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Cell Cycle

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Cell Cycle

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qxpkh4r6dv
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CELL CYCLE

CELL DIVISION
MITOSIS & CYTOKINESIS
Cell cycle
Cell Cycle

• This includes the life cycle of the cell from the


time it was formed to the time it forms another
cell. This cycle of events is termed cell cycle. It
includes both nuclear division and cell
division(cytoplasmic division). The cell cycle
includes even the time that the cell is resting
(non-dividing phase); the interphase.
• the time the nucleus divides and the time the cell
membrane divides to form two separate cells.
Definition of terms used in the explanation of
Mitosis
to easily understand this process, there is a need to explain some terms used
in the description of the process.

• Daughter cells: the cells that are formed from the parent cell. A parent cell
is a single cell that will divide itself into two to form the daughter cells.
Please note that after mitosis, you have two cells from a single cell. It is not
as if the parent cell is different from the two daughter cells formed; it is as if
you cut a single orange to form two equal halves and the equal halves now
are called daughter cells.
• Chromatids: are the strands of replicated chromosomes that become the
chromosomes when they contract
• Microtubules: are support fibers for movement of chromosomes during
mitosis
• Centromeres: are needed for the separation of chromatids during mitosis
and they are visible as constrictions that serve as sites of attachment of
spindle microtubules.
• Kinetochore: this helps to bind bundles of microtubules called spindle
fibers as they extend from the kinetochores to the poles of the spindle
during mitosis
Mitosis
• Mitosis can be defined as the form of nuclear
division that leads to the production of two
genetically identical daughter nuclei.
• Each nucleus contains the same number of
chromosomes as the parent nucleus.
• This process is part of the cell cycle.
• Where does mitosis occur?
• Mitosis occurs in almost all somatic cells
• (cells of the body) with the exception of the
cardiac tissue and nerve tissues
What are the stages of the cell cycle?
G1 stage of interphase: active synthesis of (RNA) and protein
controlling progress of the cell cycle. the regulatory proteins
(control systems) are produced. It is also in the G1 phase that
the cell volume & the size of the cell increased.
S stage of interphase: replication of the DNA and the
synthesis of histones. It is also in the S phase that the
duplication of the centrosome begins.
G2 stage of interphase: is continuous growth of proteins the
and checking of the new DNA to ensure there are no errors as
the DNA is formed, if there are errors, they are repaired The
G2 phase is the shortest phase of interphase and last for
about 2 to 3 hours.
M Phase (stage of Mitosis) followed by cytoplasm division
(cytokinesis)
Interphase

Interphase:
• Non-dividing stage.
• The chromatin appears as
an irregular reticular
meshwork.
• The nuclear membrane, or
envelope, and the nucleolus
are distinctly seen.
• Chromosomes are not
visible.
Prophase
• What happens in prophase?
• The centrosomes begin to move to opposite poles of the cell.
• The microtubules that form the basis of the mitotic spindle extend
between the centrosomes, pushing them farther apart as the
microtubule fibers lengthen.
• The sister chromatids begin to coil more tightly and become visible
under a light microscope.
• The sister chromatids joined at centromere forming chromosome.
• At the centromere region of each chromosome, a large protein
complex called the kinetochore serves as a site for attachment to
microtubules.
• Late in prophase, lamina and inner nuclear membrane are
phosphorylated, causing the nuclear lamina and nuclear pore
complexes to disassemble and disperse in cytoplasmic membrane
vesicles
The Forms of DNA

Except when a eukaryotic cell divides, its


nuclear DNA exists as a grainy material
called chromatin. Only when a cell is about to
divide and its DNA has replicated does DNA
condense and coil into the familiar X-shaped
form of a chromosome, like the one shown
below. Because DNA has already replicated
(during S phase of interphase) when it coils
into a chromosome, each chromosome
actually consists of two identical copies. The Chromosome.
two copies of a chromosome are called After DNA replicates,
sister chromatids. Sister chromatids are it forms chromosomes
1. Chromatid,
joined together at a region called a 2. 2. Centromere,
centromere. 3. 3. short arm,
4. 4. long arm
Metaphase
• During metaphase, the
chromosomes condense
further and attach to
the mitotic spindle at
large electron-dense
protein complexes
called kinetochores at
each centromere
• The cell is now more
spherical and the
chromosomes are
moved to align at its
center (equatorial
plane)
Anaphase (What happens in this stage?)

• Sister chromatids (now


called chromosomes)
separate from each
other to become
individual chromatids
that are pulled toward
the spindle poles.
• The poles move apart
and the kinetochore
microtubules get
shorter
Telophase stage
(What happens in telophase?)
• The two sets of chromosomes are at the
spindle poles and begin reverting to their de-
condensed state
• The spindle de-polymerizes and the nuclear
envelope begins to reassemble around each
set of daughter chromosomes
Cytokinesis(Cytoplasmic division)
• A belt-like contractile ring of actin filaments
associated with myosin develops in the
peripheral cytoplasm at the cells equator.
• During cytokinesis (at the end of telophase),
constriction of the ring produces a cleavage
furrow and progresses until the cytoplasm and
its organelles are divided into two daughter
cells, each with one nucleus
Mitosis - Cytokinesis
Blastula of a whitefish

• The blastula is a distinct stage during


embryonic development when a fertilized egg
forms a hollow ball of cells. During embryonic
development, cells are dividing quickly and we
are more likely to be able to see the varying
stages of mitosis.

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