Soil Shear Parameters

Definition of Shear Strength

Shear strength for all of the slope stability analyses is
represented by a Mohr-Coulomb failure envelope that relates
shear strength to either total or effective normal stress on the
failure plane
 Type of Shear Strength Parameters
In general there are two types:
1. Total normal stress
2. Effective normal stress
In the case of total stresses, the shear strength is expressed as:

s==c+σ tan 

Where
c = cohesion intercept
 = friction angle
σ = total normal stress on the failure plane
 Effective Shear Strength
For effective stresses the shear strength is expresses as:
s==c'+(σ−u) tan '

c' and ' = intercept and slope angle for the failure envelope plotted
in terms of effective stresses
σ and u = total normal stress and pore water pressure, respectively,
on the failure plane
 Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion

 is the theoretical angle between the major principal plane and the plane of failure
 Laboratory Strength Test
The shear strength parameters, c and  or c' and ', are
determined from laboratory shear test data.

Two common tester in the lab:

1. Direct shear test
2. Triaxial test

A two-stage loading procedure is used in each of these tests

First stage, a confining stress is applied

Second involves shearing the specimen
Direct Simple Shear
Direct Simple Shear I
 Direct Simple Shear II
Explode View Of Direct Simple Shear Cell
Direct Simple Shear
 Typical Shear Force Ph
Versus Horizontal Displacement
 Data Reduction For
Shear Strength Parameters
Example

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Example
 The following results were obtained from direct shear tests on specimens of a sand
compacted to the in-situ density. Determine the value of the shear strength
parameter.
 Normal stress (kN/m2 ) 50 100 200 300
 Shear stress at failure (kN/m2 ) 36 80 154 235
 Would failure occur on a plane within a mass of this sand at a point where the shear
stress is 122 kN/m2 and the effective normal stress 246 kN/m2

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Example
 What is the shear strength in terms of effective stress on a plane
within a saturated soil mass at a point where the total normal stress is
295 kN/m2 and the pore water pressure 120 kN/m2 ? The effective
stress parameters of the soil for the appropriate stress range are 12
kN/m2 and 30

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 Triaxial Tester

Triaxial Test on Soil Sample in Laboratory

Triaxial Tester
 Residual Soil Strength

(a) Stress-strain plot applicable for any soil,

(b) Mohr's circle qualitatively shown for a dense sand.
 Advantages and Disadvantages
of Direct Shear Tester
The advantages of the direct shear test are:
1. Cheap, fast and simple - especially for sands.
2. Failure occurs along a single surface, which approximates
observed slips or shear type failures in natural soils.

Disadvantages of the test include:

1. Difficult or impossible to control drainage, especially for fine-grained
soils.
2. Failure plane is forced--may not be the weakest or most critical
plane in the field
3. Non-uniform stress conditions exist in the specimen.
4. The principal stresses rotate during shear, and the rotation cannot be
controlled.
Principal stresses are not directly measured.
 Comparison Of Triaxial with
Direct Shear Test

The advantages of the triaxial test over the direct shear test are:

 Progressive effects are less in the triaxial.

 The measurement of specimen volume changes are more

accurate in the triaxial.

 The complete state of stress is assumed to be known at all

stages during the triaxial test, whereas only the stresses at failure
are known in the direct shear test.

 The triaxial machine is more adaptable to special requirements.

 Types of Tests
There are 3 types of tests

1. UU Quick Q Test
 Unconsolidated-Undrained (UU) test which is also called the
quick test (abbreviations commonly used are UU and Q test).
 This test is performed with the drain valve closed for all phases
of the test.
 Axial loading is commenced immediately after the chamber
pressure 3 is stabilized.
 UU – Q Test

1c= 3c+Dd
1c= 3c

3c; ’3c=? 3c= 3c

3c; ’3c=? Uf=uc
+Du=?
3f= 3c
uc=?

