SPEAKBRO

GRAMMER
BOOK

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Contents
DAILY ROUTINE .......................................................................................................................... 4
YESTERDAY'S ROUTINE ........................................................................................................... 4
IRREGULAR VERB ....................................................................................................................... 5
PRESENT TO BE ............................................................................................................................ 7
PAST TO BE ..................................................................................................................................... 9
HAVE, HAS AND HAD .............................................................................................................. 10
CONTRACTION........................................................................................................................... 11
POSSESSIVES ................................................................................................................................ 12
THIS, THESE, THAT, THOSE, THERE IS, AND THERE ARE ........................................ 12
COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE .................................................................................... 14
ADVERBS ....................................................................................................................................... 16
COMPARATIVE ADJECTIVES ................................................................................................ 18
SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVES................................................................................................... 20
PRESENT SIMPLE ....................................................................................................................... 22
PAST SIMPLE ............................................................................................................................... 26
PRESENT CONTINUOUS FOR FUTURE USE ..................................................................... 29
WH QUESTIONS .......................................................................................................................... 32
ARTICLES: A, AN, THE............................................................................................................. 37
PREPOSITIONS: IN, AT, ON .................................................................................................... 39
PREPOSITIONS OF TIME ......................................................................................................... 40
PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE ...................................................................................................... 44
PREPOSITIONS OF MOVEMENT ........................................................................................... 48
PRESENT SIMPLE OR CONTINUOUS? ................................................................................. 52
SIMPLE PAST AND PAST CONTINUOUS ............................................................................ 54
THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE ............................................................................................ 56
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE........................................................................ 57
FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE ............................................................................................. 59
WORD ORDER: ASKING QUESTIONS ................................................................................. 61
COMMON PHRASES USED IN CONVERSATIONS ........................................................... 64
CONVERSATION......................................................................................................................... 66

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Welcome!
SPEAKBRO class is an online tutorial platform that enables LIVE interactive
classes between a tutor and a student. It offers individual and group classes.
On Speakbro Class a tutor can give personalized teaching using two-way
audio, video and whiteboarding tools where both tutor and student can see,
hear, write and interact in real-time. Speakbro provides video customized
classes for the students to make them understand the concepts easily.
Speakbro also provides classes for the students who are appearing for
competitive and entry-level exams (IELTS, TOFEL..etc.). We work to make
learning as easy as possible for our students with our practical techniques.

Register here for the course

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Thanks, and Regards

Speakbro
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 DAILY ROUTINE
"I wake up early in the morning at around 6:30 AM. After getting up, I brush my teeth,
wash my face, and get ready for the day. Then, I have a healthy breakfast with my family.
Once I finish breakfast, I leave for school. I walk with my friends or sometimes take the
school bus. School starts at 8:00 AM, and I attend various classes like Math, Science,
English, Social Studies, and others. During the school breaks, I play with my friends and
have a small snack. After school, I return home in the afternoon. I usually take a short rest
and have lunch with my family. Then, I spend some time doing my homework and
studying for upcoming tests. If I have any extracurricular activities like sports or music
classes, I attend them in the evening. After finishing my activities, I relax and unwind by
reading a book, watching TV, or spending time with my family. I have dinner with them
and, later, complete any pending school assignments. Before going to bed, I brush my
teeth again, wash my face, and change into my pyjamas. I like to read a storybook or listen
to some calming music before falling asleep. Lights out, and I sleep at around 10:00 PM,
so I can wake up fresh and energetic the next day for another exciting day at school."

YESTERDAY'S ROUTINE

I woke up at 7:00 AM yesterday. After getting out of bed, I brushed my teeth and washed
my face. Then, I had a quick breakfast consisting of cereal and milk. I caught the school
bus at 8:00 AM to go to school. During the first period, I had English class, where we
learned about past tense verbs. At lunchtime, I ate a sandwich and had some fruit. After
school, I went straight home and got freshened up. I enjoyed some delicious snacks before
starting on my homework. Once I had my books and assignments ready, I completed my
homework diligently. By the time I finished, it was already 6:30 PM. I had dinner with
my family at around 7:30 PM. After dinner, we all gathered in the living room and
watched a movie together. At 10:00 PM, the movie ended, and I prepared to go to bed.
Before going to sleep, I read a few pages of a book to unwind. Finally, I turned off the
lights at 10:30 PM and went to bed, ready for a good night's sleep.

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 IRREGULAR VERB
V1 V2 V3 V1 V2 V3
arise arose arisen drink drank drunk
awake awoke awoken Drive drove driven
abide abode abode Eat ate eaten
bear bore borne/born Engird Engirt Engirt
beat beat beaten Enwind Enwound Enwound
become became become Fall Fell fallen
begin began begun Feed fed fed
bend bent bent Feel felt felt
bet bet bet Fight fought fought
bid bid/bade bid Find found found
bind bound bound Flee fled fled
bite bit bitten Fling flung flung
bleed bled bled Fly flew flown
blow blew blown Forbid forbade forbidden
break broke broken Forget forgot forgotten
breed bred bred Forgive forgave forgiven
bring brought brought Freeze froze frozen
broadcast broadcast broadcast Get got gotten/got
build built built Give gave given
burned/ burned/ Go went gone
burn burnt burnt Grind ground ground
burst burst burst Grow grew grown
buy bought bought Hang hung hung
cast cast cast Have had had
catch caught caught Hear heard heard
choose chose chosen Hide hid hidden
cling clung clung Hit hit hit
come came come Hold held held
cost cost cost hurt hurt hurt
creep crept crept keep kept kept
cut cut cut knelt/ knelt/
deal dealt dealt kneel kneeled kneeled
dig dug dug know knew known
do did done lay laid laid
draw drew drawn lead led led
dreamed/ dreamed/ leaned/ leaned/
dream dreamt dreamt lean leant leant

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 leaped/ shake shook shaken
leap leapt leaped/leapt shine shone shone
learned/ shoot shot shot
learn learnt learned/learnt show showed shown
leave left left shrink shrank shrunk
lend lent lent shut shut shut
let let let sing sang sung
lie lay lain sink sank sunk
light lit/lighted lit/lighted sit sat sat
lose lost lost sleep slept slept
make made made slide slid slid
mean meant meant speak spoke spoken
meet met met spend spent spent
mistake mistook mistaken stand stood stood
need needed needed steal stole stolen
overcome overcame overcome stick stuck stuck
overdo overdid overdone swear swore sworn
overthrow overthrew overthrown sweep swept swept
pay paid paid take took taken
put put put teach taught taught
quit quit/quit quit/quit tear tore torn
read read read tell told told
ride rode ridden think thought thought
ring rang rung throw threw thrown
rise rose risen understand understood understood
run ran run wake woke woken
say said said wear wore worn
see saw seen win won won
seek sought sought write wrote written
sell sold sold zoom zoomed zoomed
send sent sent
set set set

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 PRESENT TO BE
Positive:
I am I’m from Japan.
you / we / they are you’re / we’re / they’re from Brazil.
he / she / it is he’s / she’s / it’s from India.

Negative:
I am not I’m not married.
You’re not / You aren’t
you / we / they are not We’re not / We aren’t happy.
They’re not / They aren’t
He isn’t / He’s not
he / she / it is not She isn’t / She’s not a student.
It isn’t / It’s not

Question:
Am I beautiful?
Are you / we / they a teacher?
Is he / she / it tall?

Name:
➢ I’m Joanna.
➢ He’s Paulo.
➢ They’re Aro and Yuvi.

Country / Nationality:
➢ I’m from the U.S. I’m American.
➢ My husband is from Italy. He’s Italian.
➢ She’s not Korean, she’s Vietnamese.
➢ Are they from Australia?

Age:
➢ I’m 27 years old.
➢ How old are you?
➢ She’s 15.
➢ My mother is 65 years old.

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Emotions:
➢ I’m sad.
➢ She’s excited.
➢ You’re angry.
➢ We’re happy.

Jobs:
➢ I’m not a student. I’m a teacher.
➢ Are you a doctor?
➢ He’s a journalist.
➢ They’re artists.

Exercises:
1. We ___ ready for the party. A) Am
A) is B) Is
B) am C) Are
C) are 7. ____ it cold outside today?
2. ____ she from France? A) Am
A) Am B) Is
B) Is C) Are
C) Are 8. ____ the sky blue or grey today?
3. ____ they in the office today? A) Am
A) Am B) Is
B) Is C) Are
C) Are 9. ____ the children playing in the park?
4. ____ you happy with your job? A) Am
A) Am B) Is
B) Is C) Are
C) Are 10. ____ the food on the table for us?
5. ____ I late for the meeting? A) Am
A) Am B) Is
B) Is C) Are
C) Are
6. ____ we all equal in the eyes of the law?

Answers: 1.C, 2.B, 3.C, 4.C, 5.A, 6.C, 7.B, 8.B, 9.C, 10.B

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 PAST TO BE
Positive:
I / he / she / it was born in 1982.
you / we / they were born in 1982.

Negative:
I / he / she / it was not (wasn’t) born in Europe.
you / we / they were not (weren’t) born in Europe.

Questions:
Was I / he / she / it a famous artist?
Were you / we / they a famous artist?

Common words used to talk about the past:

➢ Yesterday.
➢ Last Sunday / last week / last month / last November / last year.
➢ 1 hour ago / 5 days ago / 3 months ago / 10 years ago.
➢ When I was a child… / When we were in college…

Exercises:
1. _______ you happy yesterday? a) Was
a) Was b) Were
b) Were
7. _______ the concert good last night?
2. _______ he in the office last night? a) Was
a) Was b) Were
b) Were 8. _______ I late for the meeting this
3. _______ they at the party last morning?
weekend? a) Was
a) Was b) Were
b) Were 9. _______ the museum open on
4. _______ she at home yesterday? Sundays?
a) Was a) Was
b) Were b) Were
5. _______ we at the park yesterday? 10. _______ she tired after work
a) Was yesterday?
b) Were a) Was
b) Were
6. _______ it cold outside yesterday?

Answers: 1.b, 2.a, 3.b, 4.a, 5.b, 6.a, 7.b, 8.a, 9.b, 10.a

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 HAVE, HAS AND HAD

Have Has Had

I, You, We, they, Plural He, She, It, Singular Noun All subject in the past
Noun
Present Tense Present tense Past tense

Possession: Possession: Possession:

I have a pen. He has a car. I had a good idea.

I have an idea. He has ten cows. I had a good time.

Present Perfect Tense: Present Perfect Tense: Past Perfect:

I have heard the story. She has forgiven him. He had already gone.

I have seen her before. The clock has stopped. He had just arrived.

Interrogative sentence: Interrogative sentence: Had to:

Do you have a car? Has it stopped raining? I had to walk home.

