Proceedings of the International Conference on Inventive Research in Computing Applications (ICIRCA 2022)

IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP22N67-ART; ISBN: 978-1-6654-9707-7

Intrusive Energy Management with advanced smart

metering and monitoring using IoT
Selvam. P Ramakrishnaprabu G
Professor & Head, Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Associate Professor, Electrical & Electronics Engineering,
Vinayaka Mission’s Kirupananda Variyar Engineering College, Vinayaka Mission’s Kirupananda Variyar Engineering College,
Vinayaka Mission’s Research Foundation Vinayaka Mission’s Research Foundation
(Deemed to be University), Salem, Tamil Nadu, India. (Deemed to be University), Salem, Tamil Nadu, India.
[email protected] [email protected]
2022 4th International Conference on Inventive Research in Computing Applications (ICIRCA) | 978-1-6654-9707-7/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ICIRCA54612.2022.9985661

Senthilkumar. K Sathish R.
PG Student, M.E - Power System Engineering, Assistant Professor, Electrical & Electronics Engineering,
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Vinayaka Mission’s Kirupananda Variyar Engineering College,
Vinayaka Mission’s Kirupananda Variyar Engineering College, Vinayaka Mission’s Research Foundation
Vinayaka Mission’s Research Foundation (Deemed to be (Deemed to be University), Salem, Tamil Nadu, India.
University), Salem, Tamil Nadu, India. [email protected]
Devarajan R Loganathan P
Professor, Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Assistant Professor, Electrical & Electronics Engineering,
Vinayaka Mission’s Kirupananda Variyar Engineering College, Vinayaka Mission’s Kirupananda Variyar Engineering College,
Vinayaka Mission’s Research Foundation Vinayaka Mission’s Research Foundation
(Deemed to be University), Salem, Tamil Nadu, India. (Deemed to be University), Salem, Tamil Nadu, India.
[email protected] [email protected]

Abstract — Smart meters and the Internet of Things (IoT) system [1] . Regardless of the fact that they will be electronic,
have been widely used to completely replace analogue meters in the information we obtain through all the current framework
today's smart home. It converts data collecting and meter are not precise and correct. It is usually necessary for a
readings to digital format. This study offers a novel Intrusive representative from the electricity department to visit the
Energy Management (IEM) approach for energy monitoring, customer's home in order to record the information, and
with the goal of developing an activity identification system mistakes can happen at any time. As a result, the smart energy
based on the Internet of Things architecture. The appliances metre is the problem's solution. The smart grid is incredibly
layer, perception layer, communication network layer, significant in today's culture. The daily lives of tens of
middleware layer, and application layer make up the proposed
millions of people would be severely damaged as a result of
IoT architecture. The appliance recognition module's primary
duty is to label sensor data and enable the installation of various
the unstable and unpredictable electrical system [2-4]. A smart
home applications. Smart metering systems enable end-users to metre is a device that allows for reliable real-time status
monitor their energy consumption while also providing key info monitoring, automatic data collection, user interfaces, and
on voltage stability. The grid operators use the data supplied by voltage regulation [5-8].It allows for a two-way flow of data
such systems for improving energy supply, and numerous between consumers and providers, allowing for greater
strategies, such as load scheduling, demand side management, control and efficiency [9-11]. It gives real-time usage data and
and non-intrusive load monitoring, could be utilized to do this. allows for energy consumption.
The article depicts an advanced smart metering infrastructure
for use in future smart houses, where not only electricity usage II. RELATED WORKS
but also gas, water, and heating consumption are tracked. Users The approach provided in this study is a completely
can be aware of their entire energy use by monitoring all energy automated identification of customer load profiles, as
systems in the building, and advanced control techniques can be described in [12]. Researchers could use data from smart
achieved using Smart Energy Management Systems (SEMS). meters to detect load profiles and provide a user interface for
consumers and utilities. This article demonstrates how to use
Keyword- smart metering, energy management, Internet of
TCP/IP sockets to accept data via a client-server software
Things (IOT), appliances.
interface. The customer and service are represented by client
I. INTRODUCTION and server software, respectively. A database was developed
to store consumer data. The utility software can read the load
The internet of things (IoT) is a network of interconnected profiles of the consumers from the database. Each month's
smart gadgets that share data. A person is wearing a heart electricity bill will be emailed to the customer for
monitor or a vehicle with established detectors, for example, identification purposes. The introduction of smart meters in
is examples of 'things' with an IP address and the ability to the distributed power system made the way to show some
acquire and send data across a network without the need for benefits of the load profile identification.
direct intervention. The industrial internet of things in objects
enables them to interact with internal states as well as physical DSM (demand side management) systems play a vital part
factors, influencing their decisions. As a result of rapid growth in residential energy management in this research [13-15]. The
and development, energy scarcity has become a serious issue. DSM model uses Evolutionary Algorithms to schedule the
An adequate system must be built in order to analyse and appliances of home users (EAs). BPSO, GAs, and cukoo
control power use. Errors are common with the existing search are all examples of binary practice swarm optimization.

