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Physical therapy
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© © All Rights Reserved
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/ 18
A car is moving along a horizontal curve of
radius 20 m and coefficient of friction between
the road and wheels of the car is 0.25. If
‘acceleration due to gravity is 9.8 m/s’, then its
‘maximum speed is [Mar 08}
(A) 30s (B) Sms (C) 7s (D) 9 ms
A body is acted upon by a constant torque. In 4
seconds its angular momentum changes from L
to 4L. The magnitude of the torque is .
(Oct 08)
oF ot ou ow
Radius of gyration ofa ring about a transverse axis
passing through its centre is. [Mar 09}
(A) 05 x diameter of ring
(B) diameter of ring
(C) 2x diameter of ring
(D) (diameter of ring?”
‘A stone is tied to a string and rotated in a
3
‘The radius of gyration of a solid sphere of mass
M and radius R rotating about an axis with its
diameter N is [Mar 10}
wm fie @ fe
© fe Oy) Ee
‘The moment of inertia of a thin uniform rod of
mass M and length L, sbout an axis passing
‘through @ point, midway between the centre and
‘one end, perpendicular to its length is [Mar 13]
w, Suu @ iw
ow o kw
If *L’ is the angular momentum and ‘I’ is the
(A) rotational P.E. (B) total energy
(©) rotational KE. (D) translational K.E.
AA thin wire of length L and uniform linear mass
density p is bent into circular coil. Moment of
inertia of the coil about tangential axis in its
plineis_ {Oct 14)
7
te
o Fo So so mw
ehaererc bg eat w ech
length (1), semivertical . angle (8) and
scelertion dueo vit (
few
w 2d
to ft
The kinetic energy of a rotating body depends
upon 2 (Mar 15)
(A) distribution of masapniy.
(B) angular speed only.
(C) distribution of mass and angular speed.
(D) angular acceleration only,
A particle rotates in U.C.M. With taifigential
‘elocity ‘v’ along a hotizontal circle of diameter
'D’. Total angular displacement of the particle
intime tis. [Mar 16}
™
wn @ (3-0 po x
AA body of monient of inertia 5 kgm?
velocity of > [Mar 16]
(A) Svs @) 4ms
© 3ms )) 2m
The ‘difference in tensions in the string at
lowest and highest points in the path of the
Particle of mass ‘m* performing vertical
cireular motion is uly 16)
(A) 2mg ®) 4m
(C) 6mg (D) &mg
The ‘body is rotating with ‘uniform angular
velocity («) baving rotational kinetic energy (E).
. . u Its angular momentum (L) is: aly 16}
‘moment of inertia of a rotating body, then = WZ=oe tok a
represents its (Oct 13] e o o
—
I 20.
21.
2.
When the angular acceleration of a rotating
body is zero, which physical quantity will be
equal to 2er0? [Mar 17)
(A) Angular momentum
(B) Moment of inertia
(), Torque
(D) Radius of gyration
‘A body of mass ‘m’ performs uniform circular
motion along a circular path of radius ‘r” with
velocity *v’ If its angular momentum is L, then the
p= acim phere sivas 17)
o»*efokos
If a rigid body of radius *R’ starts from rest and
Tolls down an inclinéd plane of inclination ‘0°
ate prcteon of bay Bing, ere
“ me aa y
© oe 0) sino)
A particle of mass m performs vertical motion
in a circle of radius r. Its potential energy at the
‘highest point is _.
(Bis acceleration due to gravity) [Mar 18]
(A) 2mgr @) mg
@.0 ©) 3 mer
A thin ring has mass 0.25 kg and radius 0:5 m.
Its moment of inertia about an axis passing
ad its centre and perpendicular to its plane
[Mar 18}
@ J 010625 keg i? 8 62s kat
(©) 6.25 kgm? kgm
‘The dimensions of whe momentum are
OMT. & tw
(A)
© WMT) .O eur
Infotel there aed Prien
‘move with _
(A) same linear ‘velocity and same Deoas
velocity
®) same linear velocity and different angular
velocity
(©) different tinear velocities and same
angular velocities
(D) different linear velocities and different
‘angular Velocities
When the bob performs a vertical circular
‘motion and the string rotates in a vertical plane,
the difference’ in the tension in the string at
horizontal position and uppermost position is
(Mar 22]
® me me 8 tae ©. _3mg (D) 6mg |
2.