Do you have a pet? Has he arrived already?
He had to stay in bed.

Exercises:
1. The boys _ a fight yesterday. b) has
a) have c) had
b) has
5. Everyone _ my number.
c) had a) have
2. They __, already gone to the party. b) has
a) have c) had
b) has
6. _ you completed your homework?
c) had a) have
3. Tia _ an ear infection. b) has
And: Has c) had
a) have
7. __ she come to your home before?
b) has
a) have
c) had
b) has
4. Did you _ an exam yesterday? c) had
a) have

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8. How long _ you been here? c) had
a) have
10. I don't _ any questions.
b) has a) have
c) had b) has
9. Does she __ your address? c) had
a) have
b) has

Answers: 1.c, 2.a, 3.b, 4.a, 5.b, 6.a, 7.b, 8.a, 9.a, 10.a

CONTRACTION
Word Contraction how is how's
I am I'm let us let's
you are you're there is there's
he is he's here is here's
she is she's who would/who had who'd
it is it's what would/what
what'd
we are we're had
they are they're where would/where
where'd
cannot can't had
do not don't when would/when
when'd
will not won't had
should not shouldn't how would/how had how'd
would not wouldn't why would/why had why'd
is not isn't could have could've
are not aren't should have should've
has not hasn't would have would've
have not haven't might have might've
had not hadn't must have must've
was not wasn't I have I've
were not weren't you have you've
that is that's we have we've
who is who's they have they've
what is what's he would/he had he'd
where is where's she would/she had she'd
when is when's it would/it had it'd

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 POSSESSIVES
NOUN POSSESSIVE EXAMPLE
I my My name is Sandra.
you your What’s your name?
he his His name is John.
she her Her computer is fast.
it its My car is old, so its engine isn’t powerful.
we our Our apartment is in the city centre.
they their My parents sold their house.
Mary Mary’s Mary’s phone number is 555-4321.
Joe Joe’s Joe’s favourite colour is green.
the boy the boy’s The boy’s clothes are dirty.
friends friends’ My friends’ names are Patrick and Gloria.
cat cat’s My cat’s name is Ginger.
country country’s My country’s flag is red, white, and blue.

THIS, THESE, THAT, THOSE, THERE IS, AND

THERE ARE
used to refer to something that is close to the speaker, either physically
This or in terms of time.

used to refer to multiple objects that are close to the speaker and
These
listener.
used to refer to a singular object that is further away from the speaker
That
and listener.
used to refer to multiple objects that are further away from the speaker
Those
and listener.
used with a singular noun to indicate that one thing exists.
There is

There are used with a plural noun to indicate that multiple things exist.

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Examples:

This book is interesting These cookies are delicious

That car is expensive Those shoes are on sale

There is a cat in the room There are five people in the room

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 COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE
Countable nouns are things we can count – for example, cats:
➢ My brother has a cat.
➢ My sister has two cats.
➢ My friend has three cats.
Other examples of countable nouns:
Things - book, table, computer, banana, shirt, television, house.
People - man, woman, child, friend, sister, uncle, teacher, boss.

Uncountable nouns are words that we can’t count, or can’t divide into separate parts:
Liquids and some foods - water, butter, rice, flour, milk
Ideas and concepts - love, fun, work, money, peace, safety
Information - advice, information, news, knowledge
Categories - music, furniture, equipment, jewellery, meat

Countable Uncountable
dollar/dollars money
Song/songs Music
Table/tables Furniture
Bottle/bottles Wine, water
Report/reports Information
Job/jobs work

Don’t add -s to make uncountable nouns plural:

➢ I need some information’s about the course.
➢ I need some information about the course.
You can use other words to help quantify uncountable nouns:
➢ She bought three bottles of wine and five boxes of rice.
➢ He gave me two pieces of advice: eat less and exercise more.

Exercises:
1. My father's going on ______ next 2. _______of books were delivered to the
month. school yesterday.
a) four business travels a) A few boxes
b) much business trips b) Any boxes
c) four business trips c) Some box

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3. Their relationship has ______. They 7. I didn't understand the lesson, so I
argue almost every day. asked _________.
a) much problems a) a little question.
b) many problem b) a lot of questions.
c) a lot of problems c) many question.
4. I like _______ by Lady Gaga. 8. He has _______ to do over the
a) some musics weekend.
b) a few songs a) a lot of works
c) many music b) many work
c) some work
5. Don't go to that part of the city at
night - there's _________. 9. _________think English grammar is
a) many violences difficult.
b) a lot of violence a) Much people
c) a few violence b) A lot of person
c) Many people
6. How ______________ do you drink?
a) lots of tea 10. There are _______ in the classroom.
b) much tea a) twenty chairs
c) many tea b) so many chair
c) much chairs

Answers: 1.c, 2.a, 3.c, 4.b, 5.b, 6.b, 7.b, 8.c, 9.c, 10.a

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 ADVERBS
1. Use adjectives to describe nouns (things or people).
That was a terrible game. (adjective – describes “game”)
2. Use adverbs to describe verbs (how a person does something):
The team played terribly. (adverb – describes “played”)

Common adverbs:
Adjective Adverb

slow slowly
quiet quietly
bad badly
beautiful beautifully
dangerous dangerously
careful carefully
easy easily
healthy healthily
good well
fast fast
hard hard

Examples:
➢ My grandfather drives slowly, but I drive fast.
➢ The teacher spoke so quietly that I couldn’t hear her.
➢ I can read English well, but I speak badly.
➢ Evan lives dangerously. He loves radical sports.
➢ We wrote the letter carefully so as not to make a mistake.
➢ I opened the jar easily.
➢ Soccer players need to eat healthily to stay in good shape.
➢ Janet works very hard. She arrives at work early and leaves late.

Adjectives go before the noun. Adverbs usually go after the verb:

➢ Ruth is a quiet person. (“quiet” describes “person”)
➢ Ruth speaks quietly. (“quietly” describes “speaks”)

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Exercises:
6. I got a ___________ score on my
1. My husband learned to cook really English grammar test - 100%!
___________ after taking a culinary a) perfectly
course. b) perfect
a) good
7. Should I stay in my home country or
b) well
live abroad? It's a ____________
2. Please don't talk so ____________. decision.
The baby is trying to sleep. a) hardly
a) loud b) hard
b) loudly
8. Please carry that box
3. George gives ______________ of his _______________. It has fragile
time to help poor children succeed in electronic equipment inside.
school. a) careful
a) generous b) carefully
b) generously
9. Helen wears very ____________
4. That part of the city isn't very clothes.
_____________. a) stylish
a) safe b) stylishly
b) safely
10. Wanda dances ________________.
5. Peter thinks that buying a motorcycle I'm sure she'll be a professional ballerina
is a ___________ idea. someday.
a) badly a) beautiful
b) bad b) beautifully

Answers: 1.b, 2.b, 3.b, 4.a, 5.b, 6.b, 7.b, 8.b, 9.a, 10.b

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 COMPARATIVE ADJECTIVES

Phil is older than Ben.

Ben is younger than Phil.

Comparative adjectives are used to compare two or more things or people, and they help
us to express the degree of difference between them. Comparative adjectives are formed
by adding "-er" to the end of the adjective for most one- or two-syllable adjectives, or by
adding the word "more" before the adjective for longer adjectives of three or more
syllables.

Here are some examples of comparative adjectives:

1. One-syllable adjectives
➢ Big: My house is bigger than yours.
➢ Fast: Your car is faster than mine.
➢ Old: This building is older than that one.
➢ Tall: John is taller than Mark.
2. Two-syllable adjectives ending in "y" or "er"
➢ Easy: This task is easier than the previous one.
➢ Happy: She seems happier now than before.
➢ Clever: My sister is cleverer than I am.
➢ Bitter: This coffee is bitterer than the one I had yesterday.
3. Two-syllable adjectives not ending in "y" or "er"
➢ Famous: Madonna is more famous than Lady Gaga.
➢ Modern: This design is more modern than the old one.
➢ Pleasant: The weather is more pleasant today than yesterday.
➢ Simple: This recipe is simpler than the one I tried last week.
4. Three or more syllable adjectives
➢ Beautiful: The sunset was more beautiful than I had imagined.
➢ Interesting: This book is more interesting than that one.
➢ Intelligent: He is more intelligent than his classmates.
➢ Dangerous: This road is more dangerous than the other route.

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It's important to note that some adjectives have irregular comparative forms, such as
"good" becoming "better" and "bad" becoming "worse." Here are some examples:
➢ Good: Your idea is better than mine.
➢ Bad: This food tastes worse than I expected.
➢ Far: The beach is farther away than I thought.
➢ Little: This child is littler than the others.

Exercises:
1. The sun is hoter than the moon. 9. A book is longer a magazine.
a) Correct a) Correct
b) Incorrect b) Incorrect
2. Craig is more friendly than Paul. 10. Ashley is prettier than Sandy.
a) Correct a) Correct
b) Incorrect b) Incorrect
3. The movie was much more interesting 11. Vegetables are better for your health
than the book. than candy.
a) Correct a) Correct
b) Incorrect b) Incorrect
4. An elephant is bigger of a mouse. 12. Listening to English is harder than
a) Correct reading English.
b) Incorrect a) Correct
b) Incorrect
5. The new movie is more bad than the
original movie. 13. The weather in London is wetter
a) Correct than the weather in Cairo.
b) Incorrect a) Correct
b) Incorrect
6. My friends is nicer than yours.
a) Correct 14. American football is dangerous than
b) Incorrect baseball.
a) Correct
7. This restaurant is more better than the
b) Incorrect
one we ate at yesterday.
a) Correct 15. The couch is more comfortable than
b) Incorrect the chair.
a) Correct
8. This test was easier than the last one.
b) Incorrect
a) Correct
b) Incorrect

Answers: 1.b, 2.b, 3.a, 4.b, 5.b, 6.b, 7.b, 8.a, 9.b, 10.a, 11.a, 12.a, 13.a, 14.b, 15.a

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 SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVES

Jim is the oldest person in the family.

Kelly is the youngest person in the family.

