[Introduction to Embedded System] ROLL NUMBER:12

Assignment 1
Q:1- Define Embedded systems.

An Embedded System is a system that has software embedded into

computer-hardware, which makes a system dedicated for a variety of
application or specific part of an application or product or part of a larger
system.

An embedded system can be a small independent system or a large

combinational system. It is a microcontroller-based control system used to
perform a specific task of operation.

An embedded system is a combination of three major components:

o Hardware: Hardware is physically used component that is

physically connected with an embedded system. It comprises of
microcontroller based integrated circuit, power supply, LCD display
etc.
o Application software: Application software allows the user to
perform varieties of application to be run on an embedded system
by changing the code installed in an embedded system.
o Real Time Operating system (RTOS): RTOS supervises the way
an embedded system work. It act as an interface between hardware
and application software which supervises the application software
and provide mechanism to let the processor run on the basis of
scheduling for controlling the effect of latencies.

Characteristics of Embedded System

Let's see the general characteristics of embedded system in the
real-time computation of system:

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1. An embedded system is software embedded into computer

hardware that makes a system dedicated to be used for variety of
application.
2. Embedded system generally used for do specific task that provide
real-time output on the basis of various characteristics of an
embedded system.
3. Embedded system may contain a smaller part within a larger device
that used for serving the more specific application to perform
variety of task using hardware-software intermixing configuration.
4. It provides high reliability and real-time computation ability.

Advantages

o Same hardware can be used in variety of application.

o Lesser power requirement
o Lower operational cost of system
o Provide high performance and efficiency

Disadvantages

o Developing a system required more time. Due to functional

complexity.

o Skilled engineers required because one mistake may result in

destroying of complete project.

Designing of an embedded system

Basic Structure of an Embedded System

Let's see the block diagram shows the basic structure of an embedded
system.

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o Sensor: Sensor used for sensing the change in environment condition and
it generate the electric signal on the basis of change in environment
condition. Therefore it is also called as transducers for providing electric
input signal on the basis of change in environment condition.
o A-D Converter: An analog-to-digital converter is a device that converts
analog electric input signal into its equivalent digital signal for further
processing in an embedded system.
o Processor & ASICs: Processor used for processing the signal and data to
execute desired set of instructions with high-speed of operation.

Application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) is an integrated circuit

designed to perform task specific operation inside an embedded system.
o D-A Converter: A digital-to-analog converter is a device that converts
digital electric input signal into its equivalent analog signal for further
processing in an embedded system.
o Actuators: Actuators is a comparator used for comparing the analog
input signal level to desired output signal level for providing the error free
output from the system.

Design steps required for the development of

Embedded System
Designing steps required for embedded system are different from the
design process of another electronic system.

Let's see a flow chart represent the design steps required in the
development of an embedded system:

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Embedded System processors

Processors are the major part in embedded systems that take response
from sensors in digital form and processing of this response to produce
output in real-time processing environment is performed using processors.

For an embedded system developer it is essential to have the knowledge

of both microprocessors and micro controllers.

Processors inside a system:

Processors inside a system have two essential units:

o Control unit: This unit in processors performed the program flow control
operation inside an embedded system. The control unit also acts as a
fetching unit for fetching the set of instructions stored inside a memory.
o Execution unit: This unit is used for execution the various tasks inside a
processors. It mainly comprises of arithmetic and logical unit (ALU) and it
also include a circuit that executes the instruction sets used to perform
program control operation inside processors.

Types of processors:
Processors inside an embedded system are of the following categories:

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o Application Specific System Processor(ASSP): ASSP is application

dependent system processor used for processing signal of embedded
system. Therefore for different application performing task a unique set of
system processors is required.
o Application Specific Instruction Processor(ASIP): ASIP is application
dependent instruction processors. It is used for processing the various
instruction set inside a combinational circuit of an embedded system.
o General Purpose Processor (GPP): GPP is used for processing signal
from input to output by controlling the operation of system bus, address
bus and data bus inside an embedded system.

Types of general purpose processor are:

o Microprocessor
o Microcontroller
o Digital signal processor
o Analog signal processor

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Q:2-Components of embedded system.

An embedded system is a custom-built special purpose computer used for

a specific purpose. It is a system that combines both hardware and
software to perform a certain task.

