Chapter I Hi storieal

1. Evolution of microprocessors

2. What is a M.P.

3. Architecture

4. Microcomputer organisation

5. Buses

6. Why M.P.

7 Orientation of the work

References
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CHAPTER - I

1) Microprocessor is an accident of technological

development (1). The 1st transistor was discovered in

1948 and only 10 years later Jack St. Clair ICalby developed

first working model for an IC. During the same period Jean

Hoerni and Robert Noyce developed the planar process and

around 1961 analog ICS were produced in bulk and digital

ICS followed them soon. Digital ICS were labe.ed as follows (2).

SSI - Fewer than 10 gates.

MSI - Between 10 and 100 gates.
LSI - Between 100 and few thousand gates.

VLSI - Several thousand gates.

Actually LSI appeated in the market in 1971 as

lK-bit memory, UART and Intel 4004 chip. The chart of

evolution of LSI shown in fig.l.

In 1972 Intel introduced the 8008 the 1st General

purpose 8-bit microprocessor other companies also

introduced their microprocessors during early seventies.

The history of development is given in Table 1.

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LSI

t MEMORIES: ROM, RAM

1
1
UART AND SHIFT REGISTER
1
I
CALCULATOR
1
MICROPROCESSOR

1
SUPPORT CHIPS BIT SLICES MICROCONTROLLER ■
TUMI

LSI INTERFACES
AND CONTROLLER MICROCOMPUTER
Si

Fig. 1*0 EVOLUTION OF LSI

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Table - 1 : Evolution of microprocessor 3

UPS NO. of Year Company Technology Remarks

bits

4004 4 1971 Intel PMOS Along with 4001

(ROM) 4002 (RAM) ,
4003 (I/O) 2300
transistor on the
chip.
8080 8 1974 Intel NMOS 4800 Transistors.

6800 8 1974 Motorola NMOS

8085 8 1976 Intel NMOS

2-80 8 1976 Zilog NMOS

8086 16 1978 Intel HMOS Along with 8086,

8087,80186,80286,
80336 etc. 29,000
t ran si stor s.

Z 8000 16 1980 Zilog HMOS 17,500 transistors.

68000 16 1980 Mo torala HMOS 70,000 transistors.

IAPX 432 32 1983 Intel HMOS 2, 25, 000

cransistors.

Z 80000 32 1984/85 Zilog HMOS

MCS 8 1976 Intel Mirst microcomputer
on a single chip.
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2) What is a Microprocessor ?

The microrpocessor is a semi-conductor device

containing delectronic logic circuits manufactured by LSI

or VLSI method (4). It is capable of performing and

computing functions and making decisions to change the

sequence of the program‘exceution. In large computers the

CPU performs all the computional functions and it is

implemented on one or more PCBs. The microprocessor is a

CPU on single chip.

3) Architecture :
In Pig. 1.1 - Internal architecture of general

microprocessor is shown (5). The microprocessor is divided

in to 3 segments as fallows.

i) Arithmetic and Logic Unit :

In this section the arithmetic operations like
addition, substruction and logic operations like AND, OR

EX-OR are performed. The results ar® stored either in the

registers or in the memory or sent to I/O devices.

Register Section : The section consists of special purpose

and general purpose registers. The GPRS are used for the
temporfiry storage of the data or the result of the

computation or the address of the operand. Inese are available

to the users. However the special purpose registers like

program counter, stack pointer, instruction register have
fixed task. They are not user accessiable.
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4
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Timing and the Control Section :

The functions are given below.

a) Fetch# decode and execute successive instructions of a

program in the memory.

b) Generate and manage the control signals necessary to

synchronize operations.

c) Control the flow of information on the address and

data buses.

4) The Microcomputer Organisation :

The general block diagram of a /(IP is given in

Fig..1.2. Its elements are the CPU, The Memory and the l/0J.

5) BUSES :
The buses link the memory, the CPU and I/O devices.

Address Bus :

It is unidirectional, CPU sends on this bus, the

address of memory location or I/O to be read or written

in to.

Data Bus :
It is bidirectional, Data flows from CPU to memory or

I/O and vice versa on this bus.

Control Bus :
The control bus carries signals such as memory
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Register
ALU
array

Control

General Block diagram of MC

Fig. 1-2
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read, memory write, input read, output write. These

signals are useful for proper operations.

Memory section : It generally comprises ROM and R/W memory,

and magnetic disk or tape. Memory is used to store

instruction sequences or user programmes. It is also used

to store the data to be processed by MC or the result of

the computation.

I/O section :
This I/O allows communication with External World.

The input section allows entry of data from a keyboard,

teletypes. A/D coverter etc. in to CPU. The C/P section

transfers the data from the MP to 0/P devices such as
LEDS, CRTS, printers, magnetic tapes etc,

6) Why MP :
The advantages of using microprocessors are fewer
components# low cost and programmibility.

i) There are many advantages of fewer components,

these are.

- reduced physical volume and system miniaturization

often resulting in portability.

- reduced power consumption.

- reduced power dissiptation.

- Increased reliability.
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ii) MP based systems can be programmed for many tasks.

To change the programme for new task only requires,

substitutions of the memory-chip containing tie required

programme. There is no necessity of changing she hardware.

i

7) Orientation of the Present Work :

Temperature control is very important process and

is used in industries for controlling the chemical reactions#

for heat treating various metals and alloys etc. Impurity

diffusion for IC fabrication and so on. Temperature is also

necessary for conducting the Experimentsaat various temperatures,

eg. : XRD patterns at various fixed temperatures of the

materials# crystal growth etc.

Various temperature control systems whc_ch are

Electrical and Electronic in nature are available. The

earlier temperature control systems were analog in nature but

now a days they are digitized. The various types of controllers

are two position, Multiposition and floating controllers# the

proportional integral controller and proportional integral

derivation controller.

We have carried out the temperature ccntrol by

proportional integration technique using a ME 8085 based

system. The use of MP has the advantages of

1) Increased speed and accuracy.

2) Flexibility of control.

3) Control at various places and environments.

4) The system is compact and has low cost.

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REFERENCES :

1. Rotinay taks : An introduction to microprocessors

B. P. B. Publications 1985 Pg-27.

2. Yu. cheng Liu and G, A. Gibson : Microcomputer

systems PHI 1986 Pg-1.

3. S. K. Tolpadi Lecture Notes on training course Varanasi

Dec. 1986 National Workshop Pg-308.

4. R. S. Gaonkar, Microprocessor Architecture, Programming

and applications. Wiley Estern Ltd. 1986 ?g-23.

5. S. I. Ahson. Microprocessors with applications in

process control TMH CO 1986 Pg-3«

6. D. V. Hall Microprocessors and digital systems.

MC Grav/ Hill Book Co. 1935 Pg- 194-9 5.