NAME: Muhammad Ihsan

ROLL NO.L1F24BSCS1050

Basic Electronics
Lab3
Introduction to Resistors, Color Coding,Measuring with DMM
Objective:

·To learn the basic electrical component resistor and their types.
·To learn the color coding of resistor and also by using DMM

Equipment:

Resistors, Bread Board,DMM

Outcome:

· After this lab, students will be able to measure the resistance by color coding and
their range.
·Students will know how to use it to measure resistance of resistor by using DMM.
·Students will know different type of resistors and resistive sensors

Resistor
A component that is spe cifically designed to have a certain
amountof resistance is called a resistor.The principal FIGURE
applications of resistors are to limit current in a circuit, to divide Resistance symbol.
voltage, and, in certain cases, to generate heat. Although resistors
come in many shapes and sizes, they can all be placed in one of two main categories: fixed
or variable.

Fixed Resistors
Fixed resistors are available with a large selection of resistance values that are set during
manufacturing and cannot be changed easily. They are constructed using various methods and
materials.

(a)Carbon-composition resistors with (b)Metal film chip resistor (c)Chip resistor array various power
ratings

(d) Resistor
network (simm)
(e) Resistor
network (surface
mount) (f) Radial-
lead for PC board
insertion

One common fixed resistor is the carbon-composition type, which is made with a mixture of
finely ground carbon, insulating filler, and a resin binder. The ratio of carbon to insulating filler
sets the resistance value. The mixture is formed into rods, and conductive lead connections are
made. The entire resistor is then encapsulated in an insulated coating for protection. Figure
shows the construction of a typical carbon-composition resistor.

The chip resistor is another type of fixed resistor and is in the category of SMT (surface
mount technology) components. It has the advantage of a very small size for compact
assemblies. Figure shows the construction of a chip resistor.Other types of fixed resistors
include carbon film, metal film, and wire wound. In film resistors, a resistive material is
deposited evenly onto a high-grade ceramic rod.The resistive film may be carbon (carbon film)
or nickel chromium (metal film). In these types of resistors, the desired resistance value is
obtained by removing part of the resistive material in a helical pattern along the rod using a
spiralling technique, as shown in Figure.Very close tolerance can be achieved with this method.
Film resistors are also available in the form of resistor networks,as shown in Figure.

Wirewound resistors are constructed with resistive wire wound around an insulating rod and
then sealed. Normally, wirewound resistors are used in applications that require higher power
ratings. Since they are constructed with a coil of wire, wirewound resistors have significant
inductance and are not used at higher frequencies. Some typical wirewound resistors are
shown in Figure.
Variable resistors
Variable resistors are designed so that their resistance values can be changed easily. Two basic
uses for variable resistors are to divide voltage and to control current. The variable resistor used
to divide voltage is called a potentiometer. The variable resistor used to control current is called a
rheostat. Schematic symbols for these types are shown in Figure.The potentiometer is a three-
terminal device, as indicated in part (a). Terminals 1and 2have a fixed resistance between them,
which is the total resistance. Terminal 3 is connected

(a)Potentiometer
(b) Rheostat (c)
Potentiometer
connected as a
rheostat

to a moving contact (wiper). You can vary the resistance between 3 and 1 or between 3and 2 by
moving the contact.
Figure (b) shows the rheostat as a two-terminal variable resistor. Part (c) shows how you can use
a potentiometer as a rheostat by connecting terminal 3 to either terminal 1 or

FIGURE
Typical potentiometers and construction views.

terminal 2. Parts (b) and (c) are equivalent symbols. Some typical potentiometers are pictured in
Figure.
Potentiometers and rheostats can be classified as linear or tapered, as shown in Figure,where a
potentiometer with a total resistance of is used as an example. As shown in part (a), in a linear
potentiometer, the resistance between either terminal and the moving contact varies linearly with
the position of the moving contact. For example,one-half of the total
contact movement results in one-half the total resistance. Three-quarters of the total movement
results in three-quarters of the total resistance between the moving contact and one terminal, or
one-quarter of the total resistance between the other terminal and the moving contact. In the
tapered potentiometer, the resistance varies nonlinearly with the position of the moving contact,
so that one-half of a turn does not necessarily result in onehalf the total resistance. This concept
is illustrated in Figure (b), where the nonlinear values are arbitrary. The potentiometer is used as a
voltage-control device because when a fixed voltage is applied across the end terminals, a
variable voltage is obtained at the wiper contact with respect to either end terminal. The rheostat
is used as a current-control device because the current can be changed by changing the wiper
position.

