Q1. Difference between main frame and client server architecture.

Q2. Difference between parallel and distributed computing

Q3. Evolution of cloud computing
Cloud computing is all about renting computing services. This idea first came in
the 1950s. In making cloud computing what it is today, five technologies played
a vital role. These are distributed systems and its peripherals, virtualization, web
2.0, service orientation, and utility computing.

Distributed Systems: Enabled by networking technologies, these systems

distribute resources and tasks across multiple machines, setting the stage for
cloud infrastructure by supporting scalability and redundancy.
Virtualization:
• Introduced around 40 years ago, virtualization allows for multiple virtual
environments on a single hardware system.
• Essential to cloud providers like Amazon EC2 and VMware vCloud.
• Hardware virtualization remains crucial as it maximizes resource use and
isolates environments for enhanced security and flexibility.
Web 2.0:
• The shift to interactive and dynamic web pages facilitated richer client-
side experiences, forming a basis for cloud interaction.
 • Examples like Google Maps and social media platforms (Facebook,
Twitter) are enabled by Web 2.0’s capabilities, allowing seamless user
interaction with cloud-hosted services.
Service Orientation:
• Service-oriented architecture (SOA) promotes loosely coupled services,
facilitating modular application design.
• Includes concepts like Quality of Service (QoS), which ensures
reliability through Service Level Agreements (SLAs), and Software as a
Service (SaaS), providing applications as on-demand services.
Utility Computing:
• Defines cloud’s flexible, on-demand service model, where resources such
as compute power and storage are metered and billed per use.
• Supports essential cloud features like scalability and cost-effectiveness,
enabling businesses to scale resources up or down as needed

Q4. Explain Service Oriented Architecture

Service-oriented architecture (SOA) is a method of software development that
uses software components called services to create business applications.
Each service provides a business capability, and services can also communicate
with each other across platforms and languages.
Developers use SOA to reuse services in different systems or combine several
independent services to perform complex tasks.
For example, multiple business processes may need user authentication. Instead
of rewriting this code each time, a single authentication service can be reused
across applications. Similarly, in healthcare, systems like patient management
and electronic health records can share a common patient registration service.
Key Benefits of SOA:
Service-oriented architecture (SOA) has several benefits over the traditional
monolithic architectures in which all processes run as a single unit. Some major
benefits of SOA include the following:
• Faster Time to Market: Reusable services allow faster assembly of
applications, saving time and costs.
• Efficient Maintenance: Smaller, independent services are easier to update
and debug, minimizing system-wide impact.
• Greater Adaptability: SOA supports easy modernization, enabling older
systems (e.g., healthcare records) to integrate with newer, cloud-based
applications.

Basic principles of service-oriented architecture:-

Interoperability: Services come with standardized description documents,
enabling them to work across different platforms and languages.
Loose Coupling: Services have minimal dependencies and are often
stateless, allowing updates with little effect on other services or clients.
Abstraction: Users interact with services based on functionality, without
needing to know the internal code, thanks to service contracts.
Granularity: Each service handles a single business function, allowing them
to be combined for complex operations.

Components in service-oriented architecture:-

Service: The core building block of SOA, a service provides specific

functionality and can be designated as private (for internal organizational use)
or public (accessible over the internet). Each service typically includes:
• Service Implementation: The code that performs the service's function,
like authentication or data processing.
 • Service Contract: Defines the terms, prerequisites, cost, and quality of
the service.
• Service Interface: Specifies how other services or clients can interact
with it, enabling communication without requiring knowledge of its
internal workings.
Service Provider: The entity responsible for creating, maintaining, and
offering services to consumers. Providers can be internal teams or third-party
vendors who ensure that services meet agreed standards and are available as
required.
Service Consumer: This is any application, system, or other service that
requests and uses a specific service from the provider. Consumers rely on the
service contract to understand and interact with the service, and they may come
from different departments or organizations.
Service Registry: A searchable directory that holds information on available
services, including their descriptions, interfaces, and access instructions. The
registry allows service consumers to easily discover and select services that
meet their needs.

Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) involves independent services that

provide specific functionalities and communicate over a network. A consumer
sends data requests to a service, which processes the data and returns a
response. Communication between services follows established protocols such
as SOAP, RESTful HTTP, Apache Thrift, ActiveMQ, and JMS. Multiple
protocols can be used in an SOA system, allowing flexibility in how services
interact.

Limitations of Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) include:

1. Limited scalability: Sharing resources and coordinating between
services can hinder system scalability.
2. Increasing interdependencies: Over time, services may become
complex and interconnected, making them hard to modify or debug.
3. Single point of failure: Using an Enterprise Service Bus (ESB) creates a
centralized point of failure, disrupting communication if it goes down.
Q5. What is Cloud computing (Definition, Challenges, adv, dis adv)
Cloud Computing - Definition:
processing power, databases, networking, and software applications over the
internet. Instead of owning and maintaining physical servers or data centers,
users can Cloud computing refers to the delivery of computing services like
storage, rent these services from cloud providers on-demand. This model allows
businesses and individuals to access scalable, flexible resources without the
upfront costs and complexity of managing physical infrastructure.

Challenges of Cloud Computing:

1. Data Security and Privacy:
Cloud computing involves storing data on external servers, raising concerns
about unauthorized access, cyberattacks, and data breaches. Protecting
sensitive information and ensuring data privacy in the cloud is a major
challenge.
2. Downtime and Service Availability:
Cloud services rely on the availability of the provider's infrastructure. If the
provider experiences downtime, it can disrupt access to services, affecting
business continuity and user experience.
3. Compliance and Legal Issues:
Organizations must ensure their cloud service provider complies with
regulations such as GDPR, HIPAA, or industry-specific laws. Cloud services
often operate across multiple jurisdictions, complicating compliance with
varying legal requirements.
4. Vendor Lock-In:
Switching between cloud providers can be difficult and costly due to
proprietary technologies, data formats, and unique APIs. This dependence on
a single provider can limit flexibility and increase the risk of being tied to
one vendor.
5. Performance and Latency:
Cloud services depend on internet connections, which can result in slower
data access and increased latency. For applications requiring real-time
processing (e.g., gaming, video streaming), network delays can be a
significant problem.
6. Integration with Existing Systems:
Many organizations use legacy systems that may not be easily integrated
with modern cloud services. Integrating these systems requires technical
expertise, and the process can be time-consuming and complex.

Advantages of Cloud Computing:

1. Cost Efficiency: Reduces the need for on-premise hardware and
maintenance costs. Users only pay for the services they use.
2. Scalability: Cloud services can easily scale to meet the growing demands
of users or businesses.
3. Flexibility & Accessibility: Services are accessible from anywhere with
an internet connection, offering flexibility and remote work capabilities.
4. Reliability: Cloud providers often have robust disaster recovery, backup,
and failover capabilities, ensuring high availability.
5. Automatic Updates: Cloud providers handle maintenance, updates, and
security patches.

Disadvantages of Cloud Computing:

1. Security Concerns: Storing data off-site on third-party servers can
increase the risk of data breaches or cyberattacks.
2. Downtime: Cloud services can experience outages, affecting accessibility
and operations.
3. Limited Control: Users may have limited control over their data and
infrastructure as cloud services are managed by third-party providers.
4. Compliance Issues: Ensuring that cloud services meet regulatory and
compliance standards can be challenging for certain industries.

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