24.
‘A body performing uniform circular motion has
‘constant. " [July 23)
(A) velocity
(B) kinetic energy
(C) displacement (D) acceleration
‘The moment of inertia (MI) of a disc of radius
R and mass M about its central 2
+ [Feb 24]
ce
oth or
3MR?
=
@)
@® 3. A 4 ©
. (BY 2 ©) 8 CO
10. (©) i. @) 2 ©
14, (A) 15. © 16. (D)
18) 19%. @) 20. B)
2 © 3. @) 2%
Linear density p = Mt
Mat
Wire of length L is bent into a coil of radius R
Ret
ML. Oto rogh ay gen he peo
the coil = MR? = dour(L)
0= £,sevtande= 2
vt
ooD. 14,
16.
P.E. = mgh
‘At highest point, h = 2r
PE, 2 mgr
= MR? 0.25 x 0.5?= 0.0625 kgm?
12
LR
Ans:
i
Characteristics of Circular Motion
Explain the concept of centripetal force,
(Mar 17)
Centripetal force:
‘The force providing centripetal or radial
acceleration is called as centripetal or radial force.
For =—ma?t
where, r= radius of circular path,
In magnitude, For = meu? =" = mv
‘The direction of this force is along the radius
and towards centre (centre seeking).
Distinguish between centripetal force and
centrifugal force. [Mar 10, 18]
) Centripetal force i
| directed along
| radius towards
| centre ofa circle,
frame of | non-inertial frame
_| of reference.
given by | given by
Fe | Fa4
| r*
with usual | with usual |
“notations. | notations.
3. What is the value of tangential acceleration in
UCM? [Mar 19]
Ans: Value of tangential’ acceleration in U.C.M. is
always zero.
4, Define UCM. .
[Name the forces acting on a body executing
nonuniform circular motion. [July 19]
Definition: During circular motion, if the
speed of the particle remains constant, it is
called Uniform Circular Motion (UCM).
Forces acting on the body executing non-
‘uniform circular motion: Centripetal force
provided partly by the weight of the body
performing circular motion and partly by the
‘normal reaction.
Define uniform circular motion. [Feb 20]
Refer Subtopic 1.2: Q. No. 4 (Definition only)
Define centripetal force. [Feb 24)
Force acting on a particle performing circular
motion along the radius of circle and directed
towards the centre of the circle is called
‘centripetal force.
Its given by Fee = =
Bo Ee
13__ Applications of Uniform Circular Motion”
1. Derive an expression for period of a conical
pendulum, [Mar 08)
Ans:
‘Consider the vertical section of a conical
pendulum having bob (point mass) of mass m
and string of length ‘L*.
Here, @ is the angle made by the string with the
vertical, at any position (semi-vertical angle of
the cone)
In a given position B, the forces acting on the
* bobare
directed vertically downwards viii,
2
the force “To due to the tension in the string,
the string, towards the support A.
1
t
'
1
'
1
I
1
1
1
1
1
‘As the motion of the bob is a horizontal circular
‘motion, the resultant force must be horizontal
and directed towards the centre C of the circular
motion.
For this, tension (T) in the string is resolved into
To cds @ : vertical component
Tosin 8: horizontal component
‘The vertical component (To cos @ ) balances the
“r=Lsind
From equation (3) and (4),
eens
Tsint.cosd
If is the period of revolution of the bob, then
v
tanQ=— [Oct 09)
nm
Consider a bob of mass m tied to one end of a
string of length ‘I" and other end is fixed to
rigid support.
‘bob
and
vii.
During the motion, to the
Werte at an angle ® as shown inthe figure.
In the displaced position P, there are two
forces acting on the bob.
‘The weight mg acting vertically downwards.
The tension T acting upward along the string.
