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CHECKING SECURITY PROPERTIES OF CLOUD SERVICE REST APIS

1
GADEPALLI VSSSS MANIKANTA KAMAL 2 DR.A.VEERABHADRA RAO
1
M.Tech Student, Department of Computer science, Jogaiah Institutes of Technology and Sciences,
National Highway 214, Kalagampudi, Dist, Palakollu, Andhra Pradesh 534268
2
Professor, Principal, Department of Computer science, Jogaiah Institutes of Technology and Sciences,
National Highway 214, Kalagampudi, Dist, Palakollu, Andhra Pradesh 534268
[email protected]

ABSTRACT
Most modern cloud and web services are programmatically accessed through REST APIs. This paper
discusses how an attacker might compromise a service by exploiting vulnerabilities in its REST API. We
introduce four security rules that capture desirable properties of REST APIs and services. We then show
how a stateful REST API fuzzer can be extended with active property checkers that automatically test and
detect violations of these rules. We discuss how to implement such checkers in a modular and efficient
way. Using these checkers, we found new bugs in several deployed production Azure and Office365 cloud
services, and we discussed their security implications. All these bugs have been fixed.
1 INTRODUCTION Scanning - Postman is a popular tool for trying
1.1 INTRODUCTION TO THE PROJECT out REST APIs' functionality. A Postman
Cloud computing is exploding. Over the Collection is a report that may be exported from
previous few years, hundreds of latest cloud the tool and shared with other customers to
services had been deployed by using cloud institution together applicable requests (API
platform providers, like Amazon Web Services endpoints). The JSON layout is used to export
and Microsoft Azure, and with the aid of their those collections. Customers can now configure
customers who are “digitally remodeling” their their API scans with the use of Postman
companies by way of modernizing their tactics Collection for their API, thanks to the addition
whilst amassing and reading all forms of new of Postman Collection functionality in Qualys
statistics. Today, most cloud services are WAS.
programmatically accessed thru REST APIs. 1.3 PROBLEM OF EXISTING SYSTEM
REST APIs are applied on top of the ubiquitous  SOAP APIs are largely based and use only
HTTP/S protocol, and offer a uniform way to HTTP and XML.
create (PUT/POST), display (GET), manipulate  On other hand Soap API requires more resources
(PUT/POST/PATCH), and delete (DELETE) and bandwidth as it needs to convert the data in
cloud assets. Cloud carrier builders can XML which increases its payload and results in
document their REST APIs and generate sample the large sized file.
client code by means of describing their APIs  On other hand SOAP cannot make use of REST
using an interface-description language since SOAP is a protocol and REST is an
including Swagger (these days renamed architectural pattern.
OpenAPI). 1.4 PROPOSED SYSTEM
REST APIs are constructed on the pinnacle of
1.2 EXISTING SYSTEM HTTP/S and offer a constant technique to build
Scanning of Swagger-based totally (PUT/POST), display (GET), control
Representational State Transfer (REST) APIs - (PUT/POST/PATCH), and delete (DELETE)
Qualys WAS makes use of the Swagger cloud assets. Developers of cloud offerings can
specification to test REST APIs in addition to use an interface-description language like
scanning SOAP net services. Users simplest Swagger (recently renamed OpenAPI) [25] to
want to make certain that the Swagger model 2. document their REST APIs and create pattern
Zero files (in JSON format) is seen to the purchaser code. A Swagger specification
scanning service, and the APIs could be checked explains a way to use a cloud provider's REST
for standard application security problems API, inclusive of what queries it can deal with,
mechanically. - Support for Postman in the API