Superlative adjectives are used to compare three or more things or people, and they help
us to express the highest degree of a particular quality. Superlative adjectives are formed
by adding "-est" to the end of the adjective for most one- or two-syllable adjectives, or by
adding the word "most" before the adjective for longer adjectives of three or more
syllables.
Here are some examples of superlative adjectives:
1. One-syllable adjectives
➢ Big: This is the biggest house on the block.
➢ Fast: Your car is the fastest on the road.
➢ Old: This is the oldest building in the city.
➢ Tall: John is the tallest person in the room.
2. Two-syllable adjectives ending in "y" or "er"
➢ Easy: This is the easiest task I have ever done.
➢ Happy: She is the happiest person I know.
➢ Clever: My sister is the cleverest person in our family.
➢ Bitter: This is the bitterest coffee I have ever tasted.
3. Two-syllable adjectives not ending in "y" or "er"
➢ Famous: Madonna is the most famous pop star in the world.
➢ Modern: This is the most modern design I have ever seen.
➢ Pleasant: This is the most pleasant weather we've had all year.
➢ Simple: This is the simplest recipe I have ever followed.
4. Three or more syllable adjectives
➢ Beautiful: This is the most beautiful view I have ever seen.
➢ Interesting: This is the most interesting book I have ever read.
➢ Intelligent: He is the most intelligent person I know.
➢ Dangerous: This is the most dangerous situation we have ever been in.

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It's important to note that some adjectives have irregular superlative forms, such as
"good" becoming "best" and "bad" becoming "worst." Here are some examples:
➢ Good: This is the best idea I have heard all day.
➢ Bad: This is the worst food I have ever tasted.
➢ Far: This is the farthest distance I have ever travelled.
➢ Little: This is the smallest child in the class.

Exercises:
1. That's _______________ movie I've c) the worst
ever seen! 6. Paris is considered one of
a) funnyest _________________ cities in the world.
b) the funniest a) the most romantic
c) the funnier b) romanticest
2. English is _____________ subject for c) more romantic
me, and math is __________________. 7. _____________ class at the school
a) easiest / difficultest starts at 7:00 AM.
b) the easiest / the most difficult a) An earliest
c) the most easy / the most difficult b) The earlier
3. Brazil is _______________ country c) The earliest
I've ever been to. 8. ______________ flight costs Rs.2000.
a) the hotest a) The expensivest
b) the hottest b) The not expensive
c) the most hot c) The least expensive
4. War and Peace is ____________ book 9. Jaina is ____________ student in the
I've ever read. class.
a) most long a) the most good
b) longest b) best
c) the longest c) the best
5. That restaurant has __________ food 10. The world's ____________ train has
I've ever eaten. I'll never go back there a top speed of 581 kilometres per hour.
again. a) fastest
a) the worse b) most fast
b) the baddest c) faster

Answers: 1.b, 2.b, 3.b, 4.c, 5.c, 6.a, 7.c, 8.c, 9.c, 10.a

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 PRESENT SIMPLE
Present Simple: Positive
Use the present simple for things that happen regularly or things that are generally true.
I / you / we / they work
he / she / it works
Examples:
➢ I work in a bank.
➢ He works at the university.
➢ We work every day.
➢ My sister works at the hospital.
Special Case #1
For verbs that end in consonant + –y, we remove the –y and add –ies:
➢ I study English at school.
➢ Dana studies English at school.
➢ Bill studys English at school
Other verbs like this include: cry, try, fly, carry
Special Case #2
For verbs that end in -o, -sh, -s, -ss, -ch, -x, we add -es.
➢ They go to English class on Wednesday.
➢ She goes to cooking class on Saturday.
➢ She gos to cooking class on Saturday.
Other verbs like this include: watch, kiss, teach, fix.

Exercises:
1. Rahul ____ a book. 4. He _____ at the university.
a) read a) studies
b) reads b) study
c) reading c) studied
2. My sister _____ the guitar. 5. We _____ in a big house.
a) plays a) live
b) play b) lives
c) played c) lived
3. They _____ TV every night. 6. She _____ to read books.
a) watch a) likes
b) watches b) like
c) watched c) liked

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7. The sun _____ in the east. 9. They _____ soccer every weekend.
a) rises a) play
b) rise b) plays
c) rose c) played
8. We _____ dinner at 7 pm. 10. The train _____ at 6 pm.
a) eat a) arrives
b) eats b) arrive
c) ate c) arrived

Answers: 1.b, 2.a, 3.a, 4.a, 5.a, 6.a, 7.a, 8.a, 9.a, 10.

Present Simple: Negative

Use the present simple negative for things that are not generally true.
I / you / we / they don’t like
he / she / it doesn't like

Examples:
➢ I don't like coffee.
➢ John doesn't like pizza.
➢ John and David don't like milk.
➢ My mother doesn't like to travel.
Common Errors
1. In the present simple negative, do not add -s:
➢ Martha doesn't likes to dance.
➢ Martha doesn't like to dance.
2. Other common errors:
➢ Peter no like bananas.
➢ Peter not like bananas.
➢ Peter doesn’t like bananas.

Exercises:
1. She __________ spicy food. b) not have
a) doesn't like c) aren't having
b) not like 3. He __________ on weekends.
c) isn't like a) doesn't work
2. We __________ any classes on b) not work
Saturday. c) isn't working
a) don't have
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4. They __________ in the city. b) not eat
a) don't live c) aren't eating
b) not live 8. The train __________at this station.
c) aren't living a) doesn't stop
5. The store __________ until 10 AM. b) not stop
a) doesn't open c) isn't stopping
b) not open 9. He __________TV in the evening.
c) isn't opening a) doesn't watch
6. My friend __________ Spanish very b) not watch
well. c) isn't watching
a) doesn't speak 10. She __________going to the gym.
b) not speak a) doesn't enjoy
c) isn't speaking b) not enjoy
7. We __________ meat. c) isn't enjoying
a) don't eat

Answers: 1.a, 2.a, 3.a, 4.a, 5.a, 6.a, 7.a, 8.a, 9.a, 10.a

Present Simple: Questions

Use present simple questions to ask about things that happen regularly or things that are
generally true.
Do I / you / we / they live in a city?
Does he / she / it live in a city?
Examples:
➢ Do you live in Brazil?
➢ Does Adam live in England?
➢ Do they live in a big house?
➢ Does she live near the beach?
Common Errors
1. In questions, don't use -s:
➢ Does she lives close to the beach?
➢ Does she live close to the beach?
2. Don’t forget DO or DOES:
➢ Clara live in a big city?
➢ Does Clara live in a big city?

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Present Simple: Answering Yes/No Questions
➢ Do you have a dog?
Yes, I do. / No, I don't
➢ Do I look fat in these jeans?
No, you don’t!
➢ Does John speak Italian?
Yes, he does. / No, he doesn't.
➢ Does she like rock music?
Yes, she does. / No, she doesn’t.
➢ Do we watch too much TV?
Yes, we do. / No, we don’t.
➢ Do they understand English?
Yes, they do. / No, they don't.

Exercises:
1. ___________ you like pizza? b) Does
a) Do 6. ___________ the train arrive on time?
b) Does a) Do
2. ___________ the train arrive on time? b) Does
a) Do 7. ___________ you enjoy watching
b) Does movies?
3. ___________ they play basketball a) Do
every weekend? b) Does
a) Do 8. ___________ it rain a lot in this area?
b) Does a) Do
4. ___________ your sister live in New b) Does
York? 9. ___________ they live in that house?
a) Do a) Do
b) Does b) Does
5. ___________ she speak Spanish 10. ___________ he work in an office?
fluently? a) Do
a) Do b) Does

Answers: 1.a, 2.b, 3.a, 4.b, 5.b, 6.b, 7.a, 8.b, 9.a, 10.b

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 PAST SIMPLE
Past Simple: Irregular Verbs
Positive:
I / you / he / she / it / we worked yesterday
/ they

Negative:
I / you / he / she / it / we didn’t work yesterday
/ they

Question:
Did I / you / he / she / it / we / work yesterday?
they
How to form the past simple for regular verbs:
Verb Past spelling
➢ listen ➢ listened
Add -ed
➢ play ➢ played
➢ like ➢ liked
➢ decide ➢ decided Add -d

One vowel + one consonant =

➢ stop ➢ stopped double the final consonant and
add -ed
➢ study ➢ studied
One consonant + y »» -ied
➢ try ➢ tried

In past simple negative and questions, do not add -ed:

➢ Mary didn’t liked the movie.
➢ Mary didn’t like the movie.
➢ Did you studied for the test?
➢ Did you study for the test?
Examples:
➢ I talked with my mother last night.
➢ We enjoyed the party on Saturday.
➢ She finished the test early.
➢ He didn’t listen to the teacher’s instructions.
➢ They didn’t want to join us for coffee.
➢ Jill didn’t stay in a hotel last summer.
➢ Did you watch the news yesterday?
➢ Did they remember to turn off the lights?
➢ What time did your father arrive?

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Exercises:
1. How long you waited for the bus last 6. Did you remembered to pay the
night? electric bill?
a) Correct a) Correct
b) Incorrect b) Incorrect
2. Were you want to be a dancer when 7. When they arrived at the airport, they
you were a child? checked their bags at security.
a) Correct a) Correct
b) Incorrect b) Incorrect
3. Did the teacher ask you any questions 8. We tryed to talk to the manager, but
in class this morning? he was busy.
a) Correct a) Correct
b) Incorrect b) Incorrect
4. We rented an apartment in Florida on 9. Where did you lived when you were a
our vacation last year. child?
a) Correct a) Correct
b) Incorrect b) Incorrect
5. I did start piano lessons last week. 10. She no called me yesterday.
a) Correct a) Correct
b) Incorrect b) Incorrect

Answers: 1.b, 2.b, 3.a, 4.a, 5.b, 6.b, 7.a, 8.b, 9.b, 10.b

Past Simple: Irregular Verbs

Infinitive Positive Negative
be was / were wasn’t / weren’t
buy bought didn’t buy
Can Could Couldn’t
eat ate didn’t eat
get got didn’t get
go went didn’t go
have had didn’t have
wear wore didn’t wear
make made didn’t make
say said didn’t say
think thought didn’t think
understand understood didn’t understand
wear wore didn’t wear

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Examples:
➢ Where were you last month?
I was in France.
➢ What did your sister buy at the mall?
She bought new shoes.
➢ What time did he eat breakfast today?
He ate breakfast at 6:00 AM.
➢ When did you get married?
We got married in July.
➢ Why did she go to London?
She went to London to study English.
➢ Did you have any pets when you were a child?
Yes, I had a dog.
➢ When did he leave the meeting?
He left the meeting an hour before it finished
➢ What did you make for dinner?
I made some vegetable soup.
➢ When did you meet your best friend?
I met my best friend 20 years ago.
➢ What did the teacher say?
The teacher said that she loved our class.
➢ Did you see Brad at the football game?
No, but we saw Peter and Henry.
➢ What did he wear to the wedding?
He wore a suit.
➢ Did he write a new book last year?
No, he only wrote a few magazine articles.

Exercises:
1. Aaron and Barbara _____________ a) was meet
out after work yesterday. b) met
a) didn't went c) did meet
b) didn't go 4. When I was a teenager, my parents
c) didn't gone __________ me drive their car.
a) didn't letted
2. The students ____________ their
b) didn't let
homework.
c) don't let
a) didn't did
b) didn't do 5. How long ____________ you to read
c) didn't the book?
a) did it took
3. I _______ the president at a
b) did it told
conference in 2007.

