In Star topology, all the components of network are connected to the central device
called“hub”whichmaybeahub,nodeswereconnectedtocentralcable,herealltheworkstationsar
econnectedtocentraldevicewithapoint-to-
pointconnection.Soitcanbesaidthateverycomputerisindirectly
connectedtoeveryothernode”.bythehelpof“hub.
Fig1.3StarTopology

RingTopology
InRingTopology,allthe nodesareconnectedtoeach-
otherinsuchawaythattheymakeaclosedloop.

Fig1.4RingTopology

4
MeshTopology
Inameshnetworktopology,eachofthenetworknode,computerandotherdevices,areinterconne
ctedwithone.

Fig1.5MeshTopology
TreeTopology
TreeTopologyintegratesthecharacteristicsofStarandBusTopology.EarlierwesawhowinPhysical
Star network Topology, computers (nodes) are connected by each other throughcentralhub.

Fig1.6TreeTopology

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HybridTopology
BeforestartingaboutHybridtopology,wesawthatanetworktopologyisaconnectionofvarious.

Fig1.7HybridTopology

NetworkCableTypesandSpecifications
Toconnecttwoormorecomputersornetworkingdevicesinanetwork,networkcablesareused.Th
erearethreetypesofnetworkcables;coaxial,twisted-pair,andfiber-optic.
Coaxialcable
Thiscablecontainsaconductor,insulator,braiding,andsheath.Thesheathcoversthebraiding,bra
idingcoversthe insulation,andtheinsulationcoverstheconductor.

Fig1.9CoaxialCable

Coaxialcablesincomputernetworks
Thecoaxialcableswere
notprimarilydevelopedforthecomputernetwork.Thesecablesweredevelopedforgeneralpurpo
ses.Theywereinuseevenbeforecomputernetworks

6
cameintoexistence.Theyare stillusedeventheiruseincomputernetworkshas
beencompletelydiscontinued.
At the beginning of computer networking, when there were no dedicated media
cablesavailableforcomputernetworks,networkadministratorsbeganusingcoaxialcablestobuild
computer networks. Because of low-cost and long durability, coaxial cables were used
incomputer networking for nearly two decades (80s and 90s). Coaxial cables are no
longerusedtobuildany type ofcomputernetwork.
Twisted-paircables
Thetwisted-
paircablewasprimarilydevelopedforcomputernetworks.Thiscableisalsoknown as
Ethernet cable. Almost all modern LAN computer networks use this cable.
Thiscableconsistsofcolor-
codedpairsofinsulatedcopperwires.Everytwowiresaretwistedaroundeachothertoformpai
r.Usually,therearefourpairs.Eachpairhasonesolid.

Fig1.10 STP ANDUTP

Fiberopticcable
This cable consists of core, cladding, buffer, and jacket. The core is made from the
thinstrandsofglassorplasticthatcancarrydataoverthelongdistance.Thecoreiswrappedinthecla
dding;the claddingiswrappedinthe buffer,andthebufferiswrappedinthejacket.
 Corecarriesthedatasignalsintheformofthelight.
 Claddingreflectslightbacktothecore.
 Bufferprotectsthelightfromleaking.
 Thejacketprotectsthecablefromphysicaldamage.
Fiber optic cable is completely immune to EMI and RFI. This cable can transmit data over
alongdistanceatthehighestspeed.Itcantransmitdataupto40kilometersatthespeedof100Gbp
s.Fiberopticuseslighttosenddata.Itreflectslightfromoneendpointtoanother.Based on how
many beams of light are transmitted at a given time, there are two types offiber
opticalcable;SMFandMMF.

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Task2:Practicallyimplementandtestthecross-wiredcableandstraightthroughcableusing
clampingtoolandnetworklabcabletester.
CrimpingTools

Acrimpingtoolisadeviceusedtoconjointwopiecesofmetalbydeformingoneorbothofthem to
hold each other. The result of the tool's work is called a crimp. An example ofcrimping is
affixing a connector to the end of a cable. For instance, network cables andphone cables are
created using a crimping tool (shown below) to join RJ-45 and RJ-11connectors tobothends
ofphoneorCat 5cable.

