Artificial Intelligence

 Artificial Intelligence is concerned with the design of intelligence in an artificial device. The
term was coined by John McCarthy in 1956.
 Intelligence is the ability to acquire, understand and apply the knowledge to achieve goals in
the world.
 AI is the study of the mental faculties through the use of computational models
 AI is the study of intellectual/mental processes as computational processes.
 AI program will demonstrate a high level of intelligence to a degree that equals or exceeds
the intelligence required of a human in performing some task.
 AI is unique, sharing borders with Mathematics, Computer Science, Philosophy, Psychology,
Biology, Cognitive Science and many others.
 Although there is no clear definition of AI or even Intelligence, it can be described as an
attempt to build machines that like humans can think and act, able to learn and use
knowledge to solve problems on their own.

Intelligence is composed of:

 Reasoning
 Learning
 Problem-Solving
 Perception
 Linguistic Intelligence

Foundations of Artificial Intelligence:

Philosophy

e.g., foundational issues (can a machine think?), issues of knowledge and believe, mutual
knowledge.

Psychology and Cognitive Science

e.g., problem solving skills

Neuro-Science

e.g., brain architecture

Computer Science And Engineering

e.g., complexity theory, algorithms, logic and inference, programming languages, and system
building.

Mathematics and Physics

e.g., statistical modeling, continuous mathematics,

Sub Areas of AI:

1) Game Playing

Deep Blue Chess program beat world champion Gary Kasparov

2) Speech Recognition

PEGASUS spoken language interface to American Airlines' EAASY SABRE reseration system, which
allows users to obtain flight information and make reservations over the telephone. The 1990s has
seen significant advances in speech recognition so that limited systems are now successful.

3) Computer Vision

Face recognition programs in use by banks, government, etc. The ALVINN system from CMU
autonomously drove a van from Washington, D.C. to San Diego (all but 52 of 2,849 miles),
averaging 63 mph day and night, and in all weather conditions. Handwriting recognition,
electronics and manufacturing inspection, photo interpretation, baggage inspection, reverse
engineering to automatically construct a 3D geometric model.

4) Expert Systems

Application-specific systems that rely on obtaining the knowledge of human experts in an area and
programming that knowledge into a system.

a. Diagnostic Systems : MYCIN system for diagnosing bacterial infections of the blood and
suggesting treatments. Intellipath pathology diagnosis system (AMA approved). Pathfinder
medical diagnosis system, which suggests tests and makes diagnoses. Whirlpool customer
assistance center.

b. System Configuration

c. Financial Decision Making

Credit card companies, mortgage companies, banks, and the U.S. government employ AI systems
to detect fraud and expedite financial transactions. For example, AMEX credit check.

d. Classification Systems

Put information into one of a fixed set of categories using several sources of information. E.g.,
financial decision making systems. NASA developed a system for classifying very faint areas in
astronomical images into either stars or galaxies with very high accuracy by learning from human
experts' classifications.

5) Mathematical Theorem Proving

Use inference methods to prove new theorems.

6) Natural Language Understanding

AltaVista's translation of web pages. Translation of Catepillar Truck manuals into 20 languages.

7) Scheduling and Planning

Automatic scheduling for manufacturing. DARPA's DART system used in Desert Storm and Desert
Shield operations to plan logistics of people and supplies. American Airlines rerouting contingency
planner. European space agency planning and scheduling of spacecraft assembly, integration and
verification.

8) Artificial Neural Networks:

9) Machine Learning

Need for Artificial Intelligence

1. To create expert systems that exhibit intelligent behavior with the capability to learn,
demonstrate, explain, and advise its users.

2. Helping machines find solutions to complex problems like humans do and applying them as
algorithms in a computer-friendly manner.

3. Improved efficiency: Artificial intelligence can automate tasks and processes that are time-
consuming and require a lot of human effort. This can help improve efficiency and
productivity, allowing humans to focus on more creative and high-level tasks.