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c) did it take a) did they sold
b) did they sell
6. Mrs. Johnson ___________ us about
c) was they sell
World War II in history class.
a) thought 9. What ___________ at the store?
b) taught a) you did buy
c) learned b) did you buy
c) you bought
7. Jimmy and Sean _________ a window
while playing baseball inside the house. 10. Everyone _____ cake at Harold's
a) built birthday party on Saturday.
b) broke a) eat
c) bought b) eated
c) ate
8. When ____________ their house?

Answers: 1.b, 2.b, 3.b, 4.b, 5.c, 6.b, 7.b, 8.b, 9.b, 10.c

PRESENT CONTINUOUS FOR FUTURE USE

Talking about the future in English
Many students use only will or going to in order to talk about the future.
However, it’s very common to use the present continuous to talk about the future, in the
case of arrangements that are planned:
Positive: I’m having dinner with friends tonight.
Positive: She’s meeting David at the train station tomorrow.
Negative: He isn’t coming to the party.
Negative: We aren’t seeing our family this weekend.
Question: What are you doing on Saturday?
Question: Is Mary arriving at 7:00 or 8:00 tomorrow morning?
You can use the present continuous for future plans with these words:
➢ tonight, tomorrow, this weekend
➢ next week/month/year
➢ this summer/fall/winter/spring
➢ on Monday/Tuesday/Wednesday/etc.
➢ next Monday/Tuesday/Wednesday/etc.
Will or Going To?
There are two additional ways to talk about the future in English: will/won’t and going
to.

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Use “going to” for plans and arrangements:
➢ On my next vacation, I’m going to stay in a nice hotel in Paris.
➢ She’s going to look for a new job after her current contract ends.
➢ David’s going to meet me at the airport at 8:00.
➢ We’re going to get married next July.
➢ They’re going to visit Amy next week. They made plans to meet up on Monday.
➢ Peter and Paul are going to share an apartment when they move to New York.
Note: You can also use the present continuous for the future in these cases.
➢ On my next vacation, I’m staying at a nice hotel in Paris.
➢ David’s meeting me at the airport at 8:00.
➢ We’re getting married next July.
Use “will/won’t” for promises:
➢ I‘ll send you an e-mail.
➢ I won’t tell anyone your secret.
➢ He‘ll pay you back tomorrow.
➢ We won’t forget your birthday.
Use “will” for offers:
➢ I‘ll buy you a drink.
➢ My secretary will help you with the paperwork.
Use “will” for decisions made in that moment:
➢ “Would you like potatoes or rice?”
“I‘ll have the rice.”
➢ “Which shirt do you like?”
“Well, the red one is cheaper, but I prefer the colour blue. I‘ll take the blue one.”
You can use either “will/won’t” or “going to” for predictions or general statements
about the future:
➢ My company‘s going to move its headquarters overseas next year.
➢ My company will move its headquarters overseas next year.
➢ Your wife will love those flowers – they’re beautiful!
➢ Your wife’s going to love those flowers – they’re beautiful!
➢ The economy isn’t going to improve much this year.
➢ The economy won’t improve much this year.
➢ He won’t pass the test. He hasn’t studied at all.
➢ He’s not going to pass the test. He hasn’t studied at all.
Use I think… will and I don’t think… will to express thoughts about the future.
Don’t use I think… won’t. (it doesn’t sound natural).
➢ I think you won’t like this movie. It’s very violent.
➢ I don’t think you’ll like this movie. It’s very violent.

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Exercises:

1. ________________ a new couch. I've already ordered it from the furniture store.
a) We'll get
b) We're going to get
2. "I'm interested in your online training course." "______________ you some
information right away!"
a) I'll send
b) I'm going to send
3. "What are their plans for the summer?" "_______________ do an internship at a
pharmaceutical company."
a) They're going to
b) They'll
4. If you're cold, _____________ lend you my jacket.
a) I'll
b) I'm going to
5. "Have you decided what to do on Friday night?" Yes, ________________ see a show
on Broadway. We got cheap tickets on the internet."
a) we will
b) we're going to
6. "I don't have enough money for a taxi." "Don't worry - ____________ give you a ride."
a) we'll
b) we're going to
7. ___________________ ask Melissa to marry him. He's already bought the ring! a)
Craig's going to
b) Craig will
8. "Would you like to sign up for the general English course or the business English
course?" "Hmmm, that's a tough choice... ____________ take the business English
course."
a) I'll
b) I'm going to
9. I ________________ go to the festival this year.
a) think I won't
b) don't think I'll
10. _________________ join us at the beach because he has to work this weekend.
a) Tom's not going to
b) Tom won't
Answers: 1.b, 2.a, 3.a, 4.a, 5.b, 6.a, 7.a, 8.a, 9.b, 10.a

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 WH QUESTIONS
Questions Usage Example
➢ What time is it?
➢ What is your favourite colour?
Used to ask for specific
➢ What did you eat for
WHAT information about
breakfast?
something.

➢ Who is coming to the party?

➢ Who is the president of the
Used to ask about a person's
company?
identity or role in a
WHO ➢ Who wrote this book?
situation.

➢ Where is the nearest gas

station?
➢ Where did you go on
WHERE Used to ask about a place or vacation?
location. ➢ Where are my keys?

➢ When is your birthday?

➢ When does the train arrive?
➢ When did you start working
Used to ask about a specific
WHEN here?
time or date.

➢ Why did you cancel the

meeting?
Used to ask for a reason or
➢ Why is the sky blue?
WHY explanation for something.
➢ Why do you like that movie?

➢ Which colour do you prefer?

➢ Which movie did you watch
Used to ask about a specific
WHICH last night?
item or choice.
➢ Which book did you buy?

➢ Whose car is parked outside?

➢ Whose phone is ringing?
Used to ask about
WHOSE ➢ Whose idea was it to go to the
ownership or possession.
park?

Used to ask about the object ➢ Whom did you invite to the
WHOME
of a sentence or preposition. party?

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 ➢ With whom are you going to
the concert?
➢ To whom did you send the
email?

➢ How do you cook rice?

Used to ask about the ➢ How did you learn to play the
manner or method of doing guitar?
HOW
something. ➢ How much does it cost?

Exercises:
1. ___________ is the capital of 6. ___________ is your favourite book?
Australia? a) Whom
a) What b) What
b) Who c) When
c) Where d) Where
d) When 7. ___________ is the party tonight?
2. ___________ is the author of "Pride a) Who
and Prejudice"? b) What
a) Who c) Where
b) When d) When
c) Why 8. ___________ did you invite to the
d) Where
party?
3. ___________ did you go last a) What
weekend? b) Whom
a) What c) Which
b) Who d) Where
c) Where 9. ___________ car is parked in front of
d) When the house?
4. ___________ are you feeling today? a) What
a) What b) Whom
b) Who c) Which
c) Where d) Where
d) How
10. ___________ house did you visit on
5. ___________ did you buy at the your trip?
grocery store? a) What
a) What b) Whom
b) Who c) Which
c) Where d) When
d) Why

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11. ___________ bag is this? b) Whom
a) What c) Whose
b) Whose d) Who
c) Which 14. _______ car is parked in front of my
d) Why house?
12. To ____________ are you sending a) Who
the invitation? b) Whom
a) Whom c) Which
b) Whose d) Whose
c) Which 15. ____________ jacket is this?
d) What a) How
13. _______ book did you recommend to b) Which
me? c) Whose
a) Which d) Whom

Answers: 1.c, 2.a, 3.c, 4.d, 5.a, 6.b, 7.d, 8.b, 9.c, 10.c, 11.b, 12.a, 13.a, 14.d, 15.c

MODAL VERBS
Modal verbs are a type of auxiliary verb that are used to express various meanings such
as ability, possibility, permission, obligation, and advice. Here are some of the most
common modal verbs in English, along with their meanings and examples of how to use
them:

1. Can: This modal verb is used to express ability or possibility in the present or
future. It is often used to ask for or give permission.
Example:
➢ I can swim. (ability)
➢ Can you help me with this? (request for permission)
➢ You can come with us if you want. (possibility)

2. Could: This modal verb is used to express ability or possibility in the past, or to
make polite requests or suggestions.
Example:
➢ I could swim when I was younger. (past ability)
➢ Could you pass me the salt, please? (polite request)
➢ We could go to the park this afternoon. (possibility)

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3. May: This modal verb is used to express possibility or permission in the present or
future. It is often used to suggest that something is likely or possible.
Example:
➢ It may rain later. (possibility)
➢ May I borrow your book? (request for permission)
➢ You may leave early if you finish your work. (permission)

4. Might: This modal verb is used to express a lower degree of possibility or a

hypothetical situation.
Example:
➢ It might rain tomorrow, but it's not very likely. (possibility)
➢ I might go to the movies tonight. (hypothetical situation)
➢ He might be busy today. (possibility)

5. Must: This modal verb is used to express obligation or necessity.

Example:
➢ I must finish this report by tomorrow. (obligation)
➢ You must wear a helmet when riding a bike. (necessity)
➢ We must be on time for the meeting. (obligation)

6. Shall: This modal verb is used to make suggestions, give commands, or ask for
advice in formal situations. It is not commonly used in modern English.
Example:
➢ Shall we go for a walk? (suggestion)
➢ You shall not pass! (command)
➢ What shall I do in this situation? (request for advice)

7. Should: This modal verb is used to express advice or obligation.

Example:
➢ You should see a doctor if you're not feeling well. (advice)
➢ We should recycle more to help the environment. (obligation)
➢ She should study more if she wants to pass the exam. (advice)

8. Will: This modal verb is used to express future actions or events, make
predictions, or to make promises or offers.
Example:
➢ I will meet you at the park tomorrow. (future action)
➢ It will rain later. (prediction)
➢ I will help you with your homework. (promise)

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 ➢ Will you have dinner with me tonight? (offer)

9. Would: This modal verb is used to express politeness, or to talk about

hypothetical or imaginary situations.
Example:
➢ Would you like some tea? (Polite offer)
➢ If I won the lottery, I would travel the world. (hypothetical situation)
➢ He would always help his neighbours when they needed it. (past habit or
behaviour)
Note that "will" can also be used in conditional sentences to express the future outcome
of a hypothetical situation, such as "If I have time, I will go to the gym."

