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Lecture 6

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Course name: Chemical and statistical measurements

Course code: Chem 1103

Lecture 6:
Correlation coefficient
Coefficient of determination
Linear least squares 1
Correlation

•Correlation describes the nature and the strength of


relationship between two variables.

Strong correlation Weak correlation

No correlation
Correlation coefficient (r)
- The correlation coefficient is used as a measure
of the correlation between two variables
Correlation Coefficient….shows strength and direction of correlation
- The r ranges from -1.0 to +1.0
- The sign shows the direction of the relationship.
- The size in absolute value describe the strength of relationship.

Values of r

Strong Weak Weak Strong

-1.0 -0.5 0.0 +0.5 +1.0

Negative Positive
correlation correlation
Correlation coefficient (r)
- It can be calculated using:

Formula Excel
function.

RSQ
Correlation coefficient (r)

- Where r is the correlation coefficient


- n is the number of observations
- sx is the standard deviation of x
- sy is the standard deviation of y
- xi and yi are the individual values of the variables x and y,
respectively
- X̅ and Y̅ are their means.
Example
Calculate the correlation coefficient for the data in the following
table

X Y
0.1 0.12
0.3 0.25
0.4 0.32
0.6 0.58
0.8 0.76
0.9 0.99
Example
Calculate the correlation coefficient for the data in the following
table
Answer:

X Y
0.1 0.12
0.3 0.25
0.4 0.32 R= 0.971155
0.6 0.58
0.8 0.76
0.9 0.99
̅x =0.517 Y̅ =0.503

Sx=0.306 Sy=0.332
Coefficient of determination (r2)

- The coefficient of determination, r2, is used to analyse how differences in one


variable can be explained by a difference in a second variable

- The correlation coefficient formula will tell you how strong of a linear
relationship there is between two variables

- (r2) is the square of the correlation coefficient (r)

- Linearity data are often judged from the coefficient of determination (r2)
Regression Analyses

• Regression: technique concerned with predicting some


variables by knowing others

• The process of predicting variable Y using variable X

• Uses a variable (x) to predict some outcome variable (y)

• Tells you how values in y change as a function of changes in


values of x

10
Linear Least Squares

• Calculates the “best-fit” line for a certain set of data

• By using the least squares method, we can construct a


best fitting straight line to the scatter diagram points and
then formulate a regression equation in the form of:

y= a + b x
Linear least squares method

ŷ = a + bX

y : dependent variable
x : independent variable
b: Slope
a: Intercept

 x y
 xy −
n
ba1 =
(  x) 2
x 2
−
n

12
How to calculate linear least squares?

- The best way to find a regression line is by


using software such as.

- is one of the simplest (and cheapest!) options


How to calculate linear least squares?

1 Microsoft Excel

2 Minitab and SPSS


Linear Equations

Y
ŷ =Y a= bX
+ bX
+a
Change
b = Slope in Y
Change in X
a = Y-intercept
X

15
What is the equation of straight line by Least squares method
for the following data.

Concentration Absorbance
(ppm)
1 0.21
3 0.67
9 1.89
11 2.45

From the equation calculate the concentration of unknown solution give


absorbance 1.2 ?

16

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