The tension (T) acting in the string can be
[Mar 10, Oct 10]
‘The vertical section of a vehicle on a curved ‘Considering the vehicle to be a point and
ignoring friction (not eliminating) and other
‘non-conservative forces like air resistance, there
are two forces acting on the vehicle:
‘weight (mg), vertically downwards
normal reaction (N), perpendicular to the
‘surface of the road.
iii, As the motion of the vehicle is along a horizontal
circle, the resultant force must be horizontal and
directed towards the centre of the track. Hence, the
vertical force mg must be balanced.
iv. Thus, normal reaction (N) is resolved into,
a. Nssin @ - along the horizontal.
b. Neos @-along the vertical,
v. The vertical component N cos@ balances the weight,
2 Neos = mig snl)
vi. Horizontal component Nsin@ being the resultant
force, must be the necessary centripetal force (or
balance the centrifugal force).
Nsin@= onl)
r
a
b.
Dividing equation (2) by equation (1),
tang =
%
Thus, most safe speed, v,= Yrgtand
‘As the equation doesnot contain mass m, itis
independent of mass of the vehicle,
4. Draw a diagram showing all components of
forces acting on a vehicle moving on curved
‘banked road. Write the necessary equation for
Equation for maximum safety speed:
an
van = fof,
where, r= radius of curved road,
6 = angle of banking
= coetficient of friction
B= acceleration due to gravity
5. Draw a neat labelled diagram of conical
pendulum. State the expression for its
periodic time in terms of length. [Oct 15]
porn: [Eee
8
6. Draw a neat labelled diagram showing the
various forces and their components acting
‘on a vehicle moving along curved banked
road.
Ans: Refer Subtopic 1.3: Q. No. 4.
Ans:
No, vehicle will skid in the absence of friction
‘on the road,
9% Derive an expression for maximum speed of a
vehicle moving along a horizontal circular
track, [Feb 24]
Consider vertical section of a car moving on a
horizontal cireular track having a radius ‘r’ with
*C’as centre of track, Foreés acting on the car (considered to be a
particle):
(a) Weight (mg), vertically downwards, (b)
Normal reaction (N), vertically upwards that
balances the weight, (c) Force of
static friction (f) between road and the tyres.
iii. Since, normal reaction balances the weight
2 Nemg a
iv. The friction over here is static friction which acts
as resultant centripetal force because it prevents
the vehicle from outward slipping or skidding.
v. While working in the frame of reference attached
to the vehicle, the frictional force balances the
centrifugal force.
tem nf)
Dividing equation (2) by equation (1),
aX .
7 a eee)
vi. For a given track, radius r is constant. For given
vehicle, mg = N is constant. Thus, as the speed
v increases, the force of static friction f, also
increases.
vii. However, {, has an upper limit (f,)ma = BN,
‘where 1, is the coefficient of static friction
between tdad and tyres of the vehicle. This
‘an upper limit to the speed v.
viii, At the maximum possible speed,
f. ¥
bony
_.[From equations (2) and (3)
von” SE
This is an expression for maximum possible
‘speed. for @ vehicle to move ona horizontal
* circular track.
i. Consider a particle of mass m moving along &
vertical circle.
ii, At any position of the particle, there are only
two forees acting on the particle:
a. weight (mg), vertically downwards, which is
constant :
b. the force due tothe tension (7), directed towards
the centre, (Its magnitude changes periodically
‘with time and location.)
fy
vie
_ Positions, depends only on weight,
Both, weight (mg) and force due to tension (Ta) are
downwards, Le., towards the centre. In this case,
‘their resultant is used only as the centripetal force.
‘Thus, if'va is the speed at the uppermost point,
mg +Ty= cof)
For minimum possible speed at this point (or if
‘the motion is to be realized with minimum
possible energy).Ta = 0
(rma VB )
Lowermost position (B):
Force due to the tension, Ty is vertically upwards,
ie, towards the centre, and opposite to mg. n this
‘case, their resultant is the centripetal force.