Fig2.1CrimpingTool

UTPCables

UTP stands for Unshielded Twisted Pair cable. UTP cable is a 100 ohm copper cable
thatconsistsof2to1800unshieldedtwistedpairssurroundedbyanouterjacket.Theyhavenometa
llic shield. This makes the cable small in diameter but unprotected against
electricalinterference.Thetwisthelps toimproveitsimmunitytoelectricalnoiseand EMI.

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 Fig2.2UTPCables

RJ-45Connector
RJ-
45connectorisatoolthatweputontheendoftheUTPcable.WiththiswecanplugthecableintheLAN
port.

Fig2.3RJ-45connector
Cabletest
Acabletesterisaelectronic
deviceusedtoverifytheelectricalconnectionsinasignalcableorotherwiredassembly.Basiccable
testersarecontinuitytesterthatverifytheexistenceofaconductivepathbetweenendsofthecabl
e,andverifythecorrectwiringofconnectorsonthecable.
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 Fig2.4Cable test

Straightcable
Astraight-throughcableisatypeoftwistedpaircablethatisusedinlocalareanetworkstoconnect a
computer to a network hub such as a router. This type of cable is also sometimescalled a
patch cable and is an alternative to wireless connections where one or morecomputers
access a router through a wireless signal. On a straight-through cable, the wiredpins match.
Straightthrough cable use one wiring standard: both ends use T568A wiringstandard or both
ends use T568B wiring standard. The following figure shows a straight-
throughcableofwhichbothendsarewiredas theT568Bstandard.

Fig2.5Straightcable

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Crosscable
AnEthernetcrossovercableisatypeofEthernetcableusedtoconnectcomputingdevicestogether
directly. Unlike straight-through cable, crossover cables use two different wiringstandards:
one end uses the T568A wiring standard, and the other end uses the
T568Bwiringstandard.TheinternalwiringofEthernetcrossovercablesreversesthetransmitandre
ceive signals. It is most often used to connect two devices of the same type: e.g.
twocomputers(vianetworkinterfacecontroller)ortwoswitchestoeachother.

Fig2.6Crosscable

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Task3:Studyandfamiliarizationwithvariousnetworkdevices.
• Repeater
• Hub

• Switch
• Bridge
• Router
• GateWay

Followingshouldbedonetounderstandthispractical
1. Repeater: Functioning at Physical Layer. Arepeateris an electronic device
thatreceivesasignalandretransmitsitatahigherleveland/orhigherpower,orontotheoth
er side of an obstruction, so that the signal can cover longer distances.
Repeaterhavetwoports ,socannotbeusetoconnectformorethantwodevices.
2. Hub:AnEthernethub,activehub,networkhub,repeaterhub,huborconcentratoris a
device for connecting multiple twisted pair or fiber optic Ethernet devicestogether
and making them act as a single network segment. Hubs work at thephysical layer
(layer 1) of the OSI model. The device is a form of multiport repeater.Repeater hubs
also participate in collision detection, forwarding a jam signal to allportsifit detects
acollision.
3. Switch: A network switch or switching hub is a computer networking device
thatconnects network segments. The term commonly refers to a network bridge
thatprocessesandroutesdataatthedatalinklayer(layer2)oftheOSImodel.Switchestha
t additionally process data at the network layer (layer 3 and above) are
oftenreferredtoasLayer3switchesormultilayerswitches.
4. Bridge:Anetworkbridgeconnectsmultiplenetworksegmentsatthedatalinklayer(Laye
r 2) of the OSI model. In Ethernet networks, the term bridge formally means
adevice that behaves according to the IEEE 802.1D standard. A bridge and switch
arevery much alike; a switch being a bridge with numerous ports. Switch or Layer
2switchisoftenusedinterchangeablywithbridge.
Bridgescananalyzeincomingdatapackets to determine if the bridge is able to send
the given packet to anothersegmentofthenetwork.
5. Router: A router is an electronic device that interconnects two or more
computernetworks, and selectively interchanges packets of data between them.
Each datapacket contains address information that a router can use to determine if
the sourceand destination are on the same network, or if the data packet must be
transferredfromonenetworktoanother.Wheremultipleroutersareusedinalargecollecti
onofinterconnected networks, the routers exchange information about target
systemaddresses, so that each router can build up a table showing the preferred
pathsbetweenanytwosystemsontheinterconnectednetworks.

