1.

Types of Research ( Basic) – (Angelique Bagagnan)

As a research consultant, how would you investigate the factors influencing enrollment and participation in the
non-profit’s educational programs? Discuss which type of research methods will you use to address this
research problem and recommend the most appropriate research strategy.

As a research consultant, I would approach this investigation by:

1. A literature search to assess what is known about determinants of enrolment and participation in educational
programs.
2. To think through a set of significant concepts that characterize key factors of enrollment and participation.
3. In the selection of data collection techniques, a cross-sectional method uses both quantitative and qualitative data
collection techniques.
4. Collecting numerical data on enrollments and participation rates by employing quantities such as questionnaires
and statistical data collection methods.
5. Using interviews and focus groups as an approach will allow for additional exploration of participant’s reasons for
their decisions, perceptions, and difficulties.
6. Propose a case study research method to investigate the antecedents of admission and attendance in specific
educational programs for non-profits.

2. Applied Research and Action Research. – (Allen C. Basangan)

In your own opinion, why do you think it is important to learn about research?

Learning about research is crucial for several reasons:

● Informed decision-making: Research offers written or oral details intended for use by persons or companies in
making rational decisions.
● Problem-solving: Through the study, the research skills help one in defining and solving problems.
● Innovation: Investigation is another key facet of R & D because it entails the production of new knowledge, which
can only be achieved through research due to the development of novel ways or solutions to problems.
● Critical thinking: The knowledge that one gains about research helps to develop his/her abilities for critical
evaluation of information gathered.
● Personal growth: Education can assist people to grow within them the spirit of inquiry, intelligence, and learning
disposition.
● Contribution to society: There is an important role of research in the accumulation of new knowledge and the
welfare of society.

3. Research Problem/ Elements of a Research Problem. – (Molero, Melissa Beth)

Why is it important to define the Research Problem appropriately?

Defining the research problem appropriately is crucial for several reasons:

1. Focus and direction: The development of a clear research problem is crucial as it gives focus and direction
towards the research and avoids wastage of resources and time.
2. Clarity and understanding: This paper indicates that the formulation of a clear definition of the research problem
assists in pervading all the stakeholders with the problem under study.
3. Relevance and significance: In this, a clear research problem shows the contribution of the research towards the
solution of a given problem in the field and society.
4. Feasibility: The nature of any research problem defines the feasibility of the research concerning time, resources,
and ethical effects.
5. Research design: Evaluating the scope of the research dilemma, specific research questions & hypotheses
determine the right research techniques and approach.
6. Interpretation and conclusions: The clarification of the research problem enables the easy understanding of
research results as well as the formulation of conception conclusions.

4. Guidelines in the Selection of a Research Problem - Almie Paned

Create your research problem following the guidelines that we discussed.

Research Problem:

What are the effects of sustainably employed practices in tourism in Lapu-Lapu City, Philippines in promoting local
people’s incomes and living standards, protection of the natural environment, and satisfaction among visitors?

Key components:
Research focus: Tourism eco-friendly measures existing in Lapu-Lapu City.
Research question: Possible implications of such practices to local people’s welfare, the environment, and the satisfaction
of visitors.
Scope: The study will be carried out in the beautiful city of Lapu-Lapu City in the Republic of the Philippines.
Significance: This study has as its objective the proposition of this understanding of sustainable tourism destination
development, communities, and the environment’s effects.

5.Chapter 1-Introduction -(Bachiller, Mary Rose A.)

As a Researcher why do we need to make our introduction specific?

A specific introduction is essential for several reasons:

● Captures interest: A particular kind of introduction makes the reader interested in the given subject and makes
them wonder about the research.
● Provides context: A specific introduction provides detailed context of the study of provides rationale for the
problem under investigation.
● States the research problem clearly: A specific introduction avoids the use of ambiguous language in presenting
the research problem, such that the readers get to grasp a clear understanding of what the research seeks to
achieve.
● Highlights the research objectives: A general introduction contains the research objectives that guide the study
hence a specific introduction.
● Justifies the research: The introduction can, therefore, be more specific to offer the rationale why the research is
necessary and its significance to the area of study.
● Sets the tone for the paper: A specific introduction enables the readers to understand the general direction of the
paper besides determining the general approach and tone that will be incorporated.

