NETWORK MANAGEMENT (BIT3204)

Network Addressing

Dr. Nadia IRADUKUNDA

E-mail: [email protected]
[email protected]

Kigali, Rwanda
 IP Addressing
Ip Address:
❖ Ipv4:
◼ Used to identify the PC, Network and Location 32 bit length.

◼ Has two parts – Network ID (1) & Host ID (0)

◼ Subnet mask is used to define network IDs and Host IDs

❖ IPv6,
◼ IPV6 is of 128 bit length.

◼ The address is split into two 64 bit segments

◼ The top 64 bits is the network part and the lower 64 bits the node part

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 IPV4 classes

Class Range Network/ host Subnet mask Total Total hosts

portions networks

A 0 - 126 N.H.H.H 255.0.0.0 27 − 2 = 126 16777216

B 128 - 191 N.N.H.H 255.255.0.0 214 = 16384 65536

C 192 - 223 N.N.N.H 255.255.255.0 221 = 2097152 256

D 224 - 239 N.N.N.N 255.255.255.255 --- ---

E 240 - 255 N.N.N.N 255.255.255.255 --- ---

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Private and Public Addresses

❖ The private address blocks are:

◼ 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255

◼ 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255

◼ 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255

◼ Private addresses are assigned to hosts that are not accessible from

the internet.

❖ Public Addresses
◼ These addresses are designed to be used in the hosts that are publicly

accessible from the Internet.

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Notation of an IPV4 Address

❖ Example: 128.11.3.31

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Addressing

❖ Static
◼ Addresses assigned manually by the administrator. They are more
permanent

❖ Dynamic
◼ Addresses assigned by DHCP servers. They are temporal.

◼ DHCP: Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol

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Assigning an IP address (Static):

❖ If you have a home network with several computers and devices, it’s a good
idea to assign each of them a specific address.
❖ If you use DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol), each computer
will request and be assigned an address every time it’s booted up.
❖ When you have to do troubleshooting on your network, it’s annoying
going to each machine to figure out what IP they have.
❖ Using Static IPs prevents address conflicts between devices and allows
you to manage them more easily.
❖ Assigning IPs to Windows is essentially the same process, but getting to
where you need to be varies between each version.

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Steps of assigning static ip in windows 7,8 10

❖ The steps of assigning static Ip are as follow:

◼ 1. Click Start Menu > Control Panel > Network and Sharing Center or
Network and Internet > Network and Sharing Center.
◼ 2. Click Change adapter settings.

◼ 3. Right-click on Wi-Fi or Local Area Connection.

◼ 4. Click Properties.

◼ 5. Select Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4).

◼ 6. Click Properties.

◼ 7. Select Use the following IP address.

◼ 8. Enter the IP address, Subnet mask, Default gateway, and DNS server.

◼ 9. Click OK. Your computer displays a static IP address.

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 IPv6
❖ IPV6 has been developed to replace IPV4 which is running out of addresses.
❖ Although it has been around almost 10 years, it is still not widely deployed and
supported.
❖ However adoption rates are increasing rapidly and IPv6 traffic crossed the 10%
threshold in February 2016.
❖ For small business/home and home office networks it is likely to be many
years before IPV6 becomes an issue.
❖ All modern computers and mobile phones support both IPv4 and IPv6, and if you
look at your device IP addresses you will probably see both.

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 Con’t
❖ An Ipv6 address uses 128 bits as opposed to 32 bits in IPv4.
❖ IPv6 addresses are written using hexadecimal, as opposed to dotted decimal in
IPv4.
❖ Because an hexadecimal number uses 4 bits this means that an IPv6 address
consists of 32 hexadecimal numbers.
❖ These numbers are grouped in 4’s giving 8 groups or blocks.
❖ The groups are written with a : (colon) as a separator, i.e., group1:group2: etc.
❖ Here is an IPv6 address example:

Note: Because of the length of IPv6 addresses,

various shortening techniques are employed.
The main technique being to omit repetitive 0’s
as shown in the example above.

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Network And Node Addresses

❖ In IPv4 an address is split into two components:

◼ a network component and
◼ a node component.
❖ This was done initially using Address classes and later using subnet masking.

❖ In IPv6, we do the same.

◼ The first step is to split the address into two parts.
◼ The address is split into two 64 bit segments
◼ The top 64 bits is the network part and the lower 64 bits the node part

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 Con’t

❖ The upper 64 bits are used for routing.

❖ The lower 64 bits identify the address of the interface or node, and is derived
from the actual physical or MAC address using IEEE’s Extended Unique Identifier
(EUI-64) format.

