Basic maths ¢ Vectors

Angfe = dimensionless quartity

= units radian (rad) [sI wnit]
degree Practical unit)

to convext fom aoaun to deYree. x o

9 to convet om cdegree to rdoian. xT

Cues :- Trad = X[xó - 45'

4
30 TT
rad.

Tigonometric Ident ities :

Cos: B, tav tan IBP , Cosec® =
sinD
Sec =H, Cotb=
O Cos?e + esin |
(2) |+ton?6 sec?
(3) |+ ot'6 = (0sec2
COsB - Sin AsinB
(4) Cos(A+ B) = oSAS
+ sinAsinB
Cos (A-B) = CosA COS B
+ CoS AsinB
6) Sin (A+B) = SinAcOSB
AsinB
Sin (A-B) = Sin AcosB ¢- CoS
sin(2A) 2sinAosA where, A B
9 Cos (1A) - Cos² A- sin6
 135 1So*
30 45 60 |20
+1
2
j232 t3 V2. 2
Sin
Iv3|2| N2 |2
Cos
- V3oo - ls o
V3
tan

"Special Cas
Case for 31 53;
Sin3] = 315
CoS31 = 4|5
31
4

sins3'= 4ls
Cos 53 = 3/5
3

ACST RUle $ Guadrats

Ind (9o+) (90-9)' ISt
sina Ae T- identitle
Cosec6 are tve

180 (8o-6) -0,360

(130+0) (360-)
-tan Cos
CotD Sec

Parnt angle (270-9)270l(270+)

(9o 210 (80(366)

Changes will No Chang
Sin9 Cos

tan Cot
 Sin(90'-6): tCose |sin(-0) =
Cos (90 -)': +sln Cos-O) : 4th
"quadvart - -tn
tan(- 6)
tan(186-+ 9)' + tCvnb

Example :
Osin los' (2 (o14 (3) Sin75*
’sin6o Cos64S t Cos6o Sin4s
O Sin(6o +4s)
2V2

Sin 14'’ Sing' + 31) coS31sin37

’ Sin31Cos31 t
’ 12 +

Questio Find heignt ??

h=?

tanóo H 3H >
:

-tan36 = H H loV3tH V3H

(oV3+ V3 loV3+H
V3

’ 3ot H aH ’, H : 3otH ’ 3H 3o+H

3 3 ) 30 = 3H- H > 2H3o

Guestion:
value of 2(sinis' +Sin1s) ?
2(sin@ + Sin (90-6) > 2 (sin + tos )
2(sin'+ os'6+ 2sinCoso)
Cos 6)
) 2( 1 + 2sin
2(1+ 2sin Is) > 2(1+ sin3o) ’ 2(1+4)
)
9 2(2) 3
 Small Amgle qpproximation

For Sma! angiess

sin
Cos 1
tu

Queatio: h?
tan 8 = h
I·3 1
1m

>o-0314 m

Range of Function ;
TR qiven:- Asin + BCose -y
tneny Ymax t A+B2
ymin - VA2+B2

Guestion - y: 4s\n +3Os

Ymax +4'+32 >+ W16t9>+25 - t
ymin = - 25
Gieometry
" Distance foula:
( - ) + (y2-y)
for plane =
(y:-)+(32-)*
for space = J(x-i) +
 Grraphs
Yris (dependeat)

x-axis (Tndependevt)
le re con tant.
" Other than Independent dependent quantities,
.Example- Powtat "inde perdevnt |() mx9Inde
GContant
pe ndent

Dependevt dependent.

Ostraigt line
bgenenal mx tC =y
Slope ’tan P
(m) B
slope ¢ tunb
Slope (mtm >c9o

=m ty-intent ept =whene tne line has inten sected the

-axis.
T6yC 6tmy are directly proporthena.
Straiyt Om40,
line. m =te
Y-aris

6Y90>6, m-ve
’X- axi

Oy=mctc
(2) y = mc

(3 y
 Oraw a aph b/s (2) S t tyat?
P
(OP: my
y=mxtC

COnbtaut then, S ut tta2

buonotant

Questiem :
T8 4y =3r +3, Draw it?s gaph:
2

tan® 3, tan3T 31

y-qxis
Guestios i
3
C= t8
4

+3

+24 3y = -4+24
y - 4
2 ]3y + 4x =24
3
 Tn
) Gnaph 4ST `T
3AT Go, Power SGT
X-axis
y-aris
asing: inre is x of
value If -
sraxis.
Py
uRT Py
P P
qraoh- the Draw Guestiox-
(magnitute)
COnstant
constant = -n EXample
:- s
rYnits
I-Cxis
tnt (ow When,
y
y-aris
Gnaph Inve1se
 y-xis
obolic Graph
>X- gris

X-qxís
ya-x
Y-qxis

y'ax > -axis

Examples
0Time-piod of simple pendum, T 2T7

Tav

Ta l

2 kine tic Enengy = p V2m trE)

2m P

VKE
PavkE PavkE

Tricks
T6 the powen of x will incre ase,
will bend touwards
then, qaph y-axis.

> 16 the powen o wi|l decrease, then

qraph will bend towardy
Y-axis.
 Exponential Graph ’ Fx
Ex gaoph (4ve positive)

Exponential aaph dE qraph (-ve neq ative)

Equcti om of Circle
Gg2+y2

Equatiom o7 Ellipse) Y-axis

q2
+ y* I-Ax0s

Voriatiom of Grqph
Case-1 Case- 2

Case - 3 Case - 4

B
A
Slope tve /incveaing Slope = tve/decre aoi ng.
Case-5 Case-6

Siope -elincveasing. Slope -ve ] decreasing.

