NAME: ASAD ALI

ROLL NO.L1F24BSCS1054

Basic Electronics
Lab3
Introduction to Resistors, Color Coding, Measuring with DMM

Objective:

• To learn the basic electrical component resistor and their types.

• To learn the color coding of resistor and also by using DMM

Equipment:

Resistors, Bread Board, DMM

Outcome:

• After this lab, students will be able to measure the resistance by color coding and
their range.
• Students will know how to use it to measure resistance of resistor by using DMM.
• Students will know different type of resistors and resistive sensors

Resistor
A component that is spe cifically designed to have a certain
amount of resistance is called a resistor. The principal
applications of resistors are to limit current in a circuit, to divide
voltage, and, in certain cases, to generate heat. Although resistors
come in many shapes d sizes,
an they can all be placed in one of two main categories: fixed
or variable.

Fixed Resistors
Fixed resistors are available with a large selection of resistance values that are set during
manufacturing and cannot be changed easily. They are constructed using various methods
and materials.
One common fixed resistor is the carbon-composition type, which is made with a mixture
of finely ground carbon, insulating filler, and a resin binder. The ratio of carbon to
insulating filler sets the resistance value. The mixture is formed into rods, and conductive
lead connections are made. The entire resistor is then encapsulated in an insulated
coating for protection. Figure shows the construction of a typical carbon-composition
resistor.

The chip resistor is another type of fixed resistor and is in the category of SMT (surface
mount technology) components. It has the advantage of a very small size for compact
assemblies. Figure shows the construction of a chip resistor.
Other types of fixed resistors include carbon film, metal film, and wire wound. In film
resistors, a resistive material is deposited evenly onto a high-grade ceramic rod. The
resistive film may be carbon (carbon film) or nickel chromium (metal film). In these
types of resistors, the desired resistance value is obtained by removing part of the
resistive material in a helical pattern along the rod using a spiralling technique, as shown
in Figure. Very close tolerance can be achieved with this method. Film resistors are also
available in the form of resistor networks, as shown in Figure.

Wirewound resistors are constructed with resistive wire wound around an insulating rod
and then sealed. Normally, wirewound resistors are used in applications that require
higher power ratings. Since they are constructed with a coil of wire, wirewound resistors
have significant inductance and are not used at higher frequencies. Some typical
wirewound resistors are shown in Figure.

Variable resistors
Variable resistors are designed so that their resistance values can be changed easily. Two
basic uses for variable resistors are to divide voltage and to control current. The variable
resistor used to divide voltage is called a potentiometer. The variable resistor used to
control current is called a rheostat. Schematic symbols for these types are shown in
Figure. The potentiometer is a three-terminal device, as indicated in part (a). Terminals 1
and 2 have a fixed resistance between them, which is the total resistance. Terminal 3 is
connected

to a moving contact (wiper). You can vary the resistance between 3 and 1 or between 3
and 2 by moving the contact.
Figure (b) shows the rheostat as a two-terminal variable resistor. Part (c) shows how you
can use a potentiometer as a rheostat by connecting terminal 3 to either terminal 1 or

terminal 2. Parts (b) and (c) are equivalent symbols. Some typical potentiometers are
pictured in Figure.
Potentiometers and rheostats can be classified as linear or tapered, as shown in Figure,
where a potentiometer with a total resistance of is used as an example. As shown in part
(a), in a linear potentiometer, the resistance between either terminal and the moving
contact varies linearly with the position of the moving contact. For example, one-half of
the total contact movement results in one-half the total resistance. Three-quarters of the
total movement results in three-quarters of the total resistance between the moving
contact and one terminal, or one-quarter of the total resistance between the other terminal
and the moving contact. In the tapered potentiometer, the resistance varies nonlinearly
with the position of the moving contact, so that one-half of a turn does not necessarily
result in onehalf the total resistance. This concept is illustrated in Figure (b), where the
nonlinear values are arbitrary. The potentiometer is used as a voltage-control device
because when a fixed voltage is applied across the end terminals, a variable voltage is
obtained at the wiper contact with respect to either end terminal. The rheostat is used as a
current-control device because the current can be changed by changing the wiper
position.

Resistance Through Color Coding

 Range of Resistance
The range of resistance means the percentage of error present in a resistor or the
minimum to the maximum of resistance that a resistor can offer.
The range of resistance is actually calculated from the percentage of Tolerance given for
the resistor. Mostly for tolerance, golden and silver colors are used having tolerances of
5% and 10% respectively.
For Example
Find out the range (maximum and minimum value) of resistance of the following resistor.

• 3.3 KΩ ± 5%
Solution

Step 1:

Find the percentage factor

Percentage factor = resistance value * tolerance

Percentage factor
Step 2:

Find the minimum value

Minimum value = Resistance value – Percentage factor
= 3300 - 165 = 3135 Ω

Step 3:

Find the maximum value

Maximum value = Resistance value + Percentage factor
= 3300 + 165 = 3465 Ω
Hence, the range of the resistance for the given resistor is 3135 Ω to 3465 Ω Resistor
Label Codes

Not all types of resistors are color coded. Many, including surface- mount resistors, use
typographical marking to indicate the resistance value and tolerance. These label codes
consist of either all numbers (numeric) or a combination of numbers and letters
(alphanumeric). In some cases when the body of the resistor is large enough, the entire
resistance value and tolerance are stamped on it in standard form. Numeric labeling uses
three digits to indicate the resistance value, as shown in Figure using a specific example.
The first two digits give the first two digits of the resistance value, and the third digit
gives the multiplier or number of zeros that follow the first two digits. This code is
limited to values of 10 Ω or greater.