4. Better decision-making: Artificial intelligence can analyze large amounts of data and provide
insights that can aid in decision-making. This can be especially useful in domains like finance,
healthcare, and logistics, where decisions can have significant impacts on outcomes.
 5. Enhanced accuracy: Artificial intelligence algorithms can process data quickly and accurately,
reducing the risk of errors that can occur in manual processes. This can improve the
reliability and quality of results.

6. Personalization: Artificial intelligence can be used to personalize experiences for users,

tailoring recommendations, and interactions based on individual preferences and behaviors.
This can improve customer satisfaction and loyalty.

7. Exploration of new frontiers: Artificial intelligence can be used to explore new frontiers and
discover new knowledge that is difficult or impossible for humans to access. This can lead to
new breakthroughs in fields like astronomy, genetics, and drug discovery.

Uses of Artificial Intelligence :

Artificial Intelligence has many practical applications across various industries and domains,
including:

Healthcare: AI is used for medical diagnosis, drug discovery, and predictive analysis of diseases.

Finance: AI helps in credit scoring, fraud detection, and financial forecasting.

Retail: AI is used for product recommendations, price optimization, and supply chain management.

Manufacturing: AI helps in quality control, predictive maintenance, and production optimization.

Transportation: AI is used for autonomous vehicles, traffic prediction, and route optimization.

Customer service: AI-powered chatbots are used for customer support, answering frequently
asked questions, and handling simple requests.

Security: AI is used for facial recognition, intrusion detection, and cybersecurity threat analysis.

Marketing: AI is used for targeted advertising, customer segmentation, and sentiment analysis.

Education: AI is used for personalized learning, adaptive testing, and intelligent tutoring systems.

What Is Machine Learning

Machine learning is programming computers to optimize a performance criterion using example
data or past experience. We have a model defined up to some parameters, and learning is the
execution of a computer program to optimize the parameters of the model using the training data
or past experience. The model may be predictive to make predictions in the future, or descriptive
to gain knowledge from data, or both. Arthur Samuel, an early American leader in the field of
computer gaming and artificial intelligence, coined the term “Machine Learning” in 1959 while at
IBM. He defined machine learning as “the field of study that gives computers the ability to learn
without being explicitly programmed.” However, there is no universally accepted definition for
machine learning. Different authors define the term differently.

Features of Machine learning

Machine learning is data driven technology. Large amount of data generated by organizations on
daily bases. So, by notable relationships in data, organizations makes better decisions.

Machine can learn itself from past data and automatically improve.

From the given dataset it detects various patterns on data.

For the big organizations branding is important and it will become more easy to target relatable
customer base.

It is similar to data mining because it is also deals with the huge amount of data.

Types of Machine Learning

Machine learning can be broadly classified into three types based on the nature of the learning
system and the data available: supervised learning, unsupervised learning, and reinforcement
learning. Let's delve into each of these:

Supervised learning
Supervised learning is the most common type of machine learning. In this approach, the model is
trained on a labeled dataset. In other words, the data is accompanied by a label that the model is
trying to predict. This could be anything from a category label to a real-valued number.

The model learns a mapping between the input (features) and the output (label) during the
training process. Once trained, the model can predict the output for new, unseen data.

Common examples of supervised learning algorithms include linear regression for regression
problems and logistic regression, decision trees, and support vector machines for classification
problems. In practical terms, this could look like an image recognition process, wherein a dataset
of images where each picture is labeled as "cat," "dog," etc., a supervised model can recognize and
categorize new images accurately.

Unsupervised learning
Unsupervised learning, on the other hand, involves training the model on an unlabeled dataset.
The model is left to find patterns and relationships in the data on its own.

This type of learning is often used for clustering and dimensionality reduction. Clustering involves
grouping similar data points together, while dimensionality reduction involves reducing the
number of random variables under consideration by obtaining a set of principal variables.

Reinforcement learning

Reinforcement learning is a type of machine learning where an agent learns to make decisions by
interacting with its environment. The agent is rewarded or penalized (with points) for the actions it
takes, and its goal is to maximize the total reward.

Unlike supervised and unsupervised learning, reinforcement learning is particularly suited to

problems where the data is sequential, and the decision made at each step can affect future
outcomes.

Common examples of reinforcement learning include game playing, robotics, resource

management, and many more.