If Vp is the speed at the lowermost point,
Ty-mg~ 4 we)
While coming down from the uppermost 10 the
lowermost point, the vertical displacement is 2r
and the motion is governed only by gravity.
Hence the corresponding decrease ih the
gravitational potential energy is converted into
the kinetic energy.
coed)
Difference between the extreme tensions:
Subtracting equation (1) from equation (3),
Ta-Ta-2mg= Byp-vy) AD
Using equation (4) and rearranging, we get,
Ta- Tan omg
Hence, difference im tension at extreme top-most position for a particle revolving in a
vertical circle, if it has to Just complete
circular motion without string slackening at
top. [Feb 23)
‘Refer Subtopic 1.4: Q. No. 1) to (v) and diagram
Positions when the string is horizontal (C
and D):
4. Force due to the tension is the only force
towards the centre as weight mg
perpendicular to the tension.
b. Thus, force due to the tension is the
force used to change the direction of the velocity
and weight mg is used only to change the speed.
©. At midway position (C), while coming down
from the midway point to the lowermost point,
the vertical displacement is ‘r".
Hence, the decrease in the
‘gravitational P-E. is converted into K.E.
Lenyrdidis yt
mgr= 1 myj~L ny
wre > jm
ler
Since, Vax \Sng
i= Seg-20y
(emia eg
Similarly (0) min = Veg
15 Moment of Inertia as an Anslogous
Quantity for Mass
1, Define moment of inertia, State its SI unit
and dimensions. [Oct 08, Mar 18)
OR
Define moment of inertia of a rotating rigid
body. State its SI unte and dimensions.
[Mar 22)
Definition: Moment of inertia of a rigid body
i, Sl.unit of moment of inertia is kgm?
i, Dimensions are [M'L*T°).
2. Derive an expression for kinetic energy of a
rotating body. uly 22)
ol
Derive an expression for the kinetic energy
of dy resign er ape
speed. iar
‘Ans: Derivation of an expression for the kinetic,
energy of a body rotating with » uniform
angular speed:
fi, For theoretical simplification, let us consider the
object to be consisting of N particles of masses
M1, My ....™y at respective perpendicular
distances 1, ta, ....ty from the axis of rotation
iii. As the object rotates, all these particles perform
UCM with the same angular speed ©, but with
different linear speeds,
Ya 0D, V2 = 3605 np VA FD
iv. Translational K.E. of the first particle is,
(KE)
2
‘Translational K.E. of the second: particle is,
(KE= im = hme! *
Similar will be the! Gide of all the femaining
particles.
Rotational K.E. of the object is the sum of
individual translational kinetic energies. Thus,
Lage’ stmge..elmyee?
Rotational K.E. =a! + me. Let
(me + mye ..tmrao?
But | = Some! mal + me.
Rotational KE. = “Ho!
1.6_ Radius of Gyration
1, Explain the physical significance of radius of
syration, Waly 17)
i. Calculation of monient of inertia i possible only
for mathematically integrable geometrical shapes.
However, experimentally one can determine the
‘moment of inertia of any object.
It depends upon mass of that object and how
‘that mass is distributed from or around the given
axis of rotation.
in knowing only the mass
iv. If one is interested
distribution around the axis of rotation, we can
express moment of inertia of any object as
1= MK’, where M is mass of that object.
¥. It means thatthe mass of that objet is effectively
ata distance K from the given axis of rotation, Ans:
iii,
In tis case, K is defined as the radius of gyration
of the object about the given axis of rotation.
mn other words, if K is mdius of gyration for an
objet 1 = MK? is the moment of inertia of that
Define radius of gyration and give ity
physical significance.
[Mar 08, Oct 13, July 18],
Definition: Radius of gyration of a body about
its given axis is defined as the distance between
the axis of rotation and a point at which the
whole mass of the body Is supposed to be
‘concentrated, 50 as to possess the same moment
of inertia as that of body about the same axis.
