“KINEMATICS”
Define mechanics and kinematics?
Mechanics:
The branch of physics which is related with the study of motion of objects is called mechanics.
Kinematics:
Kinematics is the branch of Mechanics which deals with motion of objects without reference of
force which causes motion.
Define rest and motion?
Rest:
A body is said to be in rest if it does not change its position with respect to its surroundings.
Motion:
A body is said to be in motion if it changes its position with respect to its surroundings.
How are rest and motion related to each other?
Rest and Motion are Relative State:
No body in the universe is in the state of absolute rest or absolute motion. If a body is at rest
with respect to some reference point at the same time, it can also be in the state of motion with
respect to some other reference point.
For example:
A passenger flying on aeroplane is in motion when observed from ground but at the same times
he is at rest with reference to other passengers on board.
Define types of motion?
Types of motion:
There are three types of motion.
(i) Translatory motion (linear, circular and random)
(ii) Rotatory motion
(iii) Vibratory motion
TRANSLATORY MOTION:
When all points of a moving body move uniformly along the same straight line, such motion is
called translatory motion.
a) Linear motion:
Motion of a body along a straight line is called Linear motion.
b) Circular motion:
Motion of a body along a circular path is called circular motion.
c) Random motion:
Irregular motion of an object is called random motion.
ROTATORY MOTION:
The motion of the body around a fixed axes which passes through body itself is calledspin or
rotatory motion.
VIBRATORY MOTION:
Back and forth motion of a body about its mean position is called vibratory or oscillatory
motion.
Distinguish between Translatory, Vibratory and Rotatory motion?
TRANSLATORY ROTATORY VIBRATORY
A body moves The spinning of The body move back
along a straight a body about its and forth
line. axis. about mean
position.
Movement of an object The motion of an The body moves
from one place to another. Object about up and down
fixed point.
All particles of The motion of a rigid An object repeat
the rigid body body about its motion itself.
move with the a fixed axis. Every
same velocity at every particle of
instant of time body move in a
circular path
Define distance and displacement?
Distance:
The total length covered by moving body without mentioning direction of motion is known as
distance. It is a scalar quantity. It is denoted by ‘S’. the S.I units is meter(m)
Displacement :
The distance covered in a particular direction is known as displacement. It is a vector quantity.
It is denoted by ‘S’. the S.I unit is meter(m)
Define Speed. What is velocity?
SPEED:
Distance covered by an object in a unit time is called speed. It is a scalar quantity.
It is denoted by ‘V’
the average speed of an object can be calculated as:
distance travelled
Speed = time taken
OR
S
V=
t
the S.I unit of speed is m/s or ms-1
VELOCITY:
Rate of change of displacement with respect to time is called velocity. It is a vector [Link]
is denoted by ‘V’
total displacement S
Velocity = total timetaken OR V=
t
the S.I unit of velocity is m/s or ms-1
Define uniform speed and uniform velocity?
Uniform speed:
An object covers an equal distance in equal interval of time its speed is known as uniform
speed.
Uniform velocity:
A body is said to have uniform velocity if it cover equal distance in equal interval of time in a
particular direction .
Worked examples of numericals
The speed of train is 108 km/h . How much distance will be covered in 2 hours?
Solution.
Step 1: Write the known quantities and write quantities to be found.
108 km 108 ×1000
v= = =30 ms -2
h 3600
t=2 hrs=2 ×3600=7200 sec
S=?
Step 2:Write the formula and rearrange if necessary.
S
v=
t
S=v ×t
Step 3: Put value in formula and calculate.
S=30× 7200
Thus distance traveled by train is 216000m.
Define acceleration and uniform acceleration?
Acceleration:
Rate of change of velocity of an object with respect to time is called acceleration.
c h ange ∈velocity
acceleration=
time taken
∆v
ORa= t
since ∆ v =vf −vi
vf −vi
therefore a=
t
The S.I unit of acceleration is m/s² or ms-2
Uniform acceleration:
A constant rate of change of velocity is called uniform acceleration.
Define scalar and vector quantities with examples?
Scalar quantities:
The physical quantities that have magnitude and a suitable unit are called scalar quantities.
The examples of scalar quantities are speed, temperature, mass, density etc.
Vector quantities:
The physical quantities which are completely specified by magnitude with suitable unit and
particular direction are called as “Vector” quantities.
Force ,acceleration , momentum, torque and magnetic field are the examples of vector
quantities.