 Diffenentiaion

dFunctiom :dyte)
d
- diffenertial of y wrt c
Lmportont fomvulae
dx d(sinx)
dc Cosx
(3) d(cosr)
dr
-sinx

d(tanr)
dx
Secx S dle*)- ex
du
() d (constat)
dr
- onstant. dcn 9) d (ln)

lDg Can also be qiven.

() d(m/n) -

d
n2

O d(mxn) (dm)n + dn Jm.

dx

Chain Rule:
diffenenciatiom of diffenenciatiey
dy. outside keepin of .nside
du inside s tio
|hene, co =omeya
Examples
-

3(siz)²,
0y= sinx ) > dy -
’ Ao Cos aot
y Asin (ast) :> dy A cos(ot) xa
3) y = Vsinx
dx
-(sin)"/2 x cosx

) IA y 2sin (cwt +), where co and coota nts, tnen dy ?

dy : 2 Cos (aot t 0) x s
+)
> 2a cos(cot
5 18y:tanx. cosr;then dy
dx
y:sinx yCos x ) sint. oS r
dy ’ (Sinx - Sinx )+ Cosr. Cosx
’ aosx - sin
6) y 4sin:3>x ) dy : 4cos(3x) x 3 9 |2 Cos (3x)

Y nt+t) dy
dt
-??
dydt x (2t t)

(8) y (r+1) ) dy : ?
>dy
du
: 2(x+ 1) x(3x)
Numeicoas to incYease uwith time to
adius of spheical bubble starts fwme o6tne bybble
(9 6 the rate 6 Change of vo
r= 0St.whas
with time 4s?
Vo lume f bubble: mr
dy
dt
4xTT xdt
der3) t x3
3*2xdr
dt dt

> 4n x 3x4 x o-5

|6 x0ST

0s:
lope of tangent at the ccuve, y =n(sinx) at x 4

coSX
Sinx
cotx > Cot 3T)
d
ot (i35)
The change flowing tnough a onductor beqinning with time,
t-0is qiven by forwula q 2t+3t+1 Col. find the cument
I d y at the end of sth secondo.
dt
i= dq, d2t + 3t +1) 4t +3+0 ) t t 3 4(s) +3
dt dt 2 3 Col.
Ametaeeic dise is being heated.Its area (in m) at any
time t (insec) js given by A 4t+2t. Calulate the ate
of inczeye jn aNea at t 4sec?
> dA
dt - d (4t'+2+) gt +2
t2 ’8(4)+ 2 > 3tm/sec
dt
 TA y=sinx +CoSI,then/dy isdouble-
© -
difenenjatio
dx?
: Cos x -Sinr
dx
dy -Sin - Cos

Aind Minima<maxi ma in biffenenciafien ?

Graph will be given
Check :- Step-W dy.
dx
=slope =3uo
Step-D
9Yo >-Ve’ Maxima

Idy >otve’ minima

Examples: Cooydinafe clso?

- miima/maxima, find y-
2Hx4x+S
y=
dy : 2r-4 > d - 2
d dr
here, 2 >0) miima

Enteatien
uPper limit
a-dx Inteqzatiom -no limit.
dy Types Directdy S-dx
loye
limit
Limits :-b hawing limits.
dy fe cd
Important fomwae

nt

C-I +C
Sedx
 Sdr
( Ssing.dr =-cOSI tC

Jtosx dx

Jedx :e+c

secr dr : tanr+c
Examples

Gno-D dy = fa'tsinx)-
+ dx ,find dy
dr
- (?
dy fsdx + (tsdx t (sinr.dr
dy + (-cos x)
3 -2
-2
dy =
2.

ldy 2r2
60
Qns-2 y= (sinx) ,find dy -?
30
,60
dy ’-(tcosx)30
> -(cos66 - Cos36)
>-(4-E)
2

TT|2 fnd dy -?
Gus 3 dy (cosx)dx,
-- sin0) >-0 0
dy = (sin’lsin 90'
 Chain Rule of 1nieqyotiem
of oudside kteping inside as it is
Inteqrahon
Coefficient of x

Examples
|since, sin is ooide hene)
Tr|2
Oysin(2r)
TI/2
-Cos (2*) > -1 (cos (2r))
’ 2

along x-axis is given

velocity of a particle movin9 te posítio
calulate
If the (3+-2+) and at t =O, X =O, then
2
v
at 2 sec?
Of particle AI = judt)
(Hint:- Chanee in pos itien
V= (3t?- 2t)
2
[(3-2+)dt
> (8-4)>4
Quadatic Eqpation
Genejal fom ar+btc
x2
- btyb?4ac
where,
q -c0e fficient of 20

oefficient of c
b
C= Constant

Binomial Theom

If x<I,
1+xn
tnen, (1+)" =
(|-x)" - 1-hx
(1-)" - 1+nx
(1+)n 1-nx
 Gheome tical Proression (inp)

heneral fo m:
Ist te
?= O mnon ratio.

|-C R

|R(Onmn tatio) nth teun

(n-) te

ns:

|- CR
3
CR=

| Logoritn(log)|
poweh
3=3,xesult Result
PouU en
Base
Base
log = 3

types
" Log are of 2
ONtwial log ’ loge
2) com man log > lo9io
The Natna log always et Conven ted into commen lo
by multplying it by 2:303

=2303|°9o

Propexties
fog =nlogio
( loN 1
 logo- log
+ log log(axb)

|logo- o3 Ioge =o-6 =0- 69

3
3
log =|·b9

logi o.7 Io9 = :4

Arithmetic Progre ssion (Ap)

> a,atd, a+2d, q+3d, -.
>nth ter = a th-d
Sum ßnth tens =
(2a+(ne-1)d)
OR
n (Ist tern t last ten)
2