It can be used as an individual system or a part of another large system.

You will find embedded systems incorporated in a range of applications
including consumer electronics, industrial machinery, automobiles,
agriculture, processing industrial devices, airplanes, digital watches,
vending machines, air-conditioners, mobile devices, and much more.

To understand the embedded system, we need to understand the

difference between a special-purpose computer and a general-purpose
computer. General-purpose computers are those that we use every day
like our desktops, laptops, and Macs. Even our smartphones stand in the
general-purpose end of the spectrum which means they have more than
one specific task to perform. Special purpose computers are very specific
to serve a particular function. A calculator is a special-purpose computer
as compared to a laptop that is a general-purpose computer. The only job
of a calculator is to do calculations. You cannot use it for more than one
purpose like general-purpose computers.

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An automated system that doesn’t involve human interference is also an

example of an embedded system. For example, you can interface the
conveyer belt with the sensor to count the number of filled bottles. Once
you install a combination of both hardware and software embedded
programming, you can watch the number of filled bottles on the computer
screen without any human interference. The devices that perform certain
tasks where no user is involved are termed as the no user interface (UI)
embedded systems and where user interference is involved are termed as
graphical user interface (GUI) embedded systems.

Read this post all the way through as we’ll discuss the basic components
of embedded systems in detail.

Let’s get started.

Components of Embedded Systems

This section is dedicated to the hardware components of embedded

systems. In the following section, we’ll cover the software components
used for the embedded systems.

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1. Power Supply
 A power supply is a crucial component of the embedded system design.

 It is an electrical device mainly used to power up the electrical load.

 Normally, a 5V power supply is required for the system, however, it can

also range from 1.8 to 3.3V.

 You can pick either one based on your requirements and application.

To work the embedded system properly, a smooth and efficient power

supply is needed. Both wall adopter and battery can be used as a power
supply. Some power supplies work as independent equipment while
others are incorporated into the embedded technology they power.

2. Microcontroller

 An embedded system is either a microcontroller-based or

microprocessor-based system. They give a system computing power and
are called integrated circuits.

 The embedded hardware performance is mainly dependent on the

processor which is normally called the brain of the embedded system.

 Pick from a range of processors including 8-bit, 16-bit, and 32-bit

processors.

 They are different in terms of processing speed. For example, a 32-bit

processor comes with more processing speed and can manipulate 32-

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bits at a time while an 8-bit processor comes with less processing

speed and can manipulate 8-bits at a time.

For simple applications, an 8-bit processor would suffice while for complex
and advanced applications, processors with more bits are used. The 8-bit
processor is normally clocked to 8MHz while the 32-bit processor can run
up to hundreds of MHz.

3. ROM/RAM

 Memory is essential to store important information in the embedded

computer system.

 Memory is integrated into a microcontroller or microprocessor.

There are two types of memories including ROM (read-only-memory) and

RAM (random access memory). The former is called the code memory that
stores the program code and is non-volatile which means it stays stored in
the system when the power supply is removed. While latter is called the
data memory and is a volatile memory which means it is used for
temporally storing the information and is removed from the system when
the power supply is turned off.

4. Timers / Counters

Sometimes you need to create a delay before a specific function. Timers

are used in such cases. While at times you want to count the number of
times a particular event occurs. Counters are used in such cases. If an up
counter is used in the system, it will count up from the initial value to 0xFF
and if it is down counter, it will count down to 0x00. The counters are
integrated using register-type circuits like a flip-flop.

5. Communication Ports

Communication ports are used in embedded systems to establish

communication with other embedded systems. There are several
communication ports including USB, UART, USB, I2C, SPI, and RS-485. For
simple applications, communications ports are utilized from the
microcontroller, and for complex and advanced applications these ports
are externally installed inside the embedded systems.

6. Output And Input

Input is required to interact with the embedded system. A sensor can be

used to provide input to the system. The microcontroller used in the

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system can be configured as an input or output port. In the

microcontroller, there are a fixed number of input and output ports that
you can utilize as per your requirement.

Q:3- Difference between embedded system and general purpose system

computers

Parameter Computer Embedded System

A computer is a general An embedded system is a

purpose electronic device used specialized computer
Basic
to perform different types of system that used to perform
tasks. one or a few specific tasks.