Exercises::
1. I __________ swim very well. b) will
a) must c) can
b) can d) must
c) should 6. __________ I help you with your
d) may luggage?
a) Shall
2. You __________ attend the meeting
b) Could
tomorrow.
c) Should
a) must
d) Would
b) could
c) shall 7. They __________ come to the party if
d) will they want to.
3. We __________ go to the concert if a) should
b) can
we want to.
c) might
a) will
d) will
b) could
c) must 8. Students __________ not use their
d) might phones during the exam.
a) may
4. She __________ speak Spanish
b) will
fluently.
c) must
a) can
d) could
b) may
c) would 9. We __________ visit our grandparents
d) should next weekend.
a) will
5. He __________ finish the project on
b) must
time.
c) could
a) may
d) shall

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10. She __________ bake delicious 13. You __________ call your mother
cakes. more often.
a) may a) may
b) must b) should
c) will c) would
d) could d) must
11. He said he __________ attend the 14. We __________ have a picnic in the
party, but he's not sure yet. park if the weather is nice.
a) should a) will
b) can b) could
c) would c) must
d) might d) may
e) would
12. We __________ have a picnic in the
park if the weather is nice. 15. You __________ start studying early
a) will for the exam.
b) could a) may
c) must b) will
d) may c) should
d) can

Answers: 1.b, 2.a, 3.b, 4.a, 5.d, 6.a, 7.c, 8.c, 9.a, 10.d, 11.d, 12.d, 13.b, 14.e, 15.c

ARTICLES: A, AN, THE

I’m going to eat an apple. I’m going to eat the banana.

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 ➢ I want to buy a car.
general (one ➢ He’s eating an apple.
a / an
of many) ➢ Do you have a bike?
➢ She is an old woman.
➢ I am reading a book
➢ Tokyo is the capital of Japan.
specific (one ➢ The new Chinese restaurant is very
the
specific) good.
➢ We like the blue car.
➢ The girl in the red dress is beautiful.

Use “an” if the word starts with the sound of a, e, i, o, u:

an apple
➢ an egg
➢ an ice cream shop
➢ an open door
➢ an umbrella
➢ an hour
Use “a” if the word starts with the sound of any other letter.
Do not use “the” with countries or cities:
➢ I live in the China.
➢ I live in China.
Do not use “the” with things in general:
➢ She likes the pizza.
➢ She likes pizza.
➢ She likes the pizza from Tony’s Restaurant. (specific)

Exercises:

1. ____ cat is sleeping on my bed. b) An

a) A c) The
b) An 4. I saw ____ elephant at the zoo
c) The yesterday.
2. I need to buy ____ new phone. a) A
a) A b) An
b) An c) The
c) The 5. ____ university I attended was located
3. ____ United States of America is a in the city.
large country. a) A
a) A b) An

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c) The a) A
b) An
6. My sister is studying to become ____
c) The
doctor.
a) A 9. ____ apple a day keeps the doctor
b) An away.
c) The a) A
b) An
7. I love to play ____ guitar in my free
c) The
time.
a) A 10. I saw ____ movie last night that was
b) An really good.
c) The a) A
b) An
8. Can you please hand me ____ salt
c) The
shaker?

Answers: 1.c, 2.a, 3.c, 4.b, 5.c, 6.a, 7.c, 8.c, 9.b, 10.a

PREPOSITIONS: IN, AT, ON

TIME PLACE

Months
➢ In January
Cities and countries
➢ In October
➢ In Tokyo
➢ In Japan
Seasons
➢ In the summer
Rooms and buildings
➢ In the spring
➢ In the kitchen
IN
➢ In the supermarket
Years
➢ In 2004
Closed spaces
➢ In 1986
➢ In the car
➢ In a park
Periods of the day
➢ In the morning
➢ In the evening
(Exception: at night)

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 Transportation
➢ On the bus
➢ On a bike
Dates and days
ON (Exception: in a car)
➢ On Monday
Surfaces
➢ On February 14th
➢ On the table
➢ On the wall

Times Contexts / Events

➢ At 6:00 ➢ At school
AT
➢ At half past three ➢ At work
➢ At noon ➢ At a party

PREPOSITIONS OF TIME
after / later
Use after + phrase, and use later alone (at the end of a sentence or phrase).
➢ I’ll call you later.
➢ I’ll call you after I get home from work.
➢ First he bought a new car. Two weeks later, he bought a new motorcycle.
➢ He bought a new motorcycle two weeks after he bought a car.
You can say “later + time period” to refer to an unspecified time in the future, for
example:
➢ I’ll finish the project later this week.
➢ We’ll go on vacation later this year.

Never end a sentence with “after.” Instead, you can use “afterwards”
➢ “Did you go straight home after the baseball game?”
➢ “No, we went out for drinks after.”
➢ “No, we went out for drinks afterwards.”

ago / before
Use ago to talk about past times in reference to the current moment.
Use before to talk about past times in reference to another moment in the past.

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by / until
Use by for one specific event that will happen before a certain time in the future. Use
until for a continuous event that will continue and then stop at a certain time in the
future.
➢ Please send me the information by Monday.
➢ He’s staying in London until the 30th.

during / while
Both during and while mean that something happens at the same time as something
else.
Use during + noun.
➢ She cried during the movie.
Use while + subject + verb, or while + gerund.
➢ She cried while she was watching the movie.
➢ She cried while watching the movie.

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from… to / till / until
We use from + to / till / until to define the beginning and end of a time period.
➢ The museum is open from 8 AM to 4 PM.
➢ Jack will be on vacation from tomorrow until next Friday.
➢ I studied English from 2001 till 2004.

on / in / at
Use in for centuries, decades, years, seasons, and months:
➢ In the 18th century
➢ In the 1960s
➢ In 2001
➢ In the summer
➢ In October
Use on for days:
➢ On Friday
➢ On March 15th
➢ On my birthday
➢ On the weekend
Use at for times:
➢ At 3:30.
➢ At noon.
➢ At quarter past four.
Be careful with morning, afternoon, evening, and night!
➢ In the morning
➢ In the afternoon
➢ In the evening
➢ At night

past / to
We can use these prepositions with minutes in relation to the hour:
➢ 3:50 = Ten to four
➢ 6:15 = Quarter past six

for / since
For is used for a period of time, and since is used to reference a specific point in time.
➢ I’ve been waiting for three hours.
➢ I’ve been waiting since ten o’clock.
➢ We’ve lived here for four years.
➢ We’ve lived here since 2008.

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 ➢ She’s been working there for six months.
➢ She’s been working there since she graduated from college.

as soon as / as long as
As soon as means “immediately after another event.”
➢ We’ll call you as soon as we arrive. (if we arrive at 8:00, we’ll call you at 8:05)
As long as means “for the period of time” or “on the condition that”:
➢ I stayed awake for as long as I could. (period of time)
➢ I’ll take the job as long as I have the freedom to work from home a few days a
week. (condition)

Exercises:
1. I took a shower _______ I finished my 6. We need to know how many people
workout at the gym. are coming to the party _______
a. after tomorrow morning.
b. later a. by
c. past b. until
c. in
2. She quit her job in January and
started her own company two months 7. I had a great idea ________ I was
_________. taking a shower this morning.
a. after a. as long as
b. later b. during
c. since c. while
3. I started doing yoga a few months 8. Please, no talking ________ the test.
_______ my second child was born. a. during
a. ago c. while
b. bake c. for
c. before 9. The meeting ran from 9:00 _____
4. I just talked to Henry five minutes 10:30.
________. a. by
a. after b. at
b. ago c. to
c. before 10. I bought my first car _____ 1995.
5. I'll be in the office ______ 5 PM. After a. on
that, you can reach me on my cell b. in
phone. c. since
a. for
b. during 11. The conference begins ______ June
c. until 25th.
a. in
b. on
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c. to b. since
c. after
12. He got home _______ midnight.
a. at 15. _________ I saw her face, I knew
b. on something was wrong.
c. in a. while
b. as long as
13. I've been interested in science
c. as soon as
_______ I was a child.
a. before 16. The doctors worked to keep the
b. for patient alive for __________ possible.
c. since a. as long as
b. until
14. My grandparents have been married
c. during
_______ over 50 years.
a. for

Answers: 1.a, 2.b, 3.c, 4.b, 5.c, 6.a, 7c, 8.a, 9.c, 10.b, 11.b, 12.a, 13.c, 14.a, 15.c, 16.a

PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE
above / on top of / on
Use above when the two objects are not touching.
Use on or on top of when the two objects are touching.

The pictures are above the couch. The pillows are on the couch.

Difference between “on” and “on top of”

Generally, we use “on” when it is a normal place to put something:
➢ The keys are on the table.

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And we use “on top of” when it is an unusual place to put something:
➢ The keys are on top of the refrigerator.

under / below / underneath / beneath

Use under when one object is covered by another.
Use below when one object is in a lower position than the other.

Underneath and beneath are more formal words for “under” and “below.”

behind / in front of
Use behind when object A is farther away from you than object B, and in front of when
object A is closer to you than object B.
➢ In the first picture, the mouse is in front of the box.
➢ In the second picture, the mouse is behind the box.

What about “in back of”?

Some people say “in back of” for “behind.” Note that it’s always “in back of” and never
“back of:”
We can also say “in the back of” to describe the back part of a space:
➢ Jonas and Gabriel like to sit in the back of the classroom so that the teacher can’t
see them.

between / beside / next to

Beside and next to are the same, but beside is a little more formal. In everyday English
we usually say “next to.” Between means that the object is in the middle of two other
objects.

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near / close to / by
These words all mean the same thing – that the distance between the two objects is
small. Be careful not to confuse them. “Close to” is the only one that uses the word
“to.”
➢ The ball is near to the box.
➢ The ball is close to the box.
➢ The ball is near the box.
➢ The ball is by the box.

Nearby is used without a direct object. It is generally used at the end of a sentence or
phrase.
➢ The ball is nearby the box.
➢ There’s a box with a ball nearby.

in / inside / within / into

In and inside mean the same thing in most cases:
➢ The cat is in the box. = The cat is inside the box.

The word “into” is actually a preposition of movement, not location. It means

something is moving into a space:
The word “within” means “inside a limit.”
➢ The limit can be in place, time, or some other scale. There are five malls within
ten miles of here. (limit of place)
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 ➢ She’s written three books within the last year. (limit of time)
➢ The law didn’t pass because of disagreements within the government. (limit of
area / class of people)

out/outside/out of
Outside refers to location. In this case,
we cannot use “out.”
➢ The dog is outside the doghouse.
➢ The dog is out the doghouse.

Out and out of usually suggest movement, not just location. “Out of” must always be
followed by a noun.
➢ She ran out of the room.
➢ I’m bored. Let’s go out.