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 Con’t

❖ If we look at the upper 64 bits in more detail, we can see that it is split into 2
blocks of 48 and 16 bits, respectively.
◼ The lower 16 bits are used for subnets on an internal networks, and are controlled by a
network administrator.
◼ The upper 48 bits are used for the global network addresses and are for routing over the
internet.

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 Address Types and Scope

❖ IPv6 addresses have three types:

◼ Global Unicast Address –Scope Internet- routed on Internet.
◼ Unique Local — Scope Internal Network or VPN internally routable, but Not routed on Internet.
◼ Link Local – Scope network link- Not Routed internally or externally.

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 Global and Public Addresses

❖ Global addresses
◼ are routable on the internet and

◼ start with 2001:

◼ These addresses are known as global Unicast addresses and

◼ are the equivalent of the public addresses of IPv4 networks.

❖ The Internet authorities allocate address blocks to ISPs who in turn allocate them
to their customers.

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 Internal Addresses - Link Local and Unique Local

❖ In IPv4 internal addresses use the reserved number ranges:

◼ 10.0.0.0/8,

◼ 172.16.0.0/12 and

◼ 192.168.0.0/16 and

◼ 169.254.0.0/16.

❖ These addresses are not routed on the Internet and are reserved for internal
networks.
❖ IPv6 also has two Internal address types.
◼ Link Local

◼ Unique Local

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 Unique Local and Link Local
❖ IPv6 also has two Internal address types.
◼ Link Local

◼ Unique Local

❖ These are meant to be used inside an internal network, and again they are not
routed on the Internet.
◼ It is equivalent to the IPv4 address 169.254.0.0/16 which is allocated on an IPv4

network when no DHCP server is found.

◼ Link local addresses start with fe80

◼ They are restricted to a link and are not routed on the Internal network or the

Internet.
◼ Link Local addresses are self assigned i.e. they do not require a DHCP server.

◼ A link local address is required on every IP6 interface even if no routing is

present.
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 Unique Local

❖ Unique Local are meant to be used inside an internal network.

◼ They are routed on the Internal network but not routed on the Internet.

◼ They are equivalent to the IPv4 addresses are 10.0.0.0/8, 172.16.0.0/12 and

192.168.0.0/16
◼ The address space is divided into two /8 spaces: fc00::/8 for globally

assigned addressing, and fd00::/8 for locally assigned addressing.

◼ For manually assignment by an organization use the fd00 prefix.

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 Using IPv6 Addresses in URLs

❖ On IPv4 networks you can access a network resource e.g. a web page using the
format.
◼ http://192.168.1.21/webpage

❖ However IPv6 addresses contain a colon as separator and so must be enclosed in

square brackets.
◼ http://[IPv6 address]/webpage.

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Routing

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 Routing
❖ Routing is the process of selecting best paths in a network.
◼ In the past, the term routing was also used to mean forwarding network traffic among

networks. However this latter function is much better described as simply forwarding.
◼ Routing is performed for many kinds of networks, including the telephone network (circuit

switching), electronic data networks (such as the Internet), and transportation networks.
❖ There are two ways a router learn a route: static and dynamic.
❖ A static route is a route that is manually configured on the router.
◼ Simply we can say a static route is a route that is created manually by a network administrator.

◼ The information about the networks that are directly connected to the active router interfaces are

added to the routing table initially and they are known as connected routes.
◼ The second way that the router can learn static routes are by configuring the routes manually.

❖ Dynamic routes are routes that a router learns by using a routing protocol.
◼ Routing protocols will learn about routes from other neighboring routers running the same routing

protocol.
◼ Dynamic routing protocols share network numbers a router knows about and how to reach these

networks. Through this sharing process, a router can learn about all of the reachable network
numbers in the network.
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 Types of Routing Protocols
❖ Although there are many types of routing protocols, three major classes are in
widespread use on IP networks:
◼ Interior gateway protocols type 1, link-state routing protocols, such as OSPF (open shortest path
first)
◼ Interior gateway protocols type 2, distance-vector routing protocols, such as Routing Information
Protocol, RIPv2, IGRP (interior gateway routing protocol).
◼ Exterior gateway protocols are routing protocols used on the Internet for exchanging routing
information between Autonomous Systems, such as Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)
❖ An interior gateway protocol (IGP) or Interior routing protocol is a type of routing
protocol used for exchanging routing table information between gateways (commonly
routers) within an autonomous system (for example, a system of corporate local area
networks).
❖ By contrast, Exterior gateway protocols are used to exchange routing
information between autonomous systems and rely on IGPs to resolve routes within
an autonomous system.