Computers are used for Embedded systems are used

Purpose accomplishing general purpose for accomplishing specific
computing tasks. tasks in a larger system.

A computer typically consists Embedded system are

of a CPU, storage unit, and I/O designed with a
System units. microcontroller which
hardware consists of a CPU, memory
unit, and I/O interface on a
single IC chip.

Computers have very high Embedded systems have

Processing
processing power. relatively low processing
power
power.

Computers have high storage Embedded systems have

Storage capacity or memory to store less memory capacity as
capacity data and information on the compared to computers.
system.

Versatility Computers are highly versatile Embedded systems are

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computing device that can designed to perform a

perform a wide range of limited number of functions.
functions.

Computers are generally larger Embedded systems are

Size in size. smaller in size than
computers.

Computers are more Embedded systems are less

Cost expensive than embedded expensive.
systems.

Computers use a full-featured Embedded systems use a

Operating
operating system to run. specialized operating
system
system to run.

Human- Computers have a human- Embedded systems

machine machine interface that allows generally have a limited or
interface end-users to interact with the no human-machine
(HMI) computer. interface.

For computers, the general The development of

Software
purpose development tools software for embedded
development
can be used to develop systems requires specialized
tools
computer software. and expert tools.

Computers are easily Embedded systems require

upgradable with new hardware significant hardware
Upgradability
and software. modification for
upgradation.

Computers are less reliable as Embedded systems are

Reliability compared to embedded more reliable than
systems. computers.

Computers need regular Embedded systems do not

Maintenance
maintenance and updates. require much maintenance
& updates
and updates.

System Computers involve more Embedded systems are

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complexity complex system design. comparatively less complex.

Computers do not have real- Embedded systems are

Real time
time constraints. purposely designed to
constraints
operate in real time.

Computers are used for a Embedded systems are used

variety of applications, such as in consumer electronic
word processing, web devices, medical devices,
Applications
browsing, data analysis, industrial control systems,
scientific simulation, etc.
communication, etc.

Q:4- Classification of embedded system.

Embedded System and Its Features
An embedded system consists of a blend of software (like a microcontroller)
and hardware components (such as a printed circuit board) that collaborate
to execute a particular task within a specific time limit. The term “embedded”
stems from the close integration of software and hardware, unlike separate
components. To understand this better, the following are some of its
features:

 Processor and memory: Basic systems demand less memory, while

complex systems need more storage and may utilize multi-core
processors.
 Cost-efficient manufacturing: They have lower manufacturing
expenses and use less energy than general-purpose computers.
 Advanced functionality: An embedded system performs more
advanced functions.
 Real-time operation: They operate within designated time frames,
with the software instructing the hardware to finish tasks within that
period.
 Strict design constraints: Embedded systems have design
restrictions related to cost, performance, size, and power.

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Detailed Classification of Embedded Systems

The classification of Embedded systems is based on different criteria,
including functionality and performance, generation, complexity, and
triggering.

Based on Complexity
These systems can range from simple to highly sophisticated designs,
depending on their memory, processing power, and applications. The three
main categories of embedded systems based on complexity include:

Small-Scale Embedded Systems

These systems use either a single 8 or 16-bit microprocessor or controller.
They have limited memory and processing power. They also have relatively
lower hardware and software complexities. Also, they may or may not contain
an operating system for their functioning. They are majorly found in gadgets
like electronic toys, smartcards, etc. The main programming tools used for
these systems include an editor, cross assembler, and integrated
development environment (IDE).

Medium-Scale Embedded Systems

These come with 16-bit or 32-bit microprocessors or controllers, ASICs, or
DSPs. Also, they have a fair amount of memory and processing power. These
systems have complexities in both hardware and software and run on a real-
time operating system (RTOS). They are often employed in home appliances,
medical devices, and automotive systems. The main programming tools used
for these systems include C, C++, JAVA, Visual C++, RTOS, etc.

Large-Scale Embedded Systems

These systems have highly complex hardware and software, like ones built
on 32-bit or 64-bit RISC processors, System-on-Chip (SoC),
processors/controllers, and scalable and configurable processors. A high-
performance real-time OS is usually required for task scheduling,
prioritization, and management. They are used in innovative applications that
demand hardware and software design, such as aerospace technologies,
industrial automation, and wireless communication systems.