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 Proceedings of the International Conference on Inventive Research in Computing Applications (ICIRCA 2022)
IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP22N67-ART; ISBN: 978-1-6654-9707-7

This also aids in lowering the electricity bill and reducing high communicated to the charging point, which will also be
peaks. Each device's current and voltage will be monitored by displayed on the LCD.
the system via a sensor. The EB meter's voltage and current
are measured by these sensors. If a customer consumes too Smart devices may communicate with each other in a two-
much energy, an alert will be sent, and the power will be way communication mode when they are activated and when
turned off for a span of years. they are turned on and off. It regularly sends data to a central
computer to maintain tabs on, manage, and evaluate power
Three phase four wire energy meters are used in this paper use. Also unlike traditional meters, SMs are able to measure a
[16-20]. The digital realm of the smart meter is detected, and wide range of electrical variables, such as the current and
all these measurements are relayed to the smartphone network voltage as well as the frequency and power. SMs are more
using wireless GSM technology. On this cellphone, the accurate than traditional meters. Certain electric metrics are
customer always receives information on electric energy crucial in load management, problem diagnostics, and
usage. The controller controls all the meter's functions. The capacity monitoring. As a result of the increased functionality
measurement unit, controller unit, display unit, and and lower cost, SM has been selected. There are several
transceiver are the four components of the system. The Hall advantages to using web-based digital services when
Effect sensor is used to monitor voltage output. integrating SMs and IoTs, since they enable the SG to function
on an international level as opposed to on a more regional one.
The basic goal of is to create intelligence in a standard
energy meter. The technology provides great mobility, cheap III. SYSTEM MODEL
cost, supervision, and simple system administration.
Bluetooth technologies and a smart phone are used to operate Interior technology may communicate with the outside
the power. This process utilizes a voltage and current sensor world through IoT, which can affect the activities taken.
to determine the line voltage and current. The power would be Increasing the SG's accuracy and productivity is the primary
measured in relation to the ultimate force by these sensors. advantage of an IoT-based SM system. An IoT ecosystem
The microcontroller unit is connected to the sensor. The based on SMs and an IoT middleware is used in this study to
recorded data is always presented on the LCD display, and it develop a SEMS design and implementation. The client
has been sent to an Android device through Bluetooth. followed through with the proposed strategy. Figure-1 depicts
a block diagram for IoT smart metre monitoring.
The smart meter, which uses GSM technology, would
provide individuals with precise information about how much A. Intrusive Energy Monitoring (IEM)
of each resource they use, allowing them to save traditional The IEM method relies on employing a low-end metering
resources. It will explain how to avoid the drawbacks of using device to measure the electricity consumption of machines.
a mechanical meter. As a result, it is extremely accurate, IEM technologies can be used in neither residential and
dependable, and tamper-proof. The meter features a capability commercial settings. Submeters, also known as iot devices,
that detects voltage and current variations in the distribution were complexity, IEM technologies can be divided into three
system. It is accomplished by examining the supply state at categories:
the distribution transformer as well as the supply status at the
IEM Category 1: This category contains A submeter is a
customer. The power quality and total power consumed by the
device that measures usage after the principal utility energy
applied load are calculated using the detected data at power.
metre in a family's zone or territorial area.
The GSM modem is connected to the domestic energy meter
for automated invoicing. IEM Category 2: Submeters at the plug level are used to
regulate items that are closely linked to an outlet or many
A microcontroller ATmega328P and a GSM-based energy
outlets.
metering system detects and controls power theft and solves
the problem by remotely reconnecting and disconnecting a IEM Group 3: Submeters in this category are those that are
specific consumer's line. Energy theft is a serious issue in most either integrated into the appliances themselves or are
countries, and as the population grows, so will energy usage. connected to a separate electrical outlet (i.e., outlet for a
The supply line is disconnected and reconnected using a solid- specific appliance). In addition to network devices, a home
state relay (SSR). The voltage and current sensors are area communication network is required for an IEM
continuously monitored by Arduino, and the results are shown implementation, as previously stated. A system like this may
on the LCD Display. Such system can benefit both the thus be analysed from an IoT perspective.
equipment and the energy, as well as the consumer.
Energy monitoring applications might benefit from this
The mechanism automates the energy meter using GSM Internet of Things (IoT) architecture.
technology. GSM is a useful technology since it provides a
long range for data transmission and allows for a big number The physical devices layer collects data in the lower part
of users to be added. The measured values are continuously of the system before it can be sent to a higher layer. There are
sensed in this location, and the sensed unit is sent to the billing energy exchanges on this level. The physical equipment layer
point via GSM. The appropriate invoices are then generated in includes common household items like refrigerators, lights,
the measurement units and sent to the appropriate user at the irons, microwaves, and ovens, as well as significant loads like
appropriate time. Each consumer device has a digital GSM electric vehicles (EVs) and HVAC systems.
power meter attached. This will operate digitally, with the The perception layer, which is in charge of data collection
current, power, and voltage displayed on the LCD display. due to the many sensors and actuators used, is the next logical
Electric operated devices require a certain flow of charge step in the data collection process. For this procedure, the
whenever a load is applied. This will be immediately sensed amount of power used varies depending on the intended use.
by the detector, as well as the current units detected will be The pace at which data is sampled (high-speed vs. low-speed)
is an important consideration.