Resistance Through Color Coding

COLOR 1st DIGIT 2nd DIGIT 3rd DIGIT MULTIPLIER TOLERANCE TEMP.Co
BLACK 0 0 0 10
BROWN 1 1 1 10Ω ±1% (F) 100
RED 2 2 2 100Ω ±2% (G) 50
ORANGE 3 3 3 1kΩ ±3% 15
YELLOW 4 4 4 10kΩ ±4% 25
GREEN 5 5 5 100kΩ ±0.5%(D)
BLUE 6 6 6 1MΩ ±0.25%(C) 10
VIOLET 7 7 7 10MΩ ±0.10%(B) 5
GREY 8 8 8 100MΩ ±0.05%(A)
WHITE 9 9 9 1GΩ
GOLD 0.10 ±5% (J)
SILVER 0.01Ω ±10% (K)

# of Bands 3-Band 4-Band 5-Band 6-Band

1st Band 1st Digit 1st Digit 1st Digit 1st Digit

2nd Band 2nd Digit 2nd Digit 2nd Digit 2nd Digit

3rd Band Multiplier Multiplier 3rd Digit 3rd Significant Digit

4th Band N/A Tolerance Multiplier Multiplier

5th Band N/A N/A Tolerance Tolerance

6th Band N/A N/A N/A Temperature Coefficient

Range of Resistance
The range of resistance means the percentage of error present in a resistor or the minimum to
the maximum of resistance that a resistor can offer.
The range of resistance is actually calculated from the percentage of Tolerance given for the
resistor. Mostly for tolerance, golden and silver colors are used having tolerances of 5% and
10% respectively.

For Example
Find out the range (maximum and minimum value) of resistance of the following resistor.

·3.3 KΩ±5%
Solution

Step 1:

Find the percentage factor

Percentage factor=resistance value* tolerance

Percentage facto
Step 2:

Find the minimum value

Minimum value=Resistance value-Percentagefactor

=3300-165=3135Ω

Step 3:

Find the maximum value

Maximum value=Resistance value+ Percentage factor

=3300+165=3465Ω

Hence, the range of the resistance for the given resistor is 3135 Ω to 3465 Ω Resistor Label
Codes

Not all types of resistors are color coded. Many, including surface- mount resistors,use
typographical marking to indicate the resistance value and tolerance. These label codes consist
of either all numbers (numeric) or a combination of numbers and letters (alphanumeric). In
some cases when the body of the resistor is large enough, the entire
 resistance value and tolerance are stamped on it in standard form. Numeric labeling uses three
digits to indicate the resistance value, as shown in Figure using a specific example.The first two
digits give the first two digits of the resistance value, and the third digit gives the multiplier or
number of zeros that follow the first two digits. This code is limited to values of 10 Ω or greater.

FIGURE
Example of three-digit labeling
for a resistor.

Another common type of marking is a three- or four-character label that uses both digits and
letters. An alphanumeric label typically consists of only three digits or two or three digits and one
of the letters R, K, or M. The letter is used to indicate the multiplier, and the position of the letter
indicates the decimal point placement. The letter R indicates a multiplier of 1 (no zeros after the
digits), the K indicates a multiplier of 1000 (three zeros after the digits), and the M indicates a
multiplier of 1,000,000 (six zeros after the digits).In this format, values from 100 to 999 consist of
three digits and no letter to represent the three digits in the resistance value. Figure 32 shows
three examples of this type of resistor label.

FIGURE
Examples of the alphanumeric resistor label.
 DC Measurements
Measurement of Voltage, Current and Resistance using Digital
Multimeter (DMM)
Equipment:
1. Digital Multimeter (DMM)
2. Battery Pack and Batteries
3. LEDs
4. Breadboard
5. Resistors
6. Jumper wires

How To Setup a Multimeter to Measure Volts, Amps or Ohms

Voltage,current and resistance ranges are usually set by turning a rotary range selection switch. This is
set to the quantity being measured, e.g.AC volts, DC volts,Amps(current) or Ohms (resistance). Each
function will have several ranges. So for example, the DC volts function range will typically have
1000V,200V,20V, 2V and
200mV ranges. Using the lowest range possible gives more significant figures in the reading.

Part 01:How to Measure Voltage using DMM

1. Plug the black (ground) probe lead into the COM port and red (positive) probe lead into
the port marked mAVΩ. Connect the probe leads as shown in the picture below.

2. If the meter has a manual range selection dial, turn this to select DC volts and pick a
range slightly higher than the expected voltage value. The number you see on the dial is
the highest value you can measure with that range. So, if you set the dial to 20,then you
can measure DC Voltages up to 20V.
3. Connect the multimeter in parallel with the voltage source, load or any other two points
across which voltage needs to be measured. Touch the black probe against the first point
and red probe against the second point of the circuit. As shown in the picture below.
4. Take the reading on the LCD display. If the reading is zero or too small, switch to a lower
range to get a more accurate reading. If the LCD displays 1 or OL, its overloaded, indicating
that the result has exceeded the range, switch to a next higher range value.

DMM Connected in parallel with a battery to measure voltage across it.