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Based on Generation
Another type of embedded system is by the technological era or generation
in which they were developed. These include:

First Generation
Dating back to the 1960s, these systems used individual components like
transistors and resistors. They were built with 8-bit microprocessors and 4-bit
microcontrollers, and their hardware and firmware were quite simple. Digital
phone keypads and stepper motor control units are examples of first-
generation embedded systems.

Second Generation
Developed in the 1970s, these systems employed integrated circuits (ICs) to
enhance performance and shrink the size. They replaced 8-bit processors and
4-bit controllers with 16-bit microprocessors and 8-bit microcontrollers,
resulting in powerful and intricate systems than the first generation. Data
acquisition systems and SCADA systems are examples of second-generation
embedded systems.

Third Generation
These were developed in the 1980s and used microprocessors as the main
processing unit. During this period, domain-specific processors/controllers,
such as Digital Signal Processors (DSP) and Application-Specific Integrated
Circuits (ASICs), emerged. Embedded real-time operating systems also
evolved in this generation, which featured powerful 32-bit microprocessors
and 16-bit microcontrollers. Robotics, industrial process control, and
embedded networking are examples of third-generation embedded systems.

Fourth Generation
These were developed in the 1990s and used advanced microprocessors and
software to improve performance and reduce power consumption. Modern
advancements in microprocessors and microcontrollers, along with new
concepts such as System-on-Chip (SoC), reconfigurable processors, multicore
processors, and coprocessors, have significantly improved the performance
of embedded systems. These systems often use high-performance real-time
operating systems for their operation. Smart devices and digital cameras are
examples of fourth-generation embedded systems.

Based on Performance and Functional Requirements

This classification of embedded systems in based on performance and
functional requirements. These systems are specialized computer systems
designed to perform specific tasks. They are divided into the following four
types. You can learn more about embedded systems and their types through
an in-depth Embedded Systems Course.
Networked Embedded Systems
These connect to a network to access resources from one location. This
network may be a LAN, WAN, or the internet, and the connection can be
wired or wireless. This category represents the fastest-growing area in
embedded system applications. Embedded web servers, home security

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systems, ATM machines, and card swipe machines are examples of

networked embedded systems.

Real-Time Embedded Systems

These systems provide the required output within a predetermined time
frame. They adhere to strict time constraints for task completion. They can
be further classified into soft and hard real-time embedded systems.
Examples of real-time embedded systems include automotive airbag control
systems and flight control systems.

Mobile Embedded Systems

These systems are compact, user-friendly, and resource-efficient. They are
commonly found in portable devices such as mobile phones, digital cameras,
mp3 players, and personal digital assistants. These systems are designed for
ease of use and portability, making them ideal for on-the-go applications.

Standalone Embedded Systems

These systems are self-sufficient and do not rely on other systems. They
accept input in analog or digital form, process it, and generate an output.
Some common examples include mp3 players, digital cameras, video game
consoles, etc.

Based on Deterministic Behavior

These systems are primarily divided into the following two categories:

Soft Real-Time Systems

These systems do not enforce strict timing constraints for task deadlines.
While they still require a response time to specific events, missing a deadline
is acceptable. Examples include ATMs and multimedia systems. In these
cases, a late answer is still an acceptable answer.

Hard Real-Time Systems

These systems demand strict adherence to their timing constraints, as failing
to meet the required response time can result in severe consequences or
system failure. That is why, for these systems, a late answer is always
considered a wrong answer. Examples are airbag control systems and
antilock braking systems in vehicles.

Based on Triggering
These systems are of the following two types:

Event-Triggered Embedded Systems

These systems rely on specific external events or activities to initiate tasks.
They respond to changes in variables such as temperature, pressure, or user
inputs, making them more adaptive to their environment. They are
particularly suited for applications requiring immediate responses or real-
time reactions, such as intrusion detection systems, medical device
monitoring, etc.

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Time-Triggered Embedded Systems

These systems are activated or initiated at pre-determined intervals or at a
specific point in time. In these systems, the tasks are scheduled to be
executed based on a predefined time or periodic timer, which ensures the
timely and consistent execution of processes. They are used for data
collection, industrial systems with routine control loops, and scheduled car
maintenance systems.