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 6. GateWay:Inacommunicationsnetwork,anetworknodeequippedforinterfacingwith
anothernetworkthatusesdifferent protocols.
• A gateway may contain devices such as protocol translators,
impedancematchingdevices,rateconverters,faultisolators,orsignaltranslatorsasneces
sarytoprovide system interoperability. It also requires the establishment of
mutuallyacceptableadministrativeproceduresbetweenbothnetworks.
• Aprotocoltranslation/
mappinggatewayinterconnectsnetworkswithdifferentnetworkprotocoltechnologies
byperformingtherequiredprotocolconversions.

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Task4:FamiliarizationwithPacketTracerSimulationtool/
anyotherrelatedtool.GNS3(GraphicalNetworkSimulator-3):
Itisanetworksoftwareemulatorfirstreleasedin2008.Itallo
wsthecombinationofvirtualandrealdevices,usedtosimulatecomplexnetworks.Ituses
Dynamics (dynamics is an emulator computer program that was written to
emulateCiscorouters.)emulationsoftware tosimulateCiscoIOS.
InstallationofPacketTracer:Step1:
Firstsearch“ciscopackettracerdownload”inbrowser.

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Step2:Nowclickonthewebsite.

Step3:Nowslidedownandthenwefindpageasshowninbelowandtheweclickonlearnmoreop
tion.

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Step4:Todownloadciscopackettracerweneed toenrollasastudentin
thefreecourse.Forthisweclickonsignuptoday option.

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Step5:Afterchoosingthelanguagewegetsignuppageasshowninbelow.

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Step6:Afterenrolling wegetanmailtoactiveouraccount.

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19
Step6:Afterclickingonactiveaccountmailwehavetocreateapasswordforaccountandthenthe
y askaboutpersonalinformationlikeDOB,Gender etc.

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21
22
23
Step6:
Aftercreatingaccountsuccessfullynowwehaveresourcesoptionandweclickonresourcesoptio
n andgetpackettracer option,clickonthat.

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Step7:Installationofciscopackettracer.

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26
Step8:Afterchoosingoperatingsystempackettracerwillbedownloaded.

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Task5:StudyandImplementationofIPAddressingSchemes.
Step1Makeanetworki.etaketwoswitches andconnecttheenddevices withboththeswitches
andthenconnectswitcheswiththerouter(as shown)

Step2GiveIPaddressandthengivethegatewaystoalltheenddevices.

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 DEPARTMENTOFINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGY

Step3ConfiguretheIPaddressesandgatewaygiven

Step4Afterconfiguringournetworkisreadyfortransmission.
Step5Sending
messagefromPC1toPC3Messageissucces
sfullysent(asshown)
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Task6:CreationofSimpleNetworkingtopologiesusinghubsandswitches.
Creatingasimplenetworkingtopologyusinghubsandswitchesisafundamentalexerciseinunderst
anding computer networks. Below is a practical guide to help you set up
anddocumentyournetworkingtopology.
NetworkingTopologiesOverview
1. StarTopology:

 Alldevices areconnectedtoacentralhuborswitch.
 Easytomanageandexpand.
 Ifthecentraldevicefails,thewholenetworkgoesdown.
2. BusTopology:
 Alldevicesshareasinglecommunication line(bus).

 Simpletosetupbutdifficulttotroubleshoot.
 Ifthebusfails,theentire networkisaffected.
3. RingTopology:
 Eachdeviceisconnectedtotwootherdevices,formingaring.
 Datatravelsinonedirection.

 Afailureinanycableordevicecandisrupttheentirenetwork.
PracticalFileStructure
1. Objective
 Tocreateandanalyzesimplenetworkingtopologiesusinghubsandswitches.
2. MaterialsNeeded

 Hubsand/orswitches
 Ethernetcables
 Computersordevicestoconnect
 Networkdiagramsoftware(optional)
3. SetupInstructions

A. StarTopologySetup
1. Equipment:Oneswitchandmultiplecomputers.
2. Connections:
 ConnecteachcomputertotheswitchusingEthernetcables.