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 Proceedings of the International Conference on Inventive Research in Computing Applications (ICIRCA 2022)
IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP22N67-ART; ISBN: 978-1-6654-9707-7

The communications infrastructure layer is responsible for Communication between Internet of Things (IoT) devices
connecting the various devices. Based on where data is sent, a and software is facilitated by the middleware layer.
specific load monitor will be utilised.

Fig. 1 Overall System Architecture

Fig. 2 IoT based energy monitoring applications

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 Proceedings of the International Conference on Inventive Research in Computing Applications (ICIRCA 2022)
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B. Smart meter (SM) Where 𝑝𝑗 denotes the average power throughout time. The
In order to transfer data to the IoT middleware module, the leakage conductance of a power line is 𝑇𝑖 𝜎 which can be
SM design uses three high-end microcontroller-system on found in the material manual. The resistance of the branch
chips (SoCs). To begin, Texas Instruments has created the power line is 𝑟𝑗. The mean current in Ti on the j branch is Ii,j.
MSP430F67641 MCU, an advanced microcontroller designed It is now possible to estimate the unknown parameter vector.
for grid variable monitoring. A solid framework can precisely If the condition number is too great, the submeters matrix will
determine voltage, current, power (active, reactive, and be an ill-conditioned matrix and the solution will have a
apparent), the power factor, and frequency. Texas Instruments' significant error. Consumers' behaviour may stay stable, yet
TM4C129x, an ARM-Cortex-M microcontroller from the their energy use may vary somewhat over time. This will
Tiva C series, is the next SoC utilised. Interconnection and result in a very ill-condition vector in the submeters matrix,
storage mechanisms in memory cards necessitated the use of which will lead to an anomalous solution.
this microcontroller. As well as managing load (on/off,
cooling and lightning circuits), it can also monitor crucial IV. RESULTS & ANALYSIS
control factors such as humidity, temperature and photovoltaic The parameters are employed for assessment are mean
(PV) devices in real time over the internet. Third SoC's square error, Root mean square error, Mean absolute error.
nodeMCU microcontroller is connected to it through a
Two continuous variables may be measured using the
universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter (UART).
NodeMCU communicates wirelessly with the IoT middleware MAE, which measures the difference between them. AI
using the MQTT protocol (message queuing telemetry models' hourly anticipated energy consumption values are
transport). For wireless connection interface, we utilised IEEE compared to actual energy consumption numbers in order to
calculate the MAE in this research. It's provided as
802.15.4. TM4C129x MCU specifications are detailed in
Table 1. 1
𝑀𝐴𝐸 = ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑦 − 𝑦′ (5)
𝑛
TABLE I. TM4C129X MCU SPECIFICATIONS
where y denotes the hourly real net energy consumption
data, y' the hourly forecasted net energy consumption data
Manufact derived by the AI models, and n the sample size..
Type PU Memory I/P Power
urer
Espressif 32-bit 160
4MB flash 48 pins 3.3V DC
The MAPE is a commonly used index for prediction
systems MCU MHZ problems, and the suggested model evaluates it using its
intuitive meaning in terms of relative error. The following
C. Smart Energy meter reading equation serves as the foundation for the MAPE calculation.
The RMSE index is often used to compare expected and actual
Smart metres exhibit relative error in real-world values. Its calculation is presented as:
applications. These are also certain energy losses that occur
1 𝑦−𝑦′
throughout cable transmission. The following formula can be 𝑀𝐴𝑃𝐸 = ∑𝑛𝑖=1 (6)
𝑛 𝑦
used to express this connection.
1
𝑥𝑖,𝑗 𝑥𝑗,0 𝑅𝑀𝑆𝐸 = √ ∑𝑛𝑖=1(𝑦 − 𝑦 ′ )2 (7)
∑𝑛𝑗=1 + 𝐸𝑗 = (1) 𝑛
1+𝛿𝑖 1+𝛿0