Conclusion
Classification of embedded systems is essential for today’s technology and
will continue to influence our world significantly. As technology advances, the
future of embedded systems appears promising, with the anticipation of
more innovative applications and solutions in the coming years.

Q:5- Skills required to design small medium and Sophisticated embedded

system.

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Designing embedded systems, whether they are small, medium, or

sophisticated, requires a combination of skills from various domains. Here's a
list of skills that are commonly required:

1. **Embedded Systems Programming:**

- Proficiency in programming languages commonly used in embedded
systems, such as C, C++, and sometimes assembly language.
- Understanding of real-time operating systems (RTOS) or embedded
operating systems.

2. **Microcontroller/Microprocessor Architecture:**
- Knowledge of the architecture and features of microcontrollers or
microprocessors relevant to the embedded system being designed.

3. **Digital Signal Processing (DSP):**

- For systems requiring signal processing capabilities, knowledge of DSP
algorithms and implementation on embedded platforms.

4. **Analog and Digital Electronics:**

- Understanding of analog and digital circuits is crucial for interfacing with
sensors, actuators, and other hardware components.

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5. **Communication Protocols:**
- Familiarity with communication protocols such as UART, SPI, I2C, CAN,
Ethernet, and others depending on the application requirements.

6. **Sensors and Actuators:**

- Knowledge of various sensors and actuators, and how to interface them
with the embedded system.

7. **Low-Level Programming and Device Drivers:**

- Writing low-level code and device drivers to interface with the hardware
components of the embedded system.

8. **Power Management:**
- Understanding of power requirements and implementing efficient power
management strategies for battery-powered or energy-efficient embedded
systems.

9. **RTOS and Multithreading:**

- Proficiency in using real-time operating systems for managing tasks and
ensuring timely execution of critical functions.

10. **Debugging and Testing:**

- Skills in debugging hardware and software issues using tools like
oscilloscopes, logic analyzers, and software debugging tools.

11. **Circuit Design and PCB Layout:**

- Basic knowledge of circuit design and PCB layout for creating custom
hardware solutions.

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12. **Firmware Development:**

- Developing and maintaining firmware for the embedded system, including
updating and patching as needed.

13. **Security:**
- Understanding of security principles, especially for embedded systems
connected to networks or the internet.

14. **Documentation:**
- Good documentation skills to create clear and comprehensive
documentation for the design, implementation, and maintenance of the
embedded system.

15. **Project Management:**

- Basic project management skills to plan, organize, and execute embedded
system development projects.

16. **Continuous Learning:**

- Embedded systems technology evolves rapidly, so a commitment to
continuous learning is crucial to stay updated with the latest tools,
technologies, and best practices.

The specific skills required can vary depending on the complexity and
application of the embedded system. Designing sophisticated embedded
systems may involve more advanced concepts and specialized skills in areas
such as machine learning, artificial intelligence, and advanced communication
protocols.

Q:6- Application of embedded system.

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Embedded systems are crucial in several technologies, including

the internet of things (IoT) and machine-to-machine (M2M) devices.
Almost every smart device today uses this versatile technology in some
capacity or the other.
A few real-world applications of embedded systems are:

Embedded Systems Applications

1. GPS
The global positioning system (GPS) uses satellites and receivers to
synchronize location, velocity, and time data to provide a navigation
system the world can use. GPS systems are commonly used in vehicles
and mobile devices. All ‘receivers’ (devices that receive GPS data) are
integrated with embedded systems to enable the use of the global
positioning system.

2. Medical devices
Cutting-edge medical devices with embedded systems are used for
patients requiring constant monitoring. For instance, embedded sensors
gather health data such as readings from implants, pulse rate, and heart

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rate. This data is then transmitted to a private cloud, where it can be

reviewed automatically by an alert system or manually by a medical
professional.

3. Automotive
Embedded systems in automotive applications enhance overall safety and
user experience. Key examples of embedded systems in action are
adaptive speed control, pedestrian recognition, car breakdown warning,
merging assistance, airbag deployment, anti-lock braking system, and in-
vehicle entertainment equipment.

4. Automated fare collection

Automated fare collection solutions enable public transportation
passengers to pay their fares through automated machines or even online
without interacting with another human being. The automatic transit fare
collection ecosystem consists of ticketing machines, magnetic stripe cards
and smart cards for regular travelers, ticket and card checking machines,
and automatic gate machines. All these components include embedded
systems to enable them to communicate with each other and thus keep
the mechanism operational.