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what responses it could ship, and how to fashion refined requirement may also crosscut more than
the responses of the one. one architectural factor, and its consciousness
1.5 ADVANTAGES involves complex behavioral or structural
 REST APIs are generally smooth to create and interactions manifested as architectural design
adapt due to the fact the patron does no longer choices. In this paper we propose to combine
requires routing data with the primary URI. styles of self-variations: requirements-pushed
 The development of equipment for routinely self-variation, which captures requirements as
assessing cloud offerings thru their REST APIs purpose models to reason about the first-class
and figuring out if they're reliable and relaxed is plan in the trouble space, and architecture-based
still in their early degrees. Some tools for totally self-edition, which captures architectural
checking out REST APIs gather live API design decisions as choice bushes to search for
communication before parsing, fuzzing, and the quality design for the favored requirements
replaying it within the hopes of detecting flaws. inside the contextualized answer area. Following
 For alerts, clients can use a standard 'listener' those variations, element-based architecture
interface. fashions are reconfigured the usage of
 The approach is implemented in Django, a incremental and generative version
Python internet platform, as a semi- transformations. Compared with necessities-
computerized code generating tool. driven or structure-based totally techniques, the
2 LITERARY REVIEW/SERVAY case look at the use of an online purchasing
1) Model driven security for web services bench-mark suggests promise that our technique
AUTHORS: MM Alam et al. can similarly enhance the effectiveness of
The model-pushed structure is a technique for adaptation (e.G. System throughput in this
improving the quality of complicated software situation look at) and offer extra variation
systems that entails establishing excessive- flexibility
degree system fashions that represent systems at 3. Towards development of secure systems using
diverse summary ranges after which routinely umlsec.
generating machine designs from the fashions. AUTHORS: Jan J¨urjens
We show how this paradigm may be carried out We show how UML (the enterprise well known
to version-pushed Web service protection. Using in item-oriented modeling) can be used to
the object constraint language (OCL) and express protection requirements in the course of
position-based access manipulate (RBAC), a gadget improvement. Using the extension
clothier creates an interface model for Web mechanisms provided via UML, we include
offerings as well as security necessities and then well-known concepts from formal methods
generates a totally configured safety concerning multi-stage at ease structures and
infrastructure within the form of Extended safety protocols. These definitions compare
Access Control Markup Language (XACML) diagrams of numerous types and indicate viable
policy documents from those specs. Our method vulnerabilities. On the theoretical side, this work
can be utilized to grow productivity and gadget exemplifies the use of the extension mechanisms
great at some point in the development of secure of UML and of a (simplified) formal semantics
Web services. for it. A more realistic goal is to enable builders
2) Run-time generation, transformation, and (that may not be safety experts) to make use of
verification of access control models for self- setting up information on security engineering
protection via the manner of a widely used notation
AUTHORS: Chen, Bihuan; Peng, Xin; Yu, 4. Cloud computingthe business perspective
Yijun; Nuseibeh, Bashar and Zhao, Wenyun AUTHORS: Sean Marston et al
(2014). The evolution of cloud computing over the past
A self-adaptive gadget uses runtime models to few years is probably one of the important
conform its architecture to the converting advances within the history of computing.
necessities and contexts. However, there is However, if cloud computing is to obtain its
nobody-to-one mapping among the requirements potential, there desires to be clean information of
in the problem area and the architectural the diverse problems concerned, each from the
elements within the answer area. Instead, one perspectives of the providers and the customers