Exercises:
1. The plane flew ___ the clouds. a) near
a) above b) close to
b) on top of c) by
c) on d) between
d) under
6. The keys are ___ the drawer.
2. The book is ___ the desk. a) in
a) above b) inside
b) on top of c) within
c) on d) into
d) under 7. The children played ___ the backyard.
3. The cat is hiding ___ the bed. a) out
a) above b) outside
b) on top of c) out of
c) on d) on
d) under 8. The picture is hanging ___ the wall.
4. The park is ___ the shopping mall. a) above
a) behind b) on top of
b) in front of c) on
c) between d) below
d) beside 9. The dog is sleeping ___ the rug.
5. She sat ___ her friend during the a) above
movie. b) on top of

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c) on b) inside
d) beneath c) within
d) on
10. The car is parked ___ the garage.
a) behind 13. She stepped ___ the room and closed
b) in front of the door.
c) between a) in
d) beside b) inside
c) within
11. The restaurant is ___ the corner of
d) into
the street.
a) near 14. The cat jumped ___ the window and
b) close to landed on the roof.
c) by a) out
d) next to b) outside
c) out of
12. The children are playing ___ the
d) on
playground.
a) in

Answers: 1.a, 2.c, 3.d, 4.b, 5.c, 6.a, 7.b, 8.c, 9.d, 10.b, 11.d, 12.d, 13.d, 14.a

PREPOSITIONS OF MOVEMENT
across / through
Across is going from one side of an area, Through is movement from one side of
surface, or line to the other side. an enclosed space to the other side.

I drew a line ACROSS the paper.

The baseball went THROUGH the window.

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Sometimes, either ACROSS or THROUGH can be used for areas:

➢ We walked across the park.

➢ = We walked through the park.
➢ They drove across the city.
➢ = They drove through the city.

along / around
Along is to follow a line.
Around is to go in a circular direction around some obstacle.

into / out of
Into is to go from outside a space to inside a space.
Out of is to go from inside a space to outside a space.

The cat went into the box. The cat jumped out of the box.

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onto / off
Onto and off refer to surfaces, differently from into / out of (which refer to enclosed
spaces):
➢ The dog jumped onto the table.
➢ The dog jumped into the table.
➢ I took the picture off the wall.
➢ I took the picture out of the wall.

up / down

Going up the stairs / Going down the stairs

In addition to physical movement, go up and go down can also be used for “increase”
and “decrease.”
➢ The price of food has gone up in the past two years.
➢ The number of children per family has gone down.

over / under
To go over is to pass above something. To go under is to pass below something.

towards / away from

If you go towards something, you get closer to it.
If you go away from something, you get farther away from it.

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The dog is running towards me.
The boy is running away from me.

back to
“Back to” is movement of return to a place you have been before:
➢ He went to Italy. (maybe for the first time)
➢ He went back to Italy. (it is the second time, or he is originally from Italy)
➢ He went back Italy. (this form is incorrect)

Exercises:
1. The hiker walked ___ the bridge to 5. She walked ___ the street towards the
reach the other side of the river. park.
a) across a) towards
b) through b) away from
c) along c) back to
d) around d) over
2. The cat jumped ___ the window and 6. The ball rolled ___ the hill and
ran into the garden. stopped at the bottom.
a) into a) down
b) out of b) up
c) onto c) over
d) off d) under
3. They climbed ___ the stairs to reach 7. She ran ___ the hallway and entered
the rooftop. the classroom.
a) up a) through
b) down b) along
c) over c) over
d) under d) under
4. The kids are playing soccer ___ the 8. The bird flew ___ the tree and perched
field. on a branch.
a) across a) across
b) through b) around
c) along c) into
d) around d) out of

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9. He jumped ___ the bike and rode off 11. The dog squeezed ___ the narrow
into the distance. gap in the fence.
a) onto a) through
b) off b) along
c) up c) over
d) down d) under
10. They walked ___ the park and 12. The child crawled ___ the blanket
enjoyed the scenery. and hid from view.
a) around a) across
b) away from b) under
c) towards c) over
d) back to d) through

Answers: 1.a, 2.c, 3.a, 4.c, 5.a, 6.a, 7.a, 8.c, 9.a, 10.a, 11.a, 12.b

PRESENT SIMPLE OR CONTINUOUS?

Present simple for things that happen in general or regularly.
Present continuous for things happening now, at the moment, or current/temporary
projects.

Present Simple Present Continuous

I work from 9:00 AM to 5:00 PM every I’m currently working on a new project.
day.
Mark studies English every Tuesday Mark is studying the present continuous
night. this week.
We usually go to Europe in the summer. Right now, we’re going to the
supermarket.
They always talk to their boss in the It’s 9:00 AM. They’re talking to him
morning. now.
Does it usually rain in the winter? No, but it’s raining at the moment. Take
an umbrella.

Words that are often used with the present simple or continuous:
➢ With present simple: always, usually, often, sometimes, never, every
(day/night/Monday/summer/year)
➢ With present continuous: now, right now, at the moment, currently, this
week/month/year, today

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Exercises:
1. What __________ you ___________ 6. The students __________ (study) for
(do) tonight? their exams right now.
a) are / doing a) study
b) were / doing b) are studying
c) have / done c) were studying
2. She __________ (read) a book right 7. I ___________ (cook) dinner at the
now. moment.
a) am reading a) cook
b) is reading b) am cooking
c) was reading c) was cooking
3. They ___________ (watch) TV at the 8. We ___________ (not work) on
moment. Sundays.
a) watch a) not work
b) are watching b) are not working
c) were watching c) were not working
4. He __________ (play) tennis every 9. She ___________ (not listen) to music
Saturday. right now.
a) play a) not listen
b) is playing b) is not listening
c) was playing c) was not listening
5. Why ___________ you ___________ 10. What ___________ you ___________
(laugh)? (wear) to the party tonight?
a) are / laughing a) are / wearing
b) were / laughing b) were / wearing
c) have / laughed c) have / worn

Answers: 1.a, 2.b, 3.b, 4.b, 5.a, 6.b, 7.b, 8.b, 9.b, 10.a

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 SIMPLE PAST AND PAST CONTINUOUS
When to use the Past Continuous
To talk about things that were in progress in the past.
Past Continuous Positive:
To form the past continuous positive, use
subject + was/were + verb + -ing
I / He / She / It was studying
You / We / They were studying
Examples:
➢ “What were you doing when I called you?”
“I was studying.”
➢ She was playing guitar at the party.
➢ At 5:30 last night, we were driving home.
➢ They saw a starfish while they were walking on the beach.

Past Continuous Negative:

The past continuous negative is: subject + was not / were not + verb + -ing.
I / He / She / It was not (wasn’t) studying
You / We / They were not (weren’t) studying
Examples:
➢ I wasn’t listening when the teacher gave the instructions.
➢ She wasn’t wearing jeans. She was wearing a dress.
➢ We weren’t driving very fast because the road was wet.
➢ They weren’t sleeping at 10 PM last night; they were watching a movie.

Past Continuous Questions:

To form past continuous questions, use: Was/Were + subject + verb + -ing.
was I / He / She / It sleeping?
were You / We / They sleeping?

Examples:
➢ Were you sleeping when I called you?
➢ What was she thinking about last night?
➢ Was it raining when you left the bar?
➢ What music were they listening to?
Note: You can put a question word at the beginning:
➢ Who were you talking to on the phone last night?
I was talking to my cousin.
➢ What was John doing at the library?

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 He was looking for a book.
➢ Why were they drinking champagne yesterday?
Because it was their anniversary.
Be careful! Some verbs are never used in the continuous form: like, want, need, believe.
➢ I was needing to find a job.
➢ I needed to find a job.
➢ She was believing that he loved her.
➢ She believed that he loved her.

Simple Past and Past Continuous

The past continuous is often used together with the simple past to show that one
thing happened while another thing was in progress:
➢ I was talking on the phone when my sister arrived.
➢ He was drinking beer when he suddenly felt sick.
➢ She took a photo as we were getting out of the bus.
➢ We were waiting for the bus when we saw a car accident.

Exercises:
1. What ___________ you ___________ b) were / not answering
(do) at 9 PM yesterday? c) have / not answered
a) were / doing 6. We ___________ (play) cards when
b) are / doing the power went out.
c) have / done a) play
2. She ___________ (walk) in the park b) were playing
when it started raining. c) have played
a) walk 7. She ___________ (not watch) TV
b) was walking when the phone rang.
c) has walked a) not watch
3. They ___________ (drive) to the b) was not watching
beach when they saw a beautiful sunset. c) has not watched
a) drive 8. They ___________ (not dance) at the
b) were driving party last night.
c) have driven a) not dance
4. He ___________ (read) a book while b) were not dancing
waiting for his flight. c) have not danced
a) read 9. I ___________ (not eat) meat when I
b) was reading was a vegetarian.
c) has read a) not eat
5. Why ___________ you ___________ b) was not eating
(not answer) my calls yesterday? c) have not eaten
a) are / not answering

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10. What ___________ you ___________ b) are / doing
(do) when you broke your leg? c) have / done
a) were / doing

Answers: 1.a, 2.b, 3.b, 4.b, 5.b, 6.b, 7.b, 8.b, 9.b, 10.a

THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

The present perfect tense is used to talk about actions or events that happened at an
unspecified time in the past, or that started in the past and continue up to the present. This
tense is often used to describe experiences, changes or actions that have an impact on the
present moment.
The present perfect tense is formed by using the auxiliary verb "have" or "has" + past
participle of the main verb. The past participle of regular verbs is formed by adding "-ed"
to the base form of the verb. Irregular verbs have their own specific past participle forms
that must be memorized.
The structure of the present perfect tense is:
➢ Affirmative: Subject + have/has + past participle + object
➢ Negative: Subject + have/has + not + past participle + object
➢ Interrogative: Have/Has + subject + past participle + object?
Here are some examples of the present perfect tense:
➢ I have travelled to many countries in the past few years.
➢ She has learned how to play the piano.
➢ They have been studying for their exams all week.
➢ He has not finished his homework yet.
➢ Have you seen the new movie that just came out?
In the examples above, "have" and "has" are the auxiliary verbs used in the present perfect
tense. The past participles used are "travelled", "learned", "studying", "finished", and
"seen". These verbs are used to describe past actions or events that have relevance or
impact on the present.

Exercises:
1. ___________ you ever been to New 2. We ___________ a lot of fun on our
York City? vacation.
a) Have a) has had
b) Has b) have had
c) Had c) had had

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3. She ___________ her homework yet. 7. ___________ they ever gone skiing
a) has not finished before?
b) have not finished a) Have
c) had not finished b) Has
c) Had
4. They ___________ a new car last
week. 8. She ___________ in that house for 10
a) has bought years.
b) have bought a) has lived
c) had bought b) have lived
c) had lived
5. ___________ you seen the latest
episode of your favourite TV show? 9. ___________ you ever tried sushi?
a) Have a) Have
b) Has b) Has
c) Had c) Had
6. He ___________ English for five 10. We ___________ the concert last
years. night.
a) has studied a) has enjoyed
b) have studied b) have enjoyed
c) had studied c) had enjoyed

Answers: 1.a, 2.b, 3.a, 4.b, 5.a, 6.a, 7.a, 8.a, 9.a, 10.b

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

How to form the Present Perfect Continuous:
Positive and Negative Statements:
SUBJECT AUXILIARY BEEN -ING FORM
VERB
I has Been working here since 1992.
He hasn’t been sleeping well lately.
Questions:
SUBJECT AUXILIARY BEEN -ING FORM
VERB
studying
How long Have You been
English?
How long Has She been playing tennis?