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 3. Testing:
 Ensureallcomputerscancommunicatebypingingeachother.
B. BusTopologySetup

1. Equipment:Onehubandmultiplecomputers.
2. Connections:
 ConnectallcomputerstothehubusingEthernetcables.
3. Testing:
 Verifycommunicationbypingingbetweendevices.

C. RingTopologySetup
1. Equipment:Multipleswitchesorhubs.
2. Connections:
 ConnectthedevicesinacircularmannerusingEthernetcables.
3. Testing:

 Checkcommunicationbypingingdevicesinsequence.
4. Documentation
 Createanetworkdiagramforeachtopologyusingdiagramsoftwareorhand-
drawnsketches.
 DocumenttheIPaddressesassignedtoeachdevice.
 Noteanyissuesencounteredduringsetupandtesting.
5. Analysis

 Discusstheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofeachtopology.
 Includeobservationsonperformance,easeoftroubleshooting,andscalability.
Conclusion
Thispracticalfileoutlinesthestepstocreatesimplenetworkingtopologiesusinghubsandswitches.
Youcanelaborateonanysectionoraskforfurtherdetails ifneeded!

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Task7:SimulationofwebtrafficinPacketTracer.Objective
 TosimulatewebtrafficinanetworkusingPacketTracer.

 Tounderstandhowwebtrafficflowsthroughanetwork.
 Toanalyzetheimpactofnetworkconfigurationonwebtraffic.
MaterialsNeeded
 PacketTracersoftware
 Acomputerwithinternetconnection

SetupInstructions
A. CreatingaNetworkTopology

1. Equipment:
 1router(e.g.,2811)
 2switches(e.g.,2960)

 2PCs (e.g.,GenericPC)

 1webserver(e.g.,GenericServer)
2. Connections:
 ConnectthePCstotheswitches usingEthernetcables.
 Connecttheswitchestotherouterusing Ethernetcables.

 ConnectthewebservertotherouterusinganEthernetcable.
B. ConfiguringIPAddresses
1. Router:
 Configurethe
routerwithanIPaddress(e.g.,192.168.1.1/24)ontheLANinterface.
 Configurethe
routerwithadefaultgateway(e.g.,192.168.1.2)ontheWANinterface.
2. Switches:

 Configurethe
switcheswithIPaddresses(e.g.,192.168.1.2/24and192.168.1.3/24).

3. PCs:
 ConfigurethePCswithIPaddresses(e.g.,192.168.1.10/24and192
.168.1.20/24).

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  ConfigurethePCswithdefaultgateways(e.g.,192.168.1.1).
4. WebServer:
 ConfigurethewebserverwithanIPaddress(e.g.,192.168.1.100/24).

C. SimulatingWebTraffic
1. HTTPRequest:
 OnoneofthePCs,openawebbrowserandnavigatetothewebserver'sIPaddress
(e.g.,http://192.168.1.100).
 ObservetheHTTPrequestpacketsinthesimulation.
2. HTTPResponse:
 Onthewebserver,configureasimplewebpage(e.g.,usingthe"http"com
mand).

 ObservetheHTTPresponsepacketsinthesimulation.
Analysis
 PacketFlow:
 AnalyzethepacketflowbetweenthePCandthewebserver.
 Identifytheprotocolsused(e.g.,HTTP,TCP,IP).

 NetworkPerformance:
 Measurethenetworklatencyandthroughput.
 Analyzetheimpactofnetworkconfigurationonwebtraffic.
 Troubleshooting:
 Introduceerrorsinthenetworkconfiguration (e.g.,incorrectIPaddresses).

 TroubleshoottheissuesusingPacketTracer'sdebuggingtools.
Conclusion
ThispracticalfileoutlinesthestepstosimulatewebtrafficinanetworkusingPacketTracer.Youcane
laborateonany section oraskforfurtherdetailsifneeded!
TipsandVariations
 Usedifferentnetworktopologies(e.g.,star,bus,ring)toanalyzetheirimpactonwebtraffic.
 Introduceadditionaldevices(e.g.,firewalls,intrusiondetectionsystems)toanalyzethei
r impact onwebtraffic.
Usedifferentprotocols(e.g.,FTP,SSH)toanalyzetheirimpactonnetworkperformance.