5. Fitness trackers
Fitness trackers have become increasingly popular wearable devices that
monitor health metrics and track activities such as running, walking, and
sleeping. These devices leverage embedded systems for data collection
such as heart rate, body temperature, and steps walked. This data is
transmitted to servers via a wide area network (WAN) such as LTE or
GPRS.

6. Home entertainment
Entertainment systems such as televisions are a mainstay in homes
worldwide. Embedded systems are key in reading inputs from connectors,

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such as the antenna, DisplayPort, HDMI, and Ethernet. Besides this,

remote controls transmit infrared signals for reading by televisions. Smart
televisions even include an operating system that supports internet and
streaming applications. Embedded systems play an important role in
these functions and are gaining more ground as new ways to make home
entertainment even smarter are discovered.

7. Automated teller machines

Automated teller machines (ATMs) are large computerized electronic
devices used globally in the banking sector. During a transaction, an ATM
communicates with its host bank computer over a network connection.
The bank computer verifies the data entered during the transaction and
stores processed information. At the same time, the ATM uses embedded
systems to process user inputs from the field and display the transaction
data from the bank computer.

8. Manufacturing
Factories today use robots in several processes that require high-precision
tasks, operating in dangerous work conditions, or both. Typical automated
jobs require robots to be fitted with sensors, actuators, and software that
allow them to ‘perceive’ the environment and derive the required output
efficiently and safely. Robots are equipped with embedded systems that
link them to various subsystems to achieve this goal.
Plant automation robots would have to rely on external computing and
control systems without these embedded systems. This can lead to
increased safety risks due to delays in human response or connection
failure. Therefore, as Industry 4.0 becomes an all-pervasive reality, plant
automation systems are increasingly being integrated with embedded
systems equipped with artificial intelligence and machine learning to
make equipment safer, more efficient, and smarter.

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For instance, these systems allow machines to automatically identify and

remove defects from production before the human eye can see them.
Factory robots with embedded systems have many applications, including
assembly and quality assurance.

9. Electric vehicle charging stations

Electric vehicle charging stations supply electric power to recharge the
batteries of connected electric vehicles. Embedded systems are used in
charging stations to provide computing power for graphics displays,
automatically highlight technical issues, and alert technicians about
upcoming maintenance requirements, among other functions.

10. Self-service kiosks

Finally, we have interactive self-service kiosks that offer users information
and services in environments where a human employee’s presence is
unfeasible. Think of a ticketing kiosk catering to moviegoers for a 2 a.m.
screening at a mostly empty theater. Self-service kiosks come in various
forms, from snack vending machines to refueling stations with self-
checkout equipment. These kiosks can be found at airports, retail stores,
hospitals, government buildings, and many other locations. Embedded
systems provide the computing power required for these kiosks to offer
customers an interactive experience.

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Q:7- Explain various possible purpose of using Embedded system.

There are three major purposes of embedded systems:
Receiving Information
Receiving information or data from various sources. and also molding and
checking the compatibility of this data.
Processing information
Using calculations, numerical, legitimate, and investigative methods to
analyze meaning out of data, and process significant information, find out
the desired conclusions, observations, and desired results.
Conveying Information
Provide the outcomes, information, and so forth to the various entities
which could utilize it seriously, and giving an interface to such elements.

The purpose of embedded system usage is a strategy to accomplish these

aspects of the arrangements utilizing gadgets equipment and software
engineering related ideas. These systems are generally connected with
solutions for a specific issue or prerequisite. The usefulness of such
frameworks can be handily recorded down and can be followed to
unmistakable and brief genuine necessities.

In the current occasions, the use of embedded systems is broad. However,

the software which is customized into the microcontroller is equipped for
understanding just a constrained scope of issues. Embedded system
based activities can perform multiple tasks and are additionally fit for
interfacing with different systems, network, and gadgets.

Few examples of the purpose of embedded systems in real-world are as

follows:
Detecting rash driving in traffic- The fundamental goal of this is to
structure an expressway speed-checker gadget that distinguishes rash
driving on thruways and cautions the traffic authorities if the speed
checker finds any vehicle damaging the set speed constrains on
roadways.