6. Background of the Study. (Jery Jean B. Ramirez)

As a researcher, how will you avoid plagiarism?

A key standard of academic praxis is the non-plagiarism policy for it is pertinent to uphold the principles of research
integrity. Here are some strategies to avoid plagiarism: Here are some strategies to avoid plagiarism:

1. Proper citation: You should always acknowledge the sources that you have used in your work with regard to direct
or indirect quotations, or information that you have borrowed or intend to borrow from other people’s work. You
must use one citation style (APA, MLA, Chicago) and make sure to adhere to all the rules.
2. Original work: It is important that you do not present work that can be considered plagiarised or that does not
reflect your thoughts. Do not EVER copy and paste from different sources and don’t use words that are selected
from one source and then rewritten in your own words without properly citing the source where the words are
originally coming from.
3. Understand plagiarism: It is advisable to know about the various forms of plagiarism including direct copying,
paraphrasing without referencing, and the cut-and-paste copyright known as mosaic plagiarism.
4. Use plagiarism detection tools: It is suggested that you use plagiarism detection software to compare text in your
work with existing sources.
5. Seek guidance: If you are in doubt or have any doubt whether you have plagiarised or how to cite, it is advisable to
seek the help of the instructor or take the help of the writing tutor.
6. Develop good research habits: I have learned good conduct in doing research by taking notes as well as
documenting the source of the information.

7. Theoretical Framework. (Jenefer Gonzales)

Why Is It Very Important To Have A Well-Constructed Theoretical Framework?

A well-constructed theoretical framework is crucial for several reasons:

● Provides a foundation: It provides a framework within which adjustments to the selection of those variables, as well
as the methods of data collection and analysis on which you are going to embark, will be made.
● Offers context: It also situates your investigation in relation to the rest of the scholarly world, linking your study with
past and current theory.
● Guides interpretation: It makes sense out of the data you collect helping you come up with conclusions from your
collected data.
● Enhances credibility: A good theoretical framework enhances the rigor and reliability of your study.
● Provides structure: It creates a workflow and a guideline for the research to facilitate your thinking process.
● Facilitates communication: It helps you to communicate with other researchers you need to share your results and
ideas with them.
8. Conceptual Framework. (Dexter Pamani)
How can a Conceptual Framework benefit your research?

A conceptual framework can benefit your research in several ways:

1. Provides a roadmap: It acts also as your guide for your research and includes such aspects as concepts,
variables, and relationships between them.
2. Guides research design: It assists you in formulating a study with a rational, systematic mindset and direction, for
the identification of the variables and the relationships that will be investigated where possible.
3. Facilitates data collection and analysis: As stated earlier it enables you to pinpoint what data you need to gather
and how the data is to be analyzed.
4. Enhances understanding: It assists the researcher in knowing the development of the research problem and how
various variables are connected.
5. Improves clarity and coherence: This is beneficial as it increases the coherence of your research questions, and
hypotheses among other things making your research easily understandable.
6. Strengthens credibility: A proper conceptual framework that is properly constructed and articulated adds validity to
the research as it describes the nature of the study as well as the sequence of the study well and properly.

9. Statement of the Problem. – (Laiza De Leon)

Based on the steps outlined in the report, which part of the research synthesis process do you think is the most
critical, and why do you believe it plays such an important role in ensuring the reliability of the final synthesis?

The last and arguably the most important process in synthesizing research studies involves the assessment of the quality
of the undertaken studies. This step plays a crucial role in ensuring the reliability of the final synthesis for several reasons:
This step plays a crucial role in ensuring the reliability of the final synthesis for several reasons:

● Bias reduction: Researchers can control such bias by assessing the quality of the studies included, for example,
some studies may not have been published because of the results obtained.
● Evidence credibility: Validity is important in evaluating the quality of the research and as a result, the credibility of
the evidence.
● Robust conclusions: This also contributes to increasing confidence in the conclusions from analysis when only
high-quality studies are included in the synthesis.
● Generalizability: It is useful to pass judgment on the quality of studies about the possibility of generalizing results
on different populations and settings.
● Transparency: The procedure for assessment of the studies included in the synthesis should be described and
reproduced to enable the readers to judge the quality of the synthesis.
● Thus by critically appraising the quality of the studies used, one can be very sure that the final synthesis is
conducted based on good quality and reliable evidence thus providing more valid and reliable conclusions.