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 NAT (Network Address Translation)

❖ NAT is a router function where IP addresses (and possibly port numbers) of IP

datagrams are replaced at the boundary of a private network.
◼ NAT is a method that enables hosts on private networks to communicate with hosts on the
Internet.
◼ NAT is run on routers that connect private networks to the public Internet, to replace the IP
address-port pair of an IP packet with another IP address-port pair.

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 Advantages of NAT
❖ The main advantage of NAT (Network Address Translation) is that it can prevent the
depletion of IPv4 addresses.
◼ NAT can provide an additional layer of security by making the original source and destination
addresses hidden.
◼ NAT provides increased flexibility when connecting to the public Internet.
◼ NAT (Network Address Translation) allows to use your own private IPv4 addressing system and
prevent the internal address changes if you change the service provider.

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 DNS (Domain Name Servers)
❖ Definition: The DNS translates Internet domain and host names to IP addresses.
◼ DNS automatically converts the names we type in our Web browser address bar to the IP
addresses of Web servers hosting those sites.
◼ DNS implements a distributed database to store this name and address information for all public
hosts on the Internet.
◼ DNS assumes IP addresses do not change (are statically assigned rather than dynamically
assigned).
❖ The DNS database resides on a hierarchy of special database servers.
◼ When clients like Web browsers issue requests involving Internet host names, a piece of
software called the DNS resolver (usually built into the network operating system) first contacts a
DNS server to determine the server's IP address.
◼ If the DNS server does not contain the needed mapping, it will in turn forward the request to a
different DNS server at the next higher level in the hierarchy.
◼ After potentially several forwarding and delegation messages are sent within the DNS hierarchy,
the IP address for the given host eventually arrives at the resolver, that in turn completes the
request over Internet Protocol DNS additionally includes support for caching requests and for
redundancy.
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 Con’t
❖ Most network operating systems support configuration of.
◼ Primary, secondary, and tertiary DNS servers, each of which can service initial requests from
clients.
◼ Internet Service Providers (ISPs) maintain their own DNS servers and use DHCP to automatically
configure clients, relieving most home users of the burden of DNS configuration.

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 DNS Hierarchy
❖ DNS Hierarchy:
◼ Without DNS, the Internet would be an ugly place.
◼ DNS is one of the services responsible for directing network traffic based on name and
numerical IP addresses.
◼ Specifically, it's the service that allows users to type in names instead of numbers to locate a
Web site or Internet resource.
◼ To provide this service, DNS creates a mapping between the numeric IP addresses and the
human-readable domain names that Internet users are accustomed to using and can remember
more easily.
◼ As you know, hosts connected to the Internet are each assigned a unique 32-bit IP address,
usually expressed in a dotted decimal notation of four 8-bit numbers, such as 127.0.1.25.
◼ DNS is distributed and hierarchical; its information is spread among thousands of servers all
over the world. Any one of these servers may be considered authoritative for some specified
section of the DNS database, but it may need to get information about other parts of the database
from other servers.
◼ What this means in practice is that your local name server doesn't have all the information for,
say, www.technetmagazine.com, but it can figure out who to ask about it and find out for you when
you make a request. 27
 How DNS Is Organized?
❖ At the top of the DNS hierarchy are 13 root name servers, which contain name
server information for all of the generic top-level domains such as:
◼ .com
◼ .org
◼ country- specific DNS addresses such as .uk or .nz.
◼ The name servers for each of these top-level domains contains name server information for
domains within that top-level domain.
◼ So, the name server for .com will contain information about microsoft.com but will not contain
information about microsoft.co.uk. Your name server will have to contact the server that contains
the information for .co.uk.
❖ The hierarchy goes from the least specific top-level domain to the most specific
hostname.

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How the DNS Domain Namespace Is Organized

Root domain

Top level
domain

Subdomain
Second level
domain
Host or
resource name

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How the DNS Domain Namespace Is Organized

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 DNS and Internet Domains
❖ The Internet Domain Name System is managed by a Name Registration
Authority on the Internet, responsible for maintaining top-level domains that are
assigned by organization and by country/region.
◼ These domain names follow the International Standard 3166.
◼ Some of the many existing abbreviations, reserved for use by organizations, as well as two-letter

and three-letter abbreviations used for countries/regions are shown in the following table:
DNS Domain Name Type of Organization
Com Commercial organizations
Edu Educational institutions ◼ Some DNS Top-
Org Non-profit organizations level Domain
Net Networks (the backbone of the Internet) Names (TLDs)
Gov Non-military government organizations
Int International organizations, as in nato.int
Mil Military government organizations
Arpa Reverse DNS
xx Two-letter country code (i.e. us, au, ca, fr)
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 Discuss the following in Groups

1. Types of routing protocols

2. Subnetting
3. SNMP
4. Domaine Name Server
5. Client Server Configuration

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