A Level CIE Chemistry 2 hours 15 questions

Structured Questions

1.1 Atomic Structure

1.1.1 Particles in the Atom & Atomic Structure / 1.1.2 Mass, Charge & Subatomic
Particles / 1.1.3 Determining Subatomic Structure / 1.1.4 Atomic & Ionic Radius /
1.1.5 Isotopes / 1.1.6 Electronic Structure / 1.1.7 Electron Subshells & Orbitals /
1.1.8 Electron Configuration / 1.1.9 Determining Electronic Configurations / 1.1.10
Ionisation Energy / 1.1.11 Ionisation Energy Trends / 1.1.12 Ionisation Energies &…

Easy (5 questions) /39 Scan here for your answers

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Medium (5 questions) /53

Hard (5 questions) /50

Total Marks /142

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Easy Questions
1 (a) Complete Table 1.1 to show the relative charge and mass of the subatomic particles.

Table 1.1

Subatomic particle Relative Charge Relative Mass

Proton 1
Neutron
Electron 1
1836

(4 marks)

(b) Using the Periodic Table, complete Table 1.2 to show the number of protons, neutrons
and electrons in each of the given species.

Table 1.2

Species Number of protons Number of neutrons Number of electrons

31P

24
Na+
37
Cl–

(3 marks)

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(c) State why the physical properties of isotopes are different.

(2 marks)

(d) Explain why the chemical properties of 35Cl and 37Cl are similar.

(2 marks)

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2 (a) An isotope of element X has two more protons and two more neutrons than an atom of
41
K. Use the Periodic Table to identify element X.

(1 mark)

(b) Give the full electronic configuration of the following species:

K+ .........................................................................................

Ti ..........................................................................................

Co ........................................................................................

(3 marks)

(c) Ionisation energy reactions are endothermic processes.

i) Write the equations for the first ionisation energy of K and the second ionisation
energy of Sc
[2]

ii) Give the full electronic configuration of the Sc2+

[1]

(3 marks)

(d) Table 2.1 shows successive ionisation energies of element Z in Period 3.

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 Table 2.1

1 2 3 4 5
Ionisation energy
(kJ mol-1) 786 1576 3232 4356 16091

i) State why the first ionisation energy generally increases from left to right across
the Periodic Table.
[2]
ii) Using the data of successive ionisation energies in table 2.1, state which group of
the Periodic Table element Z belongs to.

Group .........................

Explanation .........................................................................................................
[3]

(5 marks)

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3 (a) Aluminium is a metal in Group 13

Complete the electron configuration in Fig. 3.1 for an aluminium atom using box
notation.

Fig. 3.1

(1 mark)

(b) Draw the orbital of the 2s orbital on the axis in Fig. 3.2.

Fig. 3.2

(1 mark)

(c) The first ionisation energy values of Li, Mg and Na are shown in Table 3.1

Table 3.1

Element First ionisation energy (kJ mol-1)

496
Li 520
738

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 Complete the table.

(1 mark)

(d) Explain why the first ionisation energy of aluminium is lower than the first ionisation
energy of magnesium.

(2 marks)

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4 (a) Give the electron configuration of the following species:

Mg .................................................................

Mg2+ .................................................................

(2 marks)

(b) Write an equation including state symbols to show the first ionisation energy of Mg.

(2 marks)

(c) Explain why the second ionisation energy of Mg is higher that the first ionisation energy.

(2 marks)

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5 (a) Fig. 5.1 shows how protons, neutrons and electrons behave differently when they move
at the same velocity in an electric field.

Label the positive and negative plates in Fig. 5.1.

Fig. 5.1

(1 mark)

(b) Using the Periodic Table, complete Table 5.1 to show the number of protons, neutrons
and electrons in each of the given species.

Table 5.1

Symbol Protons Neutrons Electrons

23
Na
32S2–

86Sr2+

(3 marks)

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(c) Write the electronic configuration for the 32S2– atom.

(1 mark)

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Medium Questions
1 (a) The composition of atoms and ions can be determined from knowledge of atomic
number, nucleon number and charge.

Complete Table 1.1.

Table 1.1

Atomic Nucleon Number of Number of Number of

Symbol
number number electrons protons neutrons
19 −
9 10 9F

23 26 32

(2 marks)

(b) Lithium and potassium are Group 1 metals.

State the following for the potassium 1+ ion with a nucleon number of 39.

Symbol .......................................

[1]
Full electronic configuration .................................................