10. Significance of the study- (Leila Villanueva)

What problems can be encountered when formulating the significance of the study?

Some major problems that can arise when trying to state the importance of research include the following:

Exaggerating importance: The study could be overstated in a way that portrays it as a solution for all the world’s
plight or a catalyst for major changes within an area.
Downplaying importance: The significance of the research may be ignored or reduced, hence failing to portray
its contribution to the field.
Ambiguity in wording: It may be unclear why this research is significant leaving some people confused about its
relevance.
Irrelevance: This deduction does not follow from any part of the original question being studied; therefore, it will
not matter much about any specifics of the study itself.
Disconnection from existing literature: No proper references have been made from other works to show how a
specific piece fits into broader frameworks.
Ethical dilemmas: Some assumptions made might not particularly sound ethical or proper within themselves.

To avoid these challenges, one must carefully analyze how much impact their research might actually have, be
concise enough about its importance, and ensure relevance between these and other aspects in question.

11. Scope and Delimitation of the Study- (Reymark C. Benedicto)

Create a Venn diagram that shows the similarities and differences between scope and delimitation, and then write a
reflective essay detailing the importance of scope and delimitation in research.
The Pillars of Research: Scope and Delimitation
Scope denotes the breadth or extent of a research project whereas delimitation denotes its limitations, constraints, or
exclusions. It is important to note that they carry a lot of weight in research even if they go unnoticed by those who
are conducting it. Furthermore, they provide boundaries within which an investigation takes place so that projects do
not become unmanageable, irrelevant, and ineffective.

The scope is the range or extent of a research project, which sets the boundaries that constrain any exploration. It
encompasses what topics, variables, or phenomena will be investigated. A clearly articulated scope is akin to a
compass in the midst of a vast sea of information guiding one through. It prevents any departure from the point
meant for research thereby making it boring due to lack of passion. Thus by identifying its limits, researchers can
focus on the most important facets of their investigations thereby maximizing chances for meaningful contributions.

On the other hand, delimitation sets out limits that restrict the scope of certain investigations (Birt et al., 2007). In
other words, delimitations state what cannot be included in an inquiry so as to determine its range including
methodological constraints, and practical ones among other things (Kumar et al., 2000). In short, they help in
narrowing down studies thus simplifying them for better understanding. It is evident that both types of elements are
essential components that should not be overlooked during any research project. They play significant roles in
defining how far fields should stretch before coming back again at point zero.

12. Definition of Terms. Gibert Amlon

How does the inclusion of clear operational definitions in a research paper enhance the validity of the study's
findings, and what specific methods can researchers use to ensure these definitions are both accurate and
applicable to their research context?

As students of research or future researchers, it is important to understand, appreciate, and be able to differentiate
between clear operational definitions.

Clear operational definitions are crucial in research as they

Reduce ambiguity: HA: They give a tangible and quantifiable meaning of a concept which makes clarities of expected
understanding to any participants in the study.
Enhance reliability: Since the measurement procedure is brought to a common level, operational definitions enhance
objectivity and rate of medium reproduction of the study.
Improve validity: Al earned Воз Assignment and its suggestions College Concepts improve the internal and external
validity of the study; the research can measure precisely what it sets out to measure while its findings can be generalized
to the population.
Measures that need to be taken to ensure the validity of Operational Definitions
Literature Review:

Examine existing definitions: The first step will be the review of the literature to determine the existing definition of
concepts under research.
Assess their appropriateness: Assess whether these definitions are fitting for the specific context and research questions
of your study.

Consult with Experts:

Seek expert opinions: Tangibly discuss with the specialists of the field for a better understanding of the specifics of the
ideas and how they could be possibly measured.
Validate definitions: Consult independent individuals who are more knowledgeable about the operations of the variables
you intend to use in your study to come up with more accurate and relevant operational definitions.