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 Task8:Study and implementationof variousrouter configuration
commands.TableofContents
1. Introduction
2. BasicRouterConfigurationCommands
 AccessingtheRouter
 ConfiguringHostname
 SettingUpPasswords
 ConfiguringInterfaces
3. RoutingProtocols
 StaticRouting
 DynamicRouting(RIP,OSPF,EIGRP)
4. AdvancedConfigurationCommands
 AccessControlLists(ACLs)
 NATConfiguration
 VLANConfiguration
5. TroubleshootingCommands
6. Conclusion
7. References

1. Introduction
Incomputernetworking,
routersaredevicesthatforwarddatapacketsbetweencomputernetworks. This practical file
documents the various commands used to configure routers,which is
essentialfornetworkmanagementandtroubleshooting.
2. Basic Router Configuration
CommandsAccessingtheRouter
Toaccesstherouter,youcanuseaconsolecableandterminalemulationsoftware(likePuTTY
orTeraTerm).
Command:

34
Configuring
HostnameCommand:

Example:

Purpose:Setsthehostnameoftherouter.
Setting Up
PasswordsCommand:

Example:

35
purpose:Configurespasswordsforprivilegedmodeandconsoleaccess.
Configuring
InterfacesCommand

Example:

Purpose:Configuresan IPaddressona specific interfaceandactivatesit.

3. Routing
ProtocolsStatic
RoutingCommand:

Example:

Purpose:Configuresastaticroutetoaspecificnetwork.

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Task9:CreationofNetworksusingrouters.O
bjective
 Tocreateandconfigureanetworkusingrouters.

 Tounderstandtheroleofroutersininterconnectingdifferentnetworks.
 Toanalyzeroutingprotocolsandtheirimpactonnetworkperformance.
MaterialsNeeded
 PacketTracersoftware(orphysicalrouters)
 Computers(fortestingconnectivity)

 Ethernetcables
 AbasicunderstandingofIPaddressingandsubnetting

SetupInstructions
A. CreatingaNetworkTopology
1. Equipment:

 2routers(e.g.,Router1andRouter2)

 2switches(e.g.,Switch1andSwitch2)
 4PCs(e.g.,PC1,PC2,PC3,PC4)
 Optional:awebserverforadditionaltesting
2. Connections:

 ConnectRouter1toSwitch1usinganEthernetcable.
 ConnectRouter2toSwitch2usinganEthernetcable.
 ConnectPC1andPC2toSwitch1.
 ConnectPC3andPC4toSwitch2.
 ConnectRouter1toRouter2usinganEthernetcable.

NetworkTopologyDiagram:

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 B. ConfiguringIPAddresses
1. RouterConfiguration:
 Router1:

 InterfaceconnectedtoSwitch1:192.168.1.1/24
 InterfaceconnectedtoRouter2:10.0.0.1/30
 Router2:
 InterfaceconnectedtoSwitch2:192.168.2.1/24
 InterfaceconnectedtoRouter1:10.0.0.2/30

2. SwitchConfiguration:
 SwitchesdonotrequireIPaddressesforbasicfunctionality,butyoucanconfi
guremanagement IPaddressesifneeded.
3. PCConfiguration:
 PC1:192.168.1.2/24,DefaultGateway:192.168.1.1
 PC2:192.168.1.3/24,DefaultGateway:192.168.1.1
 PC3:192.168.2.2/24,DefaultGateway:192.168.2.1

 PC4:192.168.2.3/24,DefaultGateway:192.168.2.1

IPAddressingDiagram:

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C. ConfiguringRouting
1. StaticRouting(ifusingstaticroutes):
 OnRouter1,addaroutetoreachthe192.168.2.0/24 network:


 OnRouter2,addaroutetoreachthe192.168.1.0/24network:

2. DynamicRouting(ifusingprotocolslikeRIP,OSPF,etc.):

 Enablethedesiredrouting
protocolonbothroutersandconfigurethenetworks.
D. TestingConnectivity

1. PingTests:
 FromPC1,pingPC3totestconnectivityacrossrouters.
 FromPC3,pingPC1toverifytwo-waycommunication.

2. WebServerTesting(ifapplicable):
 Ifawebserverisincluded,testaccessfrombothnetworkstotheserver.
TestingConnectivityDiagram:

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Analysis
 RoutingEfficiency:
 Analyzetheroutingtablesonbothrouterstounderstandhowpacketsaredirec
ted.
 PerformanceMetrics:

 Measurelatencyandthroughputbetweendevicesacrossrouters.
 Troubleshooting:
 Introduceconfigurationerrors(e.g.,incorrectIPaddresses)andtroubleshootusi
ng ping andtraceroutecommands.