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In some cases, either the present perfect simple or the present perfect continuous can be
used, with the same meaning. We often do this with the verbs “work” and “live”:
➢ “I’ve worked here since 1992.”
= “I’ve been working here since 1992.”
However, we often use the present perfect continuous to emphasize the action, and the
present perfect simple to emphasize the result:
➢ “I’ve been working on this report for three weeks.” (emphasizes the action of
working)
➢ “I’ve finished the project.” (emphasizes that the project is done)
➢ “We’ve been cleaning the house all afternoon.” (emphasizes the action of
cleaning)
➢ “We’ve cleaned the bathroom and the kitchen.” (emphasizes the fact that the
bathroom and kitchen are done)
Remember that “state” verbs are never used in continuous form:
➢ “I’ve been knowing my best friend since elementary school.”
➢ “I’ve known my best friend since elementary school.”
➢ “She’s been understanding everything in the advanced class so far.”
➢ “She’s understood everything in the advanced class so far.”
In spoken English, we often use the present perfect continuous to talk about ways you
have spent your time recently:
➢ “Hi, Joanna! What have you been up to lately?”
➢ “I’ve been training for a karate competition.”
➢ “Wow – good luck! And how is your son?”
➢ “He’s good. He’s been studying a lot lately because finals are coming up next
week.”

Exercises:
1. How long ___________ you been c) had been playing
studying for your exam? 4. ___________ you been waiting long?
a) have a) Have
b) has b) Has
c) had c) Had
2. She ___________ for this company for 5. They ___________ to Canada every
six months. summer for the past five years.
a) has been working a) have been going
b) have been working b) has been going
c) had been working c) had been going
3. He ___________ his guitar for two 6. ___________ you been feeling better
hours. lately?
a) has been playing a) Have
b) have been playing b) Has
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c) Had
9. He ___________ for a new job for
7. She ___________ her room all
three months.
morning.
a) has been searching
a) has been cleaning
b) have been searching
b) have been cleaning
c) had been searching
c) had been cleaning
10. ___________ you been practicing
8. How long ___________ they been
your Spanish lately?
living in that apartment?
a) Have
a) have
b) Has
b) has
c) Had
c) had

Answers: 1.a, 2.a, 3.a, 4.a, 5.a, 6.a, 7.a, 8.b, 9.a, 10.a

FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE

The future continuous tense is used to describe actions or events that will be in progress
at a particular time in the future.
The structure of the future continuous tense is as follows:
➢ Subject + will be + present participle of the verb
For example
➢ I will be studying all day tomorrow.
➢ She will be traveling to Europe next week.
➢ They will be working on the project for the next few days.
The future continuous tense is often used in the following ways:
To describe a future action that will be in progress at a specific time in the future:
➢ At 9 o'clock tonight, I will be watching a movie.
To describe a future action that will be in progress over a period of time:
➢ They will be working on the project for the next few days.
To make a prediction about a future action that will be in progress:
➢ I think it will be raining this time tomorrow.
To describe a planned action or arrangement for the future:
➢ We will be celebrating our anniversary next month.

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Exercises:
1. By the time you arrive, we B) Will be reading
__________ the party. C) Reads
A) Will be starting D) Is reading
B) Will start 7. I'm sorry, I can't meet you at 3 PM
C) Are starting tomorrow. I __________ a meeting then.
D) Have started A) Will have
2. I __________ on this project for two B) Will be having
hours by 5 PM tomorrow. C) Have
A) Will work D) Am having
B) Will be working 8. This time next month, I __________
C) Work
to a new city.
D) Am working A) Will move
3. They __________ for their flight for B) Will be moving
hours before it takes off. C) Move
A) Will be waiting D) Am moving
B) Will wait 9. Don't call me at 10 PM tonight, I
C) Are waiting __________ to bed by then.
D) Have waited A) Will go
4. This time next week, I __________ on B) Will be going
a beach somewhere. C) Go
A) Will relax D) Am going
B) Will be relaxing
10. By the time you come back from
C) Relax vacation, I __________ on a new project.
D) Am relaxing A) Will work
5. At this time tomorrow, we B) Will be working
__________ the exam. C) Work
A) Will write D) Am working
B) Will be writing
C) Write
D) Are writing
6. She __________ the book for two
hours by the time she finishes it.
A) Will read

Answers: 1.a, 2.b, 3.a, 4.b, 5.b, 6.b, 7.b, 8.b, 9.b, 10.b

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 WORD ORDER: ASKING QUESTIONS
Forming questions in English can be confusing.
Don’t worry – I’m going to teach you a simple formula that works for asking questions
in almost ALL the verb tenses!
This formula is called QUASM:
QU estion word
A uxiliary verb
S ubject
M ain verb
Look how QUASM works for forming questions in these verb tenses:
Simple Present Questions:
QUESTION AUXILIARY MAIN
SUBJECT
WORD VERB VERB
Where do you work?
What does Martha think about the project?
How do you like your new apartment?
How many kids does Bob have?

Simple Past Questions:

QUESTION AUXILIARY MAIN
SUBJECT
WORD VERB VERB
How did they learn English so fast?
When did you get home from work yesterday?
What did the manager think about your idea?
Where did you buy that T-shirt?

Present Continuous Questions:

QUESTION AUXILIARY MAIN
SUBJECT
WORD VERB VERB
What are you doing at the moment?
Why is he ignoring me?
What time are we meeting up for dinner?
Who is she dating now?

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Past Continuous Questions:
QUESTION AUXILIARY MAIN
SUBJECT
WORD VERB VERB
Who were you talking to on the phone?
What was Jim doing when you called?
Why were the children eating candy before dinner?
How was he feeling after the surgery?

Present Perfect Questions:

QUESTION AUXILIARY MAIN

SUBJECT
WORD VERB VERB
How much/ on clothes this
have you spent
money month?
your
How long has worked at this school?
teacher
What have they been doing all day?
How long has the client been waiting for their order?

Future Questions:

QUESTION AUXILIARY MAIN

SUBJECT
WORD VERB VERB

Who will you invite to the party?

What will your parents think about your plan?
When are you going to clean your room?
Why is she going to quit her job?

Modal Questions:

QUESTION AUXILIARY MAIN

SUBJECT
WORD VERB VERB

if you had a million

What would you do
dollars?
How could we improve our English?
Where should I go on my next vacation?

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Exceptions:
Yes/No questions do not use a question word…
…but they still follow ASM (Auxiliary verb Subject Main verb)
➢ Do you like bananas?
➢ Did you enjoy the movie?
➢ Are you studying English?
➢ Were you sleeping when I called you last night?
➢ Have you finished your homework?
➢ Will you call me when you get home?
➢ Are you going to accept the job offer?
➢ Should we take the early morning flight?
Questions with the main verb “be” also don’t follow the pattern:
➢ Are you thirsty?
➢ Is she a teacher?
➢ Were your parents angry when you failed the test?
➢ Was her ex-boyfriend a basketball player?

Exercises:
1. "________ exercise?" "About three 5. "______ been to?" "Four - Mexico,
times a week." Argentina, Uruguay, and Chile."
a) How often you a) How much countries you
b) How often do you b) How many countries have you
c) How often you do c) What countries you have
2. "_______quit your job?" "I wanted to 6. "_______send me the file?" "By
look for some better career opportunities tomorrow afternoon at the latest."
elsewhere." a) When are you
a) Why did you b) When you will
b) Why you did c) When will you
c) Why you 7. "_______going to put all these books?
3. "_______ working on?" "It looks like There's no space in the office." "Let's see
they're preparing a presentation." if we can store them in the basement for
a) What are Shirley and Dana now."
b) What Shirley and Dana is a) Where are we
c) What do Shirley and Dana b) Where we
c) Where will we
4. "_______ making? It smelled
delicious?" "Her famous chicken soup! 8. "_______want to pay Rs. 1000 for a
You're welcome to join us for dinner watch?!" "Maybe because it's a status
later tonight." symbol."
a) What were your mother a) Why anyone
b) What your mother was b) Why would anyone
c) What was your mother c) Why anyone does

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9. ___wake up every day? 10. How many times ___ visited
a) When did you Bengaluru?
b) When will you a) Have you
c) When do you b) Has you
c) Did you

Answers: 1.b, 2.a, 3.a, 4.c, 5.b, 6.c, 7.a, 8.b, 9.c, 10.a

COMMON PHRASES USED IN

CONVERSATIONS
1. Greetings and Salutations: 4. Expressing Interest:
- Hello! - That sounds interesting.
- Hi there! - Tell me more about it.
- Hey! - I'm curious to know...
- How are you? - I'd love to learn more.
- What's up? - Can you elaborate on that?
- Good morning/afternoon/evening.
5. Expressing Emotions:
- How's it going?
- I'm happy.
- Nice to meet you.
- I'm sad.
2. Polite Expressions: - I'm excited.
- Please. - I'm frustrated.
- Thank you. - I'm nervous.
- You're welcome. - I'm surprised.
- Excuse me. - I'm relieved.
- I'm sorry. - I'm proud.
- Pardon me. - I am hungry
- Could you please...?
6. Making Requests and Offers:
- Would you mind...?
- Can you help me with...?
3. Agreeing and Disagreeing: - Would you mind...?
- I completely agree. - Could you please...?
- That makes sense. - May I...?
- Exactly! / Of course! / Sure! Certainly! - Do you need any help?
- I don't think so. - Let me know if you need anything.
- You're right. - Can I offer you...?
- I see your point, but...
- I feel the same.
- I'm not sure I agree with that.
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7. Expressing Appreciation: 14. Expressing Sympathy and
- I appreciate it. Empathy:
- Thanks a lot. - I'm so sorry to hear that.
- I'm grateful for... - That must be tough for you.
- Thank you so much. - I understand how you feel.
- I can't thank you enough. - I'm here for you.
- You've been very helpful. - If you need someone to talk to, I'm
8. Asking for Clarification: available.
- Could you clarify...? 15. Making Small Talk:
- I'm not sure I understand. - How was your weekend?
- What do you mean by...? - Any exciting plans for the holidays?
- Can you explain further? - Have you seen any good movies lately?
- Sorry, I'm a bit confused. - What do you like to do in your free
9. Saying Goodbye: time?
- How's work/school going?
- Goodbye.
- See you later. 16. Expressing Frustration:
- Take care. - This is so frustrating!
- Have a great day/evening/weekend. - I can't believe this is happening.
- Bye for now! - It is so annoying!
10. Asking for Opinions: It's driving me crazy!
- I can't take it anymore!
- What do you think about...?
- I'm fed up with...
- How do you feel about...?
- Do you have any thoughts on...? 17. Asking for Permission:
- Can I get your opinion on...? - Is it okay if...?
- What's your take on...? - Can I...?
11. Giving Advice and Suggestions: - May / Shall I...?
- Do you mind if...?
- If I were you, I would...
- Would it be alright if...?
- How do you feel about...?
- Have you tried...? 19. Expressing Regret:
- How about...? - I wish I had...
- Maybe you could...? - I regret not...
- I'd recommend... - If only I had...
13. Expressing Disbelief or Surprise: - I should have...
- No way! 20. Reacting to Good News:
- Are you serious? - That's fantastic!
- I can't believe it! - Congratulations!
- That's unbelievable! - I'm thrilled for you!
- You've got to be kidding! - What wonderful news!
- I'm so happy to hear that!