Physical significance:
Refer Subiopie 1.6: Q. No. 1
Define radie of gyration. Write it physical
(Mar 19}
@. No. 1 (Definition)
Refer Subtopic 1.6: Q. No.2 (Physical significance)
State and prove the principle of
perpendicular axes. [Mar 10]
‘Statement:
The moment of inertia of a laminar object about
‘an axis (Z) perpendicular to tts plane is the sum
of its moment of inertia about two mutually
perpendicular axes (X and ¥) in its plane, all the
three axes being concurrent.
Macimetealy, bekth
alder mins spest be w amano
three mutually perpendicular axes X, Y and Z.
‘Axes X and Y are in the plane of the object
while the Z axis is perpendicular to it, and all
are concurrent at O.
r
1
1
1
{
1
I
1
1
1
1
t
t
'
Consider a mass element dm located at any
poin P. PM = y and PN = x are the
perpendiculars drawn from P respectively on the
Xand Y axes,
Ans:
The respective perpendicular distances of point
«P from X, Y and Z axes will then be y, x and
yor.
If ly Iy and Ip are the fespective moment of
inertia of the body about x, y and z axes, then
hm fy'am ,
I= fx’am,
Le= f(y’ +x°)dm
L= fy’am + frtdm =1, +1,
This is the mathematical form of the theorem of
perpendicular axes.
State and prove theorem of parallel axes.
[Mar 14]
Statement: The moment of inertia (I,) of an
‘about any axis is the sum of its moment of
inertia (I.) about an axis: parallel to the given
axis, and passing through the centre of mass
and the product of the mass of the object and the
‘square ofthe distance between the two axes
Mebenatesllye 1+ Mh?
Conse an objet of mas M. ‘Axis MOP is any
axis passing through point O,
‘Axis ACB is passing through the centre of mass
C of the object, parallel tothe axis MOP, and at
Consider a mass element ‘dm’ located at point
D. Perpendicular on OC (produced) from point
DisDN.
‘Moment of inertia of the object about the axis
ACB is I, = {(DC)’ dm, and about the axis
MOP itis, = f(D0)' dm.
1, (D0) dm= f[(DN)' + (NO)"}am
= f[(eny' + (ney +2-Ne-co+(coy" Jam
= fl(ocy' + 2NC-m +h? dn
..using Pythagoras theorem in ADNC)
= Joocyém + 2hfNC-dm +h? fd
Now, [(DC)'dm = 1, and Jam =M [NC is the distance of a point from the Gentre of
mass. Any mass distribution is symmetric about
the centre of mass. Thus, from the definition of
the centre of mass, [NC-dm=0
=. + Mh
s the mathematical form of the theorem of
parallel axes.
3. State theorem of parallel axes and theorem of
perpendicular axes about moment of inertia.
(Mar 15)
‘Ans: Parallel axes theorem: Refer Subiopic 1.7:
Q. No. 2 (Statement only)
‘axes theorem: Refer Subtopic
LE:
Q. No. I (Statement only)
4. State an expression for the moment of inertia
of a solid uniform disc, rotating about an axis
peeing throught centr, perpendiclar te
[ct 15]
Ans: Sa sresion cdibidar eomem tac omen ob
axis passing through its centre and
perpendicular to its plane:
i, Let, M= mass of disc,
R = radius of disc
ZZ! = axis passing through the centre of
dise and perpendicular to the plane.
ii, The M. | of a thin uniform disc about an axis
passing through its centre and perpendicular to
its plane is given by,
=) wR
lem 5 MR
5. State and prove theorem of parallel axes
about moment of inertia, [Mar 16]
OR
State and prove principle of parallel axes in
roational motion [Feb 20)
OR
State and prove the principle of parallel axes.
[July 23]
‘Ans: Refer Subtopic 1.7: Q. No. 2
1.8 Angular Momentum or Moment of Linear
1, Show that the kinetic energy of a rotating
body about a given axis is equal to fle,
where L is angular momentum and o Is
‘angular velocity. (Mar 08)
i, Consider.a rigid object rotating with a constant
‘angular speed « about an axis. perpendicular 10
the plane of paper.
distances
iii. As the object rotates, all these particles perform
UCM with the same angular speed , but with