[1]

(2 marks)

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(c) Beams of protons, neutrons and electrons behave differently in an electric field due to
their differing properties.

Fig. 1.1 shows the path of a beam of electrons in an electric field.

Add and label lines to Fig. 1.1 to represent the paths of beams of protons and neutrons
in the same field.

Fig. 1.1

(3 marks)

(d) The fifth to eighth ionisation energies of three elements in the third period of the
Periodic Table are given. The symbols used for reference are not the actual symbols of
the elements.

Ionisation energies, kJ mol-1

fifth sixth seventh eighth
X 6274 21 269 25 398 29 855
Y 7012 8496 27 107 31 671
Z 6542 9362 11 018 33 606

i) State and explain the group number of element Y.

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 Group number ...............................

Explanation ..............................
[1]

ii) State and explain the general trend in first ionisation energies across the third
period.
[2]

iii) Explain why the first ionisation energy of element Y is less than that of element X.
[2]

iv) Complete the electronic configuration of element Z.

1s2 .................
[1]

(6 marks)

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2 (a) The model of the nuclear atom was first proposed by Ernest Rutherford. He developed
this model on the basis of results obtained from an experiment using gold metal foil.

Complete the Table 2.1 with information for two of the particles in an atom of 197Au.

Table 2.1

Location Total number in

Particle Relative mass Relative charge
within atom an atom of 197Au
electron 0.0005 -1 79
neutron nucleus

(4 marks)

(b) A sample of gold found in the earth consists of only one isotope.

i) Explain what is meant by the term isotopes

[2]

ii) A different sample of gold contains more than one isotope.

Suggest why this different sample of gold has the same chemical properties as the
sample found in the earth.
[1]

(3 marks)

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(c) Gold(III) chloride, traditionally called auric chloride, is one of the most common
compounds of gold.

It has the formula AuCl3.

Complete the electron configuration for the chloride ion using box notation.

(1 mark)

(d) On the axes shown in Fig. 2.1, draw a sketch diagram of one of each different type of
orbital that is occupied by the electrons in a Period 3 element.

Label each type of orbital.

Fig. 2.1

(3 marks)

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3 (a) All elements have a value for a first ionisation energy.

i) Define the term first ionisation energy of an element.

[2]
ii) Write the equation for the first ionisation energy of aluminium.
[1]

(3 marks)

(b) Table 3.1 shows successive ionisation energies of an element A, found in period 3 of the
Periodic Table.

Table 3.1

Number of electrons 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Ionisation energy (kJ
mol-1) 1012 1904 2914 4964 6274 21 268 25 431 29 872

Identify element A. Explain your answer using data from Table 3.1.

(2 marks)

(c) Fig. 3.1 shows the trend in ionisation energy for Period 3 of the Periodic Table.

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 Fig. 3.1

i) Explain why the first ionisation energy increases across Period 3.

[3]
ii) Explain the deviations in the trend.
[3]

(6 marks)

(d) Explain why the second ionisation energy of aluminium is a larger value than the first
ionisation energy.

(1 mark)

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4 (a) Iron and cobalt are adjacent elements in the Periodic Table. Iron has three main
naturally occurring isotopes, cobalt has one.

Explain the meaning of the term isotope.

(2 marks)

(b) Isotopes of polonium, proton number 84, are produced by the radioactive decay of
several elements including thorium, proton number 90. The isotope 213Po is produced
from the thorium isotope 232Th.

Complete Table 4.1 below to show the atomic structures of the isotopes 213Po and 232Th.

Table 4.1

Isotope Protons Neutrons Electrons

213
Po
232
Th

(3 marks)

(c) Polonium has twenty five different isotopes.

Explain why the isotopes of polonium exhibit the same chemical reactions but their
boiling points differ slightly.

(2 marks)

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5 (a) The first six ionisation energies of an element X are given below in Table 5.1.

Table 5.1

First Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth

Ionisation
energy
950 1800 2700 4800 6000 12 300
(kJ mol-1)

Write an equation, with state symbols, for the second ionisation energy of element X.

(2 marks)

(b) Use the data given above to deduce in which group of the Periodic Table element X is
placed. Explain your answer.

Group ........................................................

Explanation ............................................................

(3 marks)

(c) The first ionisation energies (I.E.) for the elements of Group 4 are given below in Table
5.2.

Table 5.2

Element C Si Ge Sn Pb
1st I.E (kJ mol-1) 1090 786 762 707 716

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 Explain the trend shown by these values in terms of the atomic structure of the
elements.

(4 marks)

(d) Write the full electronic configuration for germanium.