1c= 3c+Dd
1c= 3c

Stage 1 Confinement Stage Stage 2 Shear Stage

Mohr-Coulomb of UU

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 Types of Tests
2. CU or R Test
 Consolidated-Undrained (CU)test, also termed consolidated-quick test
or R test (abbreviated CU or R).
 In this test, drainage or consolidation is allowed to take place during
the application of the confining pressure 3.
 Loading does not commence until the sample ceases to drain (or
consolidate).
The axial load is then applied to the specimen, with no attempt made
to control the formation of excess pore pressure.
 For this test, the drain valve is closed during axial loading, and excess
pore pressures can be measured.
 CU – R Test

1c= 3c+Dd
1c= 3c; ’1c= ’3c

3c; ’3c= 3c-ubp 3c= 3c 3f= 3c

3c; Uf=uc
uc=ubp
’3c= 3c-ubp +Du

1c= 3c;
’1c= ’3c 1c= 3c+Dd

Stage 1 Confinement Stage Stage 2 Shear Stage

M-C for CU Test

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 Types of Tests
3. CD or S Test

 Consolidated-Drained (CD) test, also called slow test

(abbreviated CD or S).

 In this test, the drain valve is opened and is left open for the duration
of the test, with complete sample drainage prior to application of the
vertical load.

The load is applied at such a slow strain rate that particle

readjustments in the specimen do not induce any excess pore pressure.

 Since there is no excess pore pressure total stresses will equal effective
stresses.
 CD – S Test

1c= 3c; ’1c= ’3c ’1c= ’3c+Dd

3c; 3c; 3c= 3c 3c= 3c

uc=ubp ’3c= 3c-ubp ’3c= ’3c uf=uc ’3c= ’3c
’3c= 3c-ubp

1c= 3c; ’1c= ’3c ’1c= ’3c+Dd

Stage 1 Confinement Stage Stage 2 Shear Stage

M-C for CD test

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 Use of Data

Unconsolidated-Undrained (UU) or Q test

 Results from UU are always plotted using total stresses.

 Thus, the shear strength is expressed in terms of total

stress, using c and .

Pore water pressures are not measured and are unknown

 Use of Data
Consolidated-Undrained (CU) or R test
 Shear strength data from Consolidated-Undrained tests are used in
four different ways for slope stability computations:

1. To determine the effective stress shear strength parameters for

long-term, steady-state seepage analyses.
2. To determine the relationship between undrained shear strength
and effective consolidation pressure (τff vs. σ'fc) for analyses of
rapid drawdown.
3. To estimate undrained-shear strengths and reduce effects of
sample disturbance for end-of construction stability analyses.
4. To estimate undrained shear strength for analyses of staged
construction of embankments.
 Use of Data
Consolidated-Drained (CD or S)
 CD test used to determine the effective stress shear (ESA) strength
parameters of freely draining soils.

 These soils will drain with relatively short testing times and the
consolidated-drained loading procedure comes closest to representing
the loading for long-term, drained conditions in the field.

 Consolidated-Drained tests procedures are also used to measure the

residual shear strength of clays using direct shear or torsional shear
equipment.
 Summary of Use of Data
Design Condition Shear Strength

During Construction Free draining soils – use drained shear

and End-of-Construction strengths related to effective stresses

Low-permeability soils – use undrained

strengths related to total stresses

Steady-State Seepage Conditions Use drained shear strengths related to

effective stresses.

Sudden Drawdown Conditions Free draining soils – use drained shear

strengths related to effective stresses.
 Summary of Use of Data
Design Condition Shear Strength

Sudden Drawdown Low-permeability soils –

Conditions
Three-stage computations:
First stage-use drained shear strength related to
effective stresses;

second stage-use undrained shear strengths related

to consolidation pressures from the first stage;

Third stage-use drained strengths related to

effective stresses, or undrained strengths related to
consolidation pressures from the first stage,
depending on which strength is lower – this will vary
along the assumed shear surface.
Typical Shear Strength Values
Correlation between ' and plasticity index Ip
for normally consolidated
 Su for NC
 Undrained Shear Strength for Normally consolidated Clay (NC)

Su
'
 0.45( I p ) 1/ 2
Ip in decimal and > 0.5
Po

Su
'
 0.11  0.0037I p Ip in percent
Po
Su = Undrained Shear Strength

Po’= In Situ overburden stress

Ip = plasticity index
p-q (stress path)
 Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion

 is the theoretical angle between the major principal plane and the plane of failure

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