Where 𝑥𝑖,𝑗 is the readers of submeter i at time slot j, 𝑥𝑗,0 is TABLE II. PERFORMANCE RESULTS
the reading of master metre i at prime time 𝛿𝑖 , and I is the
Parameters Obtained results
relative error of metre i at time slot j and I is the relative error
of metre I at time slot j. The energy losses at time slot j are
MAE 20%
denoted by E j. Let’s utilize j to represent 1/1+ i and yj to
represent 1/1+ 0. Again from time - series, we want to figure MAPE 22%
out what the parameter vector is. Losses in energy Smart metre
self-consumption (ei M), leakage loss (ei L), and power line RMSE 20%
loss (ei L) are the three primary components of Ej (ei N). The Active
following 37 watts
power
𝑒𝑖𝑀 = ∑𝑛−1
𝑗=0 𝑝𝑗𝑇𝑖 (2) voltage 43volts
𝑒𝑖𝐿 = 𝑈 2 𝜎𝑇𝑖 (3)
𝑒𝑖𝑛 = ∑𝑛−1
𝑗=0 𝐼𝑖,𝑗 𝑟𝑗 𝑇𝑖 (4)

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Fig. 3 Analysis of errors Fig. 5 Analysis of active power

The figure 3 shows the comparison of errors where X axis The figure 5 shows the comparison of errors where X axis
shows the time in hours used for analysis and Y axis indicates shows the time in hours used for analysis and Y axis active
values obtained in percentage. When analysed the errors are power in watts. When analysed the proposed smart meter
less in proposed smart meter achieves 37 watts.
V. CONCLUSION
The major purpose of this study is to design, develop,
build, test, and verify a low-cost Smart Energy Management
Systems (SEMS) system that evaluates daily power
consumption utilising an IoT-based method. The importance
of the Internet of Things in the SEMS that are currently being
provided has been demonstrated by this research. Not only
does it permit real-time data collection, but it also permits two-
way control of linked devices for the purpose of effective
power management on the part of both the client and the
service provider. In conclusion, the Internet of Things
provides a clever answer to the problem of managing and
monitoring continuous power use. Based on the outcomes of
this research, it is determined that the given SEMS allows
customers to measure their electricity usage easily, efficiently,
reliably, and properly, enabling them to better understand and
reduce power waste, resulting in energy savings. As a result,
this strategy supports the employment of ever-expanding
Fig. 4 Analysis of voltage
information and communication technology (ICT).
The figure 4 shows the comparison of voltage where X Knowledge transfer, improved abilities, and several factors
axis shows the time in hours used for analysis and Y axis that may be examined in the system have all been outlined for
active voltage in volts. When analysed the proposed smart the actual smart metre infrastructure services.
meter achieves 43 volts.
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