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 CONVERSATION
Conversation 1: Friends meeting at the shopping mall
Friend A: Hey! It's so good to see you here at the shopping mall! How are you doing?
Friend B: Hi! I'm doing great! It's always a pleasant surprise to see you. How about you?
How's everything going?
Friend A: Things are good. I've been really busy with work and school lately, but I'm
glad to finally have some time to relax and do a little shopping. What brings you to the
mall today?
Friend B: Oh, I needed to buy a birthday gift for my sister. Her birthday is coming up
next week, and I want to get her something special. Do you have any recommendations?
Friend A: Of course! What are her interests? Does she like fashion, music, or maybe
something related to a hobby?
Friend B: She's into music, so maybe a new pair of headphones or a gift card to a music
store would be perfect. Thanks for the suggestions! Are you shopping for anything
specific today?
Friend A: Not really. I'm just browsing and checking out some new clothes for the
upcoming season. I also need to pick up a few essentials like toiletries and stationery.
Maybe we can shop together and help each other find what we need!
Friend B: That sounds like a plan! It's always more fun to shop with a friend. Let's start
with the clothing section and then move on to the electronics and gift stores. By the way,
have you tried any new restaurants or cafes in the mall recently?
Friend A: Not yet, but I've heard about a new café that opened on the top floor. They
supposedly have amazing pastries and coffee. Maybe we can take a break later and try it
out?
Friend B: Absolutely! That sounds like a great idea. I could use a good cup of coffee and
a sweet treat. Let's make that our reward after we finish our shopping!
Friend A: Deal! It's always nice to catch up and spend time together. We can share our
shopping finds and enjoy a relaxing break at the café. I'm looking forward to it!
Friend B: Me too! It's going to be a fun day. Let's get started and make the most of our
time here at the mall. Ready to shop?
Friend A: Ready! Let's go and find those perfect gifts and everything else we need. It's
going to be a fantastic shopping spree!

Conversation 2: Friends eating at Restaurant

Raj: Hi, Ravi! Let's go out for lunch today.
Ravi: Sure, Raj! Where do you want to eat?
Raj: How about Indian food? I'm craving some samosas.
Ravi: Sounds yummy! Let's find a nearby restaurant.

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Waiter: Hello, welcome! Ready to order?
Raj: Yes, we'll have samosas with mint chutney, please.
Waiter: Sure thing! And for the main course?
Ravi: I'll take butter chicken with garlic naan, medium-spicy.
Raj: I'd like vegetable biryani with raita on the side.
Waiter: Got it. Anything to drink?
Ravi: A mango lassi, please.
Raj: I'll have a masala chai.
Waiter: Here's your bill. Enjoy your meal!
Raj: Thank you! How much is it?
Waiter: It's Rs.549 in total.
Ravi: I'll pay for it, Raj. You can treat next time.
Raj: Are you sure? Thanks a lot, Ravi!
Ravi: No problem, my friend. Let's go again soon!

Conversation 3: Asking for Directions

Student: Excuse me, can you help me? I'm looking for the nearest post office.
Local: Sure, you need to go straight ahead for two blocks, then take a left at the traffic
lights.
Student: And then?
Local: Keep walking for about five minutes, and you'll see the post office on your right.
Student: Thank you so much for your help!
Local: You're welcome. Have a great day!

Conversation 4: Making a Hotel Reservation

Student: Hi, I'd like to make a reservation for a single room for two nights, please.
Receptionist: Sure, let me check the availability for you. What are your check-in and
check-out dates?
Student: I'll be arriving on the 20th of July and leaving on the 22nd.
Receptionist: Alright. We have a single room available for those dates. Can I have your
name, please?
Student: It's John Smith.
Receptionist: Thank you, Mr. Smith. Your reservation is confirmed.

Conversation 5: Making Small Talk

Student: Hi, my name is Maria. I'm new here. Nice to meet you!
Classmate: Hi Maria, I'm Sarah. Welcome to the class!
Student: Thank you, Sarah. How long have you been studying English?

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Classmate: I've been studying English for about three years now. How about you?
Student: I started learning English about six months ago. I'm still a beginner.
Classmate: That's great! Don't worry, you'll improve quickly with practice.

Conversation 6: Making a Phone Call

Student: Hello, may I speak to Mr. Johnson, please?
Receptionist: I'm sorry, but he's currently unavailable. Can I take a message?
Student: Yes, please. Could you let him know that I called regarding the upcoming
meeting and that I will send him an email with the details?
Receptionist: Of course, I'll pass on the message. Is there anything else I can assist you
with?
Student: No, that will be all. Thank you for your help.

Conversation 7: Talking about Hobbies and Interests

Student 1: What do you like to do in your free time?
Student 2: I enjoy playing the guitar and reading books. How about you?
Student 1: I'm really into photography and hiking. I find it relaxing to be in nature and
capture beautiful moments.
Student 2: That sounds wonderful. Do you have any favourite photography spots
around here?
Student 1: Yes, there's a lovely park nearby with stunning landscapes. We should go
there sometime!

Conversation 8: Friend's talking about homework

Aryan: Hey, Priya! How's it going?
Priya: Hi, Aryan! I'm doing good, thanks. How about you?
Aryan: I'm good too, but I feel a little stressed about our homework.
Priya: Oh, yeah, I know what you mean. Mr. Sharma gave us quite a bit, didn't he?
Aryan: Tell me about it! I spent most of my evening working on the math problems. It
was tough.
Priya: Same here! Those word problems took forever to solve. And then, we have that
history essay too.
Aryan: Ugh, don't remind me! I haven't even started it yet. Do you know what the topic
is?
Priya: Yeah, it's about the Indian Independence Movement. We need to write about the
contributions of different leaders.
Aryan: Thanks for the heads up! I'll start working on it tonight. By the way, have you
finished the science questions?
Priya: Not yet, I'm still stuck on the last one. It's so confusing.

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Aryan: I had trouble with that too, but I managed to figure it out. Let's meet up after
school tomorrow, and we can work on it together.
Priya: That sounds like a plan! I could use some help. And we can finish the history
essay together too.
Aryan: Perfect! We make a great team. With your history knowledge and my math
skills, we'll ace this homework!
Priya: Haha, definitely! Thanks for offering to help, Aryan.
Aryan: No problem, Priya. That's what friends are for, right? Let's meet in the library
after school. We'll finish the homework and then grab some snacks.
Priya: Sounds like a deal! See you in the library, Aryan.
Aryan: See you, Priya! Let's conquer this homework together!

Conversation 9: Friends Planning a Trip to Mysuru

Rajesh: Hey, Ramesh! I was thinking of planning a trip to Mysuru. What do you say?
Ramesh: Oh, that sounds like a fantastic idea, Rajesh! When are you thinking of going?
Rajesh: I was thinking of going next month, during the long weekend. How does that
sound?
Ramesh: Perfect! I'm in. Mysuru is such a beautiful place with its palaces and gardens.
We'll have a great time!
Rajesh: Absolutely! And we can't miss visiting the Mysuru Palace, it's so grand and
historically significant.
Ramesh: Agreed! We should also explore the Brindavan Gardens. The musical fountain
show there is mesmerizing.
Rajesh: Great suggestion! And we can try some authentic Mysuru dosa and filter coffee
while we're there.
Ramesh: Oh, my mouth is already watering! Count me in for that delicious plan!
Rajesh: Haha, for sure! Let's make a list of all the places we want to visit and find a good
hotel to stay in.
Ramesh: That's a good idea. We should book the hotel in advance to avoid any last-
minute hassles.
Rajesh: Absolutely. I'll take care of the hotel reservations, and you can research some
more attractions to visit.
Ramesh: Sounds like a plan! I can't wait for this trip, Rajesh. It's going to be a
memorable one.
Rajesh: Same here, Ramesh. Exploring Mysuru together will be a lot of fun. Looking
forward to it!
Ramesh: Alright then, let's get to work and plan this trip to perfection. See you soon,
Rajesh!
Rajesh: See you soon, Ramesh! This is going to be an amazing trip. Can't wait to
explore Mysuru with you!

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Conversation 9:
Friend 1 (F1): Hey, are you ready for the birthday party shopping?
Friend 2 (F2): Absolutely! I can't wait to find the perfect gifts and decorations. The party
is going to be fantastic!
F1: I agree! Let's start with gifts first. What do you think we should get for our friend?
F2: Well, I know she loves reading, so maybe a nice book would be a great idea. Do you
have any suggestions?
F1: How about that bestseller she mentioned last week? I heard it's a captivating mystery
novel that she'd enjoy.
F2: Oh, yes! That sounds like a brilliant choice. Let's go to the bookstore and pick it up.
F1: Awesome! And what about something unique for the party decorations?
F2: I was thinking we could get some colourful balloons and streamers. They always add
a cheerful vibe to any celebration.
F1: Perfect! And how about a personalized birthday banner? We could write her name
and some fun messages on it.
F2: Oh, I love that idea! It'll make the party feel extra special. Let's get a banner too.
F1: Great! Do you have any other ideas to make the party memorable?
F2: Well, how about a photo booth? We can create some fun props and a backdrop with
balloons and streamers.
F1: That's genius! Our friend and the guests will have a blast taking pictures. Let's add it
to the list.
F2: Sounds like a plan! With all these preparations, this birthday party is going to be the
talk of the town.
F1: Definitely! We're going to make our friend's day unforgettable. Alright, let's head to
the bookstore first and then hit the party supply store.
F2: Agreed! Let's go make some wonderful memories for our dear friend's birthday.

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