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Purpose of an embedded system in street light control- The primary aim is

to recognize the movement of vehicles on interstates and to turn on road
lights in front of it, and afterward to turn off the road lights as the vehicle
go past the road lights to save energy.

Embedded System for home automation system-The fundamental purpose

of embedded systems in home automation is to plan a home robotization
framework with the Android application based remote control. Remote
activity is performed by Android OS based advanced cell or Tablet and so
on., upon a Graphical User Interface based touch screen activity. So as to
accomplish this, Android application goes about as a transmitter, that
sends on/off orders to the beneficiary wherein loads are associated.

Embedded System for Industrial Temperature Control- The primary

purpose of the embedded system of this mechanical temperature
controller is to control the temperature of any gadget in any modern
application as per its need. An LCD show is utilized to show the
temperature in the scope of – 55°C to +125°C. The core of the circuit is
the microcontroller which is from 8051 families and controls every one of
its capacities.

Embedded System for War Field Spying Robot- The primary purpose of the
embedded system here is to structure an automated vehicle utilizing RF
innovation for remote activity and joined with a remote camera for
observing reason. The robot with a camera can remotely transmit
continuous video with night vision capacities. This sort of robot can be
useful for spying purposes in war fields.

Conclusion
Hence, from the above article, we get to see a few of the purposes of
embedded systems in today’s real-life scenario. Our lives nowadays are
surrounded by electronic devices and thus embedded systems have

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become an integral part of our lives

Q:8- Differentiate between Reactive and real time.

Reactive and real-time systems are terms often used in the context of
computing and software development, but they refer to different aspects
of system behavior. Here's a brief differentiation between the two:

 Reactive Systems:
o Definition: Reactive systems are designed to respond to external
stimuli or events. They are characterized by their ability to react
promptly to changes in their environment.
o Behavior: Reactive systems are event-driven and respond to input
or changes in the system's state. They often involve handling events
asynchronously.

o Characteristics:

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1. Reactive systems react to events and changes in the system,

providing a way to handle asynchronous data and events.
2. It often involves the use of reactive programming libraries or
frameworks, such as RxJava, Reactor, or Akka, to handle the flow of
data and events in a declarative and composable manner.
3. Reactive systems are designed to be responsive, resilient, elastic,
and message-driven.
o Example: User interfaces in software applications are often
reactive. The system responds to user actions, such as button clicks
or key presses.
 Real-Time Systems:
o Definition: Real-time systems are those in which the correctness
of the system depends not only on the logical result of computation
but also on the time at which the results are produced.
o Behavior: Real-time systems must meet strict timing constraints.
They have deadlines within which certain tasks or processes must
be completed to ensure correct operation.
o Characteristics:
1. Real-time systems are designed to process and respond to events or
inputs within a defined time constraint. The response time is critical,
and delays beyond the specified time frame are not acceptable.
2. These systems are often used in applications where timely and
predictable responses are crucial, such as control systems, robotics,
financial trading, or some aspects of multimedia processing.
3. Real-time systems can be classified into hard real-time (strict
deadlines must be met) and soft real-time (deadlines are important
but can be occasionally missed).
o Example: Aircraft control systems, medical equipment, and
industrial automation systems often require real-time capabilities to
ensure timely and predictable responses.

 Key Differences:

 Time Constraints:
o Reactive systems focus on responsiveness and the ability to handle
events efficiently but may not have strict time constraints.
o Real-time systems must meet specific timing requirements to
ensure that responses occur within predetermined deadlines.
 Use Cases:
o Reactive systems are commonly used in applications where
responsiveness and event-driven behavior are crucial, such as user
interfaces and distributed systems.
o Real-time systems are essential in applications where timing is
critical, such as control systems, telecommunications, and mission-
critical environments.
 Timing Predictability:
o Reactive systems may not be designed with a strict focus on timing
predictability.

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o Real-time systems emphasize predictability in terms of response

times and meeting deadlines.

In summary, while reactive systems focus on responsiveness to events or

stimuli, real-time systems emphasize meeting specific time constraints for
task completion. It's worth noting that a system can be both reactive and
real-time, depending on its design and requirements. For instance, a real-
time system might also need to be reactive to external events to ensure
timely and appropriate responses.

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