Pilot Testing:

Test definitions: Eventually, try to establish a pilot study to test the relevance of the operational definitions to be applied.
Gather feedback: Structurally incorporate a post-pilot survey to find out from participants and researchers who conducted
the pilot study any areas that required changes.
Triangulation:

Use multiple methods: To do so, analyze your researched data by the use of different methodologies to validate your
results.
Increase reliability: It means that when data is collected from three different sources, the reliability and validity of that
particular research will increase.
Consider Contextual Factors:

Account for cultural differences: Experience is important in that certain cultural and or contextual considerations may
influence the meaning of such concepts.
Adapt definitions: If needed, adapt your operational definitions because of existing cultural or context peculiarities.
Therefore due to the importance of definition in any research, operational definition greatly improves the quality of results
in research hence improving its credibility.

13. Research Design-Quantitative. - (Gerald P. Gargallano)

How does random sampling affect the reliability of findings in quantitative research studies?

Another interesting factor that goes side by side with the implementation of random sampling is the improvement of the
reliability of findings in several manuscripts based on quantitative research. Here's how:

● Reduces Bias: One major way of reducing the impact of selection bias is through the use of random sampling
which increases the chances of the sample being independent and arguing that it is a true sample. This minimizes
the possibility of making incorrect conclusions that stem from a sample that has been selected haphazardly.

● Increases Generalizability: Random sampling is more appropriate in this case since it gives a better chance of
generalizing the results from the sample to the population. The external validity is, therefore, improved by the
increased variation of participants’ backgrounds and experiences that are chosen by the researchers.

● Enhances Statistical Inference: Random sampling is an assumption of many statistical tests that are considered
necessary in doing research. Through the employment of random sampling, the statistical inferences about the
population based on the sample results would be much more accurate.

● Improves Precision: Random sampling can also make estimates of population parameters to be more accurate. A
sample selected at a larger and randomly compensates for the bias hence decreasing the margin of error in
statistical analyses.

However, as we see, while dealing with random sampling we can achieve rather high levels of reliability; though perfect
reliability cannot be guaranteed. Other sources of reliability include the quality of the research design, measurement
instruments that are instruments used in data collection, and the overall skills of the researcher in data analysis.

14. Research Design -Qualitative. (Junard F. Señas)

In qualitative research, what ways do people experience something, and what from their experiences?

How People Get to Cope with Something in Qualitative Study

● Underlying the observational studies of qualitative research is the goal of describing people’s perceptions.
Researchers often explore how participants:
● Perceive: What is their view of the world within which organizational objects are located? What significance do
they assign to them?
● Feel: Which feelings do they have? In what ways do such emotions affect the thinking patterns and actions of
these people?
● Think: What do they think and what do they believe? In what way do these thoughts and beliefs influence these
people’s perception of reality?
● Act: How do they cope with the encountered situations? In what respects do they intervene to manage or respond
to their feelings and thoughts?
● Relate: In which way do they engage with other people? More importantly, what social relationships are considered
by them as relevant? In what ways do such relationships shape their experiences?
● As Qualitative research is all about exploring what people go through, it is vital to establish; What People
Experience.
● The last difference between qualitative and quantitative experience lies in the fact that the specific aspects of
experience, the focus on which is made in qualitative studies, can hardly be predetermined and therefore depend
on the research question and context. However, some common themes include:
● Personal narratives: Narrative could be about the process of life, or achievements of the person, or difficulties that
he faced.
● Cultural practices: Cultural practices that people of a certain ethnicity or those belonging to a certain community
embrace.
● Social interactions: Any gender-related issues regarding experiences of relationships or discrimination.
● Emotional states: Mood, pleasure or pain, happiness or sorrow, rage or panic, or any other emotion.
 ● Cognitive processes: A reaction or a mental process that may comprise thinking, recalling information, or even
choosing.
● Physical sensations: Suffering or inconvenience or sensory enjoyment.
● It allows qualitative researchers to grasp those feelings that people themselves see significant life events
happening.

15. Population and Sampling.- (Elizabeth Aplat Dip-asen)

Identify a research topic you want to conduct then, determine/decide on what sampling method to be used.