Conclusion

This practical file outlines the steps to create and configure networks using routers.
Theadditionofimageshelpsvisualizethesetupandconfigurationprocesses.Youcanelaborateona
ny sectionoraskforfurtherdetailsifneeded!

40
Task10:Configuringnetworksusingtheconceptofsubnetting.
Configuringnetworksusingtheconceptofsubnettinginvolvesdividingalargernetworkintosmalle
r, more manageable sub-networks or subnets. This is done to improve
networkperformance,security,andscalability.
Toconfigureanetworkusingsubnetting,youneedtofollowthesesteps:
Step1:DeterminetheNetworkAddressandSubnetMask

 Determinethenetworkaddressandsubnetmaskforthenetwork.
 Thenetworkaddress istheIPaddressofthenetwork,andthesubnet
maskisusedtodeterminewhichpartoftheIPaddressreferstothenetworkandwhichpartre
ferstothehost.

Step2:CalculatetheNumberofSubnetsandHosts
 Calculatethenumberofsubnetsandhoststhatcanbesupportedbythenetwork.
 The number of subnets is determined by the number of bits used for the
subnetmask,andthenumberofhostsis
determinedbythenumberofbitsusedforthehostID.
Step3:AssignIPAddressestoDevices
 AssignIPaddresses todevices onthenetwork.
 EachdeviceonthenetworkmusthaveauniqueIPaddressthatiswithintherangeofthesubn
et.
Step4:ConfigureRouting

 Configureroutingbetweensubnets.
 Routingisusedtoforwardpacketsbetweensubnets.
Step5:Verify theNetworkConfiguration
 Verifythenetworkconfigurationtoensurethatitisworkingcorrectly.
 Usetoolssuchaspingandtraceroutetotestthenetworkconfiguration.Herei
sanexampleofhowtoconfigureanetwork using subnetting:
SupposewehaveanetworkwiththeIPaddress192.168.1.0/24.Wewanttodividethisnetworkinto
foursubnets,eachwith16hosts.
Step1:DeterminetheNetworkAddressandSubnetMask
 Networkaddress:192.168.1.0
 Subnetmask:255.255.255.0

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Step2:CalculatetheNumberofSubnetsandHosts
 Numberofsubnets:4
 Numberofhostspersubnet:16

Step3:AssignIPAddressestoDevices
 Subnet1:192.168.1.1-192.168.1.16
 Subnet2:192.168.1.17-192.168.1.32
 Subnet3:192.168.1.33-192.168.1.48
 Subnet4:192.168.1.49-192.168.1.64

Step4:ConfigureRouting
 Configureroutingbetweensubnetsusingarouter.
Step5:Verify theNetworkConfiguration
 Usetoolssuchaspingandtraceroutetotestthenetworkconfiguration.Herei
s adiagramofthenetworkconfiguration:

Thisisa basicexampleofhowtoconfigureanetworkusingsubnetting.Inareal-
worldscenario,youwouldneedtoconsiderfactorssuchasnetworksecurity,scalability,and
performancewhendesigningand configuringyournetwork.

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HereisaCiscoPacketTracerfilethatdemonstratestheconfigurationofanetworkusingsubnetting:

43
Task11:PracticalimplementationofbasicnetworkcommandandNetworkconfigurationcomm
ands like ping, ipconfig, netstat, tracert etc. for troubleshooting network
relatedproblems.
Here'sastructuredpracticalfileforbasicnetworkcommandsandtheirimplementationfortroubl
eshootingnetwork-
relatedproblems.Thisfileincludescommanddescriptions,usageexamples,andtroubleshootin
g scenarios.

PracticalFile:BasicNetworkCommandsforTroubleshooting
1. Ping
CommandDescri
ption
 Teststhereachabilityofahostonanetwork.
 Measuresround-triptimeformessagessenttothedestination.
Syntax:

Example

TroubleshootingScenario
 Ifthepingreturnsreplies,thehostis reachable.
 Ifitshows"Requesttimedout,"thehostmaybedownortheremaybenetworkissues.