Part 02: How to Measure Current using DMM
1. Plug the black (ground) probe lead into the COM socket and red (positive) probe lead
either into the mAVΩ socket or the high current socket which is usually marked
10A,respectively.
2. If the meter has a manual range selection dial, turn this to select DC current and pick a
range slightly higher than the expected current value. The number you see on the dial is
the highest value you can measure with that range. So, if you set the dial to 200mA, then
you can measure DC current up to 200mA. If you estimate that the current will be greater
than this value, you must use the 10 A socket, otherwise you will end up blowing a fuse in
the meter.
3. Connect the DMM in series with the component across which current needs to be
measured.See the diagram below.
4. Take the reading on the LCD display. If the reading is zero or too small, switch to a lower
range to get a more accurate reading. If the LCD displays 1 or OL,its overloaded,indicating
that the result has exceeded the range, switch to a next higher range value.
 Part 03:How to Measure Resistance using DMM
5. Connect the black probe to the COM port and the red probe to the port marked with
mAVΩ.
6. Select the resistance option marked OHM O on the dial and choose the range you
think your resistor is within. The number you see on the dial is the highest value you can
measure with that range.

7. Note that if you want to measure the resistance of a resistor, you need to remove it
from the circuit. Otherwise, the other components in thecircuit can influence the
reading.
1. To measure resistance, simply place the probes across the resistor, as shown in the
picture
2. Take the reading on the LCD display. If the reading is zero or too small, switch to a
lower range to get a more accurate reading. If the LCD displays 1 or OL, its
overloaded,indicating that the result has exceeded the range, switch to a next higher
range value.

Measuring Resistance through DMM

To measure resistance, first turn off the power and disconnect one end or both ends of the
resistor from the circuit; then connect the DMM across the resistor. This procedure is shown in
Figure.
 FIGURE

Example of using an DMMto

measure resistance.

(a) Disconnect the resistor from the (b) Measure the resistance.circuit to avoid
damage to the meter (Polarity is not important.)and/or incorrect measurement.
 Lab Exercise
IN CASE OF 3-BAND

Colour Resistance maximum Minimum Resistance

Resistor 1
value by Colour value value by DMM

1st Colour GREEN 5

2nd Colour RED 2
3rd Colour BROWN 1 2839.2 2568.8
135.2
4th Colour Ohm Ohm
5th Colour
IN6th
CASE
ColourOF 4-BAND

Colou Resistance maximum Minimum Resistance

Resistor 2
r by Colour value value by DMM
value
1st Colour BROWN 1
2nd Colour BLACK 0
3rd Colour RED 2
1 1010 Ohm 990 Ohm
4th Colour SILVER 10%
5th Colour
6th Colour

IN CASE OF 5-BAND

Colour Resistance maximum Minimum Resistance

Resistor 3
value by Colour value value by DMM

1st Colour BROWN 1

2nd Colour YELLOW 4
3rd Colour BLACK 0 288,120 260,680
274,400
4th Colour RED 2 Ohm Ohm
5th Colour GOLD 5%
6th Colour
 Colour Resistance maximum Minimum Resistance
Resistor 4
value by Colour value value by DMM

1st Colour
2nd Colour
3rd Colour
4th Colour
5th Colour
6th Colour

Resistor 5 Colour Resistance maximum Minimum Resistance

value by Colour value value by DMM

1st Colour
2nd Colour
3rd Colour
4th Colour
5th Colour
6th Colour

Lab Solution
 Resistor Example:

Resistor Example:

Suppose the colors of the four bands on Resistor 1 are:

1. 1st Band: Brown

2. 2nd Band: Black
3. 3rd Band: Red

4. 4th Band: Gold (for tolerance)

Using this color code, we can calculate the resistance value, minimum, and maximum values:

Step-by-Step Calculation
1. Identify Values for Each Color:
· 1st Band (Brown): 1

·2nd Band (Black): 0

·3rd Band (Red): Multiplier of 102=100

·4th Band (Gold): Tolerance of 5%

2. Calculate the Resistance Value:

·Combine the first two bands: 10

Multiply by the third band:110×100=1000Ωor1kΩ
3.Determine the Tolerance Range:

⋅ToleranceValue:5%of1000Ω=1000×0.05=50Ω

·Minimum Resistance:1000-50=950Ω

·Maximum Resistance: 1000+50=1050Ω

4. Record Measured Value Using DMM:

·Use the DMM to measure the actual resistance of the resistor.

·Suppose the DMM measurement reads 995 Ω.

Results for Resistor 1:

Color Resistance (by Maximum Minimum Resistance (by

Band Value Color) Value Value DMM)
1st Color Brown

2nd Color Black

3rd Color Red 1kΩ 1050Ω 950Ω 995Ω

4th Color Gold

LAB CALCULATION