Research Topic:
Social Networking Sites and the Effectiveness of Social Media on the Psychological Wellbeing of Teenagers in Lapu-Lapu
City

Sampling Method: Stratified random sampling is one of the types of probability sampling where the population is divided
into separate categories according to some characteristics.
Rationale for Stratified Random Sampling

Heterogeneity: The Target Group You have selected teenagers in Lapu-Lapu City They come from different backgrounds
such as socioeconomic status, education, and culture. Stratified random sampling will help in making sure that each of the
sub-groups has been taken in the proper proportion.

Targeted Analysis: Thus by defining the population and dividing them into specialized categories with the key variables
(such as gender, age, and social status) the influences of social networks may be investigated concerning specific groups
of teenagers.

Increased Precision: There are several advantages of stratified random sampling over simple random sampling, which
include; accurate estimation of variance and hence higher estimate precision in cases where there are variations in the
stratum.

Steps Involved in Stratified Random Sampling:

Identify Strata: Categorize the Lapu-Lapu City teenager population into different groups by related factors (such as gender
age or economic status).

Determine Sample Size for Each Stratum: Assume the target sample size is 2000; divide this by the number of strata
resulting from the analysis above and multiply the yield by the proportion of the strata in the overall population.

Select Random Samples: Larger strata are usually preferred since they allow the use of probability sampling methods
such as inviting a sample of people with their numbers generated randomly to complete the study.
Let researchers use stratified random sampling so that one can get the actual feelings of the teenagers in Lapu-Lapu City
so that the above findings and recommendations can be generalized.

16. Research Instrument. - Edward Celeste

As a researcher, why do we need to ensure the validity and reliability of our research instruments?

The validity and reliability of research instruments facilitate the reliability of research findings, and therefore it’s important.

Here's why:

Validity

Accuracy: Validity confirms the fact that the instrument of measurement is indeed reflecting the intended object for
measurement.
Internal Validity: It confirms that the observed effects are a result of the independent variable, not the other factors known
as extraneous variables.
External Validity: It makes sure that the results can be applied to the rest of the population.
Reliability

Consistency: This is to assure the reliability of the instrument in terms of time and inter-context reliability.
Internal Consistency: It minimizes the chances of having a situation whereby some of the items within an instrument
measure a given construct while others are tapping on a completely different construct.
Inter-rater Reliability: In the case of observational studies, it makes certain that the various pencil sharpers have agreed on
their ratings.
Therefore, it is important for researchers to establish validity and reliability to guarantee that the information being
produced is correct, dependable, and could be applied in other similar studies.

17. Data Gathering – Lorelyn S. Fabulare

As a Researcher, how can we ensure the accuracy and consistency of the gathered data?

To achieve credibility of the findings it is vital to integrate proper method and meaningful data correctness.

Data Collection:

Clear and concise instructions: The buy-in and coordination of data collectors should be well established to provide a clear
comprehensive explanation of the data collection process and the criteria that shall be used when recording information by
the collectors.
Training and standardization: Ensure that the collectors of the data are well trained to undertake the use of the instruments
as well as ensure that there are standardized procedures for data collection.
Double-checking and verification: Aim at having a double-check method in the data or else serve as data takers to identify
the same event or a similar one.

Data Entry:

Data entry protocols: To avoid variation in data input, set the standard of data input procedures to be followed.
Data cleaning: Data pre-processing, involves applying cleaning processes that help to erase errors, inconsistencies, or
even missing values.
Data validation: This means that while entering data, data validation rules must be applied to check for any discrepancies
or mistakes.

Data Storage:

Secure storage: Make it secure to avoid exposing it to unauthorized people or losing it in the course of data management.
Backups: It helps to make scheduled copies of data to avoid any loss in case of failures or disasters concerning the IT
systems.

Data Analysis:

Intercoder reliability: In the case of qualitative research, apply intercoder reliability measures to quantify the consistency in
coders interpretation.
Statistical checks: For quantitative-based research, apply statistical tools of data validation like screening for outliers this
checks consistencies in data.
Through the application of these strategies, the researchers can have better and more accurate collected data to support
their research hence coming up with valid and credible findings.