2. Ipconfig
CommandDescriptio
n
 DisplaysthecurrentnetworkconfigurationoftheWindowsoperatingsystem.
Syntax

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Example

TroubleshootingScenario

 UseipconfigtocheckyourIPaddress,subnet mask,anddefault gateway.

IftheIPaddressis169.254.x.x,thecomputerisnotreceivinganIPaddressfromtheDHCP
server.

3. Ipconfig/
allCommandDescription
 Providesdetailedinformationaboutallnetworkinterfaces.

Syntax

Example

TroubleshootingScenario
 UsethiscommandtofindtheMACaddressofthenetworkadapterortocheckiftheDHCPis
enabled.

4. Netstat
CommandDescriptio
n
 Displaysnetworkconnections,routingtables,andinterfacestatistics.Sy
ntax

Example

45
TroubleshootingScenario
 Usenetstattoidentifyopenportsandactiveconnections.Thiscanhelpdetectunaut
horizedconnections.

5. TracertCommand
Description
 Tracestheroutethatpacketstaketoadestination.
Syntax

Example

TroubleshootingScenario
 Ifthetracertshowsatimeoutataspecific hop,itindicateswheretheconnectionisfailing.

6. Nslookup
CommandDescription
 QueriestheDomainNameSystem(DNS)toobtaindomainnameorIPaddressmapp
ing.

Syntax

Example

TroubleshootingScenario

 UsenslookuptoverifyDNS resolution.Ifit fails,checkyourDNSsettings.

46
7. SysteminfoCommand
Description
 Displaysdetailedconfigurationinformationabout
thecomputeranditsoperatingsystem.
Syntax

Example

TroubleshootingScenario
 Usethiscommandtocheck
forupdatesandsystemspecifications,whichcanhelpidentifycompatibility issues.

8. ARP
CommandDescri
ption
 DisplaysandmodifiestheARP(AddressResolutionProtocol)cache.
Syntax

47
Task12:Configurationofnetworksusingstaticanddefaultroutes.Intr
oduction
Routingisacriticalfunctioninanetworkthatdetermineshowdatapacketstravelfromonedevicet
oanother.ThispracticalfileoutlinestheconfigurationofstaticanddefaultroutesinbothWindows
andLinux environments.

TableofContents
1. StaticRoutes
 1.1WindowsConfiguration
 1.2LinuxConfiguration
2. DefaultRoutes

 2.1WindowsConfiguration
 2.2LinuxConfiguration
3. Conclusion

1. StaticRoutes

Staticroutesaremanuallyconfiguredroutesthatspecifythepathdatapacketsshouldtaketoreach
aspecificnetwork.
1.1 Windows
ConfigurationStepstoAdda
StaticRoute:
1. OpenCommandPrompt:
 PressWindows+R,typecmd,andhitEnter.

48
 2. AddStaticRoute:
 Usethefollowingcommandsyntax:B
ash

Example:

Fig:AddStaticRoute

49
 3. VerifytheRoute:

Usethecommand:

1.2 Linux
ConfigurationStepstoAdda
StaticRoute:
1. OpenTerminal:

 YoucanuseCtrl+Alt+Ttoopentheterminal.
2. AddStaticRoute:
 Usethefollowingcommandsyntax:
sudoiprouteadd<destination_network>/
<prefix_length>via<gateway_ip>Example:

3. VerifytheRoute:

 Usethecommand:

2. DefaultRoutes
Adefaultrouteisaroutethatisusedwhennospecific
routeisfoundintheroutingtable.Itisoftenusedtodirecttraffictotheinternet.
2.1 Windows
ConfigurationStepstoAddaD

50
efaultRoute:

51
 1. OpenCommandPrompt:
 Asdescribedabove.
2. AddDefaultRoute:

 Usethefollowingcommand:

Example:

VerifytheRoute:
 Usethecommand:

2.2 LinuxConfiguration

StepstoAddaDefaultRoute:

1. OpenTerminal:
 Asdescribedabove.
2. AddDefaultRoute:
 Usethefollowingcommand:

52
3. VerifytheRoute:
 Usethecommand:

53