(1 mark)

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Hard Questions
1 (a) Fig. 1.1 shows the elements from the first three periods of the Periodic Table.

Fig. 1.1

Identify an element that fits each of the following descriptions:

i) An element that forms a 2- ion with the same electronic configuration as Ne

[1]
ii) The Period 3 element with the highest boiling point
[1]
iii) The element from the first three periods with the largest atomic radius
[1]
iv) The element from the first three periods with the highest first ionisation energy
[1]
v) The Period 3 element with the successive ionisation energies shown in Table 1.1

Table 1.1

Ionisation number 1st 2nd 3rd 4th

Ionisation energy / kJ mol−1 738 1451 7733 10541

[1]

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 (5 marks)

(b) Fig. 1.2 shows the first ionisation energies for six consecutive elements labelled A-F.

Fig. 1.2

Complete the graph to show the first ionisation energies of elements G-K.

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 (5 marks)

(c) Explain why the value of the first ionisation energy for D is greater than for C.

(2 marks)

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2 (a) Successive ionisation energies provide evidence for the arrangement of electrons in atoms. In Table
2.1, the successive ionisation energies of oxygen are given.

Table 2.1

Ionisation number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
-1
Ionisation energy / kJ mol 1314 3388 5301 7469 10989 13327 71337 84080

i) Give the equation, including state symbols, for the third ionisation energy of oxygen.

[2]

ii) Explain how this data shows evidence of two energy shells in oxygen.

[2]

(4 marks)

(b) Give the full electron configuration of the following atoms and ions.

i) Te

[1]

ii) Zn2+

[1]

iii) Cu2+

[1]

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 (3 marks)

(c) Palladium is a transition metal that is primarily used in a catalytic converter.

i) Give the electron configuration for the Zirconium 2+ ion, Zr2+, starting with [Kr].

[1]

ii) Give the equation including state symbols to represent the third ionisation energy of Zirconium,
Zr.

[1]

(2 marks)

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3 (a) Copper is an easily moulded base metal that is often added to precious metals to improve their
elasticity, flexibility, hardness, colour, and resistance to corrosion.

Table 3.1 shows the number of protons, neutrons and electrons of different isotopes and ions of copper.

Table 3.1

Species Protons Neutrons Electrons

34 27
65Cu+ 29

i) Complete Table 3.1.

[2]

ii) Give the full electron configuration of the Cu+ ion.

[1]

(3 marks)

(b) Calculate the percentage abundance of 63Cu with a mass of 62.9296 and 65Cu with a mass of 64.9278,
when the average mass of the Cu isotope is 63.546.

Express your answer to an appropriate number of significant figures.

(3 marks)

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(c) Explain why the isotopes of copper exhibit the same chemical reactions but their densities differ.

(2 marks)

(d) Copper can form a salt with chlorine to form copper(II) chloride. This reacts with sodium
phosphate to form two different salts only.

Write a balanced equation for this reaction.

(2 marks)

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4 (a) Table 4.1 below shows the atomic radii for the elements of Period 2, Li to F.

Table 4.1

Element
Li Be B C N O F

Atomic radius
152 112 88 77 70 66 68
/ pm

i) Explain the variation in atomic radius.

[4]

ii) The value for neon is missing in Table 4.1. Explain why the atomic radius of neon cannot be
measured in the same way as the other Period 2 elements.

[2]

(6 marks)

(b) Complete Fig. 4.1 to show the electronic configuration of boron in the excited state.

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 Fig. 4.1

(1 mark)

(c) Explain why the first ionisation energy of boron is lower than the first ionisation of beryllium.

(2 marks)

(d) The successive ionisation energies for another element, J, are shown in Table 4.2.

Table 4.2

Energy number 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th

Ionisation energy value / kJ

738 1450 7733 10543 13630
mol−1

State the formula of the compound when element J reacts with chlorine.

(1 mark)

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5 (a) In the blast furnace, carbon can react with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide.

Write one equation for the this reaction.

(2 marks)

(b) Identify and draw the subshell on Fig. 5.1 which has the highest occupied energy level in
an oxygen atom.

Subshell …………………………….

[1]

Diagram

Fig. 5.2
[1]

(2 marks)

(c) i) Complete Fig. 5.2 to show the excited state of a carbon atom.

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 Fig. 5.2

[1]

ii) Identify the type of hybridisation that arises in a molecule of carbon monoxide for both atoms
and explain how this hybridisation occurs

Hybridisation ………….

Explanation
[4]

(5 marks)

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