Another common type of marking is a three- or four-character label that uses both digits
and letters. An alphanumeric label typically consists of only three digits or two or three
digits and one of the letters R, K, or M. The letter is used to indicate the multiplier, and
the position of the letter indicates the decimal point placement. The letter R indicates a
multiplier of 1 (no zeros after the digits), the K indicates a multiplier of 1000 (three zeros
after the digits), and the M indicates a multiplier of 1,000,000 (six zeros after the digits).
In this format, values from 100 to 999 consist of three digits and no letter to represent the
three digits in the resistance value. Figure 32 shows three examples of this type of
resistor label.
 DC Measurements
Measurement of Voltage, Current and Resistance using Digital
Multimeter (DMM)
Equipment:
1. Digital Multimeter (DMM)
2. Battery Pack and Batteries
3. LEDs
4. Breadboard
5. Resistors
6. Jumper wires

How To Setup a Multimeter to Measure Volts, Amps or Ohms

Voltage, current and resistance ranges are usually set by turning a rotary range
selection switch. This is set to the quantity being measured, e.g. AC volts, DC volts,
Amps(current) or Ohms (resistance). Each function will have several ranges. So for
example, the DC volts function range will typically have 1000V, 200V , 20V, 2V and
200mV ranges. Using the lowest range possible gives more significant figures in the
reading.

Part 01: How to Measure Voltage using DMM

1. Plug the black (ground) probe lead into the COM port and red (positive) probe
lead into the port marked mAVΩ. Connect the probe leads as shown in the picture
below.
2. If the meter has a manual range selection dial, turn this to select DC volts and pick
a range slightly higher than the expected voltage value. The number you see on the
dial is the highest value you can measure with that range. So, if you set the dial to
20, then you can measure DC Voltages up to 20V.
3. Connect the multimeter in parallel with the voltage source, load or any other two
points across which voltage needs to be measured. Touch the black probe against
the first point and red probe against the second point of the circuit. As shown in
the picture below.
4. Take the reading on the LCD display. If the reading is zero or too small, switch to
a lower range to get a more accurate reading. If the LCD displays 1 or OL, its
overloaded, indicating that the result has exceeded the range, switch to a next
higher range value.

DMM Connected in parallel with a battery to measure voltage across

it.
Part 02: How to Measure Current using DMM
1. Plug the black (ground) probe lead into the COM socket and red (positive) probe
lead either into the mAVΩ socket or the high current socket which is usually
marked 10A, respectively.
2. If the meter has a manual range selection dial, turn this to select DC current and
pick a range slightly higher than the expected current value. The number you see
on the dial is the highest value you can measure with that range. So, if you set the
dial to 200mA, then you can measure DC current up to 200mA. If you estimate
that the current will be greater than this value, you must use the 10 A socket,
otherwise you will end up blowing a fuse in the meter.
3. Connect the DMM in series with the component across which current needs to be
measured. See the diagram below.
4. Take the reading on the LCD display. If the reading is zero or too small, switch to
a lower range to get a more accurate reading. If the LCD displays 1 or OL, its
overloaded, indicating that the result has exceeded the range, switch to a next
higher range value.
Part 03: How to Measure Resistance using DMM
5. Connect the black probe to the COM port and the red probe to the port marked
with mAVΩ.
6. Select the resistance option marked OHM Ω on the dial and choose the range you
think your resistor is within. The number you see on the dial is the highest value
you can measure with that range.

7. Note that if you want to measure the resistance of a resistor, you need to remove it
from the circuit. Otherwise, the other components in the circuit can influence the
reading.
1. To measure resistance, simply place the probes across the resistor, as shown in the
picture
2. Take the reading on the LCD display. If the reading is zero or too small, switch to
a lower range to get a more accurate reading. If the LCD displays 1 or OL, its
overloaded, indicating that the result has exceeded the range, switch to a next
higher range value.

Measuring Resistance through DMM

To measure resistance, first turn off the power and disconnect one end or both ends of the
resistor from the circuit; then connect the DMM across the resistor. This procedure is
shown in Figure.
 Lab Exercise
IN CASE OF 3-BAND

Colour Resistance maximum Minimum Resistance

Resistor 1
value by Colour value value by DMM

1st Colour GREEN 5

2nd Colour RED 2
3rd Colour BROWN 1 2839.2 2568.8
135.2
4th Colour Ohm Ohm
5th Colour
6th Colour

IN CASE OF 4-BAND
Colour Resistance maximum Minimum Resistance
Resistor 2
value by Colour value value by DMM

1st Colour BROWN 1

2nd Colour BLACK 0
3rd Colour RED 2
1 1010 Ohm 990 Ohm
4th Colour SILVER 10%
5th Colour
6th Colour
IN CASE OF 5-BAND
Colour Resistance maximum Minimum Resistance
Resistor 3
value by Colour value value by DMM

1st Colour BROWN 1

2nd Colour YELLOW 4
3rd Colour BLACK 0 288,120 260,680
274,400
4th Colour RED 2 Ohm Ohm
5th Colour GOLD 5%
6th Colour
 Colour Resistance maximum Minimum Resistance
Resistor 4
value by Colour value value by DMM

1st Colour
2nd Colour
3rd Colour
4th Colour
5th Colour
6th Colour

Colour Resistance maximum Minimum Resistance

Resistor 5
value by Colour value value by DMM

1st Colour
2nd Colour
3rd Colour
4th Colour
5th Colour
6th Colour

Lab Solution
Resistor Example:
Results for Resistor 1:

LAB CALCULATION