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of the generation. While quite a few studies are • Short records transmission time.
presently taking vicinity inside the generation Response Time:
itself, there's a similar pressing need for Response time is the time a gadget or functional
understanding the commercial enterprise-related unit takes to react to a given input.
problems surrounding cloud computing. In this 3.1.2 SYSTEM SPECIFICATION:
article, we become aware of the strengths, HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS:
weaknesses, possibilities, and threats for the  System : Pentium IV 2.4 GHz.
cloud computing enterprise. We then become  Hard Disk : 40 GB.
aware of the various problems on the way to  Monitor : 17’ Color Monitor.
affect the exceptional stakeholders of cloud  Mouse : Optical Mouse.
computing. 5. An Extensive Systematic Review  Ram : 512 Mb.
on Model-Driven Development of Secure 3.1.3 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS:
Systems  Operating system : Windows
AUTHORS: PhuHNguyenetal 7 Ultimate.
3 ANALSYS  Coding Language : Python.
Analysis is defined as detailed examination of  Front-End : Python.
the elements or structure of something.  Designing :
3.1 REQUIREMENT ANALYSIS Html,css,javascript.
The procedure to accumulate the software  Data Base : MySQL.
necessities from the patron, analyze and file 3.2 MODULE DESCRIPTION
them is called necessities engineering or MODULES:
requirements analysis. The aim of requirement ● User
engineering is to develop and maintain ● Cloud
sophisticated and descriptive ‘System/Software ● Admin
Requirements Specification’ records. ● REST API.
It is a four-step system normally, which Three key concerns worried inside the feasibility
incorporates – evaluation are,
• feasibility study • ECONOMICAL FEASIBILITY
• RequirementsGathering • TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY
• Software RequirementsSpecification • SOCIAL FEASIBILITY
• Software RequirementsValidation 3.3 TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY
The simple requirements of our project are: This study is being performed to determine the
• Audit RecordAnalysis device's technological feasibility or technical
• Histograms necessities. Any system this is created has to not
• research papers vicinity a huge burden at the available technical
• Pictorial/ Graphical representations sources. As a result, there might be numerous
3.1.1 NONFUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS calls for the available technical resources. As an
ANALYSIS end result, the consumer will be subjected to
Nonfunctional necessities describe the overall excessive needs. Because very minor or no
characteristics of a machine. They also are adjustments are essential to put into effect this
referred to as quality attributes. Some common machine, the designed device ought to have a
non-purposeful necessities are Performance, low requirement.
Response Time, Throughput, Utilization, and 3.4 SOCIAL FEASIBILITY
Scalability. The reason for the examination is to
Performance: determine the user's degree of acceptance of the
The overall performance of a device is gadget. This covers the manner of coaching the
essentially predicted in terms of performance, user on how to correctly use the era. The user
effectiveness, and speed. must no longer be afraid of the machine,
• Short response time for a given piece of however rather take delivery of it as a want. The
work. techniques used to teach and familiarise the user
• High throughput (fee of processing with the gadget are definitely answerable for the
paintings) extent of acceptance with the aid of the users.

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His shallowness has to be boosted so that he can necessities record. The layout of a device is
offer constructive criticism, which is advocated possibly the maximum essential component
because he's the gadget's final user. affecting the pleasantness of the software
3.5 PROCESS V-SHAPE MODEL program. It has a chief effect on the task at some
The V - model is the SDLC version wherein stage in later phases, especially for the duration
execution of tactics happens in a sequential of checking out and upkeep.
mnner in V-form. It is also known as the
Verification and Validation model. 4.2 Design phase purpose:
V - Model is an extension of the waterfall model
and is based on the affiliation of a trying-out The layout model is an abstraction of the
phase for each corresponding development implementation of the device. It is used to
stage. conceive in addition to file the layout of the
3.5.1 V- Model design software machine. It is a comprehensive,
Under V-Model, the corresponding testing phase composite artifact encompassing all layout
of the development phase is planned in parallel. classes, subsystems, programs, collaborations,
and the relationships among them.

4.3 DESIGN CONSTRAINTS:

Design Constraints are usually the restrictions on
a design. They consist of imposed barriers that
you don't manipulate and barriers that are self-
imposed as a manner to enhance a layout. The
following are not unusual styles of layout
constraints.

Fig 1 v model
3.5.2 Phase of coding:
In the Coding section, the actual coding of the
system modules designed in the Design segment
is finished. Based on the machine and
architectural necessities, the gold standard
programming language is chosen. The coding is
executed in accordance with the coding
standards and rules. Before the final build is
checked into the repository, the code is subjected
to several code critiques and is optimized for
max performance.
3.5.3 V- Model Application
V- Model software is nearly the same as the
waterfall model, as each of the fashions is of a
sequential kind. Requirements ought to be very
clear before the assignment begins, due to the
fact it is also high-priced to go return and make
changes. This model is used within the scientific
improvement subject, as it is a strictly
disciplined domain. Following are the proper
scenarios to apply V-Model:
4DESIGN
4.1Design phase:

The cause of the design segment is to plot a

solution to the problem targeted by means of the

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4.4CLASS DIAGRAM: Fig: 4 ACTIVITY DIAGRAM
A magnificence diagram within the Unified 4.7 ARCHITECTURALDESIGN:
Modeling Language (UML) is a form of static Architectural design is a concept that focuses
structure diagram in software engineering that on components or elements of a structure Any
depicts the structure of a system by way of changes the client wants to make to the design
showing the system's training, attributes, should be communicated to the architect during
operations (or methods), and relationships the this phase.
various lessons. It explains which data belongs Flow diagram is a collective term for a diagram
to which magnificence. representing a flow or set of dynamic
relationships in a system.
A data flow diagram (DFD) is a way of
representing a flow of a data of a process or a
system, usually an information system. The DFD
also provides information about the outputs and
inputs of each entity and the process itself.
4.8 CODING AND OUTPUT SCREENS
Source Code
urls.py
Fig 2 CLASS DIAGRAM from django.conf.urls import url
4.5 LOGICALDESIGN: from django.contrib import admin
A device's logical design is an abstract from django.urls import path
representation of the gadget's records flows, from django.conf import settings
inputs, and outputs. This is often finished by from django.conf.urls.static import static
modeling, which involves creating a very from fstapp.views import index
summary and every now and then graphical from cloud import views as cloud
version of the real system. from admn import views as admn
from user import views as user
from project7 import views as cloudmonitor
urlpatterns = [
url(r'^admn/', admin.site.urls),
url(r'^index/', index, name="index"),
path(r'userlogin', user.userlogin,
name='userlogin'),
path(r'userregister', user.userregister,
name='userregister'),
path(r'storeregistration', user.storeregistration,
Fig: 3 LOGICALDESIGN name='storeregistration'),
path(r'userlogincheck', user.userlogincheck,
4.6 ACTIVITY DIAGRAM: name='userlogincheck'),
Activity diagrams are graphical representations
of workflows of stepwise sports and movements path(r'usercreateapp',user.usercreateapp,name='u
with support for preference, new release, and sercreateapp'),
concurrency.
path(r'appcreaterequest',user.appcreaterequest,na
<script src="{% static 'js/modernizr.js'
%}"></script>
<script src="{% static 'js/main.js' %}"></script>
</body>
</html>
4.9 OUTPUT SCREENS / REPORTS
Screen Shots:

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CHAPTER 5
TESTING
The cause of trying out is to discover flaws.
Testing is the system of attempting to find each
ability flaw or defect in a especially useful
product. It is a technique of observing the
practicality of elements, sub-assemblies,
assemblies, and or a finished product. It is a way
of writing attempt code with the goal of making
sure that the program satisfies its necessities and
consumer expectations and does not fail in an
unfavorable way. There are many extraordinary
forms of checks. A precise checking out demand
is suggested for each take a look at kind.
.5.1 Types of Testing
The basic levels of Testing:
Client needs acceptance testing

User details:

Fig. 5 Levels of Testing

5.2 TYPES OF TESTS
Unit testing:
A unit is the smallest piece of source code that
may be tested. It is likewise referred to as a
module which includes several traces of code
that are processed with the aid of a single
View-files:
programmer. The key purpose of performing
unit testing is to show that a selected unit
doesn’t fulfill the desired practical necessities
and also to reveal that the structural
implementation isn't always like the projected
shape designed.
Test strategy and approach
Ground testing will be done physically and
functional tests will be inscribed in detail.
Test objectives
o All field admissions essentially work
appropriately.
o Pages must be activated from the identified link.
o The entry screen, messages and responses must
not be delayed.

Features to be tested

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o Validate that the accesses are of the correct User can
format downloa If file is
o No duplicate entries should be allowed 8 user d user Pass not
o Entire links must gross the user to the accurate uploaded available.
page. file
Acceptance Testing
User can
S.n Test Excepte Res Remarks upload If file is
o Case d Result ult (IF Fails)
9 user user Pass not
If USER uploaded available.
If USER is
USER registrati file
not
1 REGISTE on Pass
registere Fig 6 Test case Template
RED successfu
d.
lly. CHAPTER 6
If USER IMPLEMENTATION
name Python is an excessive-level programming
and language this is interpreted, interactive, item-
passwor If USER oriented, and widespread-reason. Python is an
d is name or interpreted language with a layout philosophy
USER
2 correct Pass password that prioritizes code clarity (extensively,
LOGIN whitespace indentation in preference to curly
then it is not
will correct. brackets or key phrases to delimit code blocks)
getting and a syntax that lets in programmers to explicit
concepts in fewer traces of code than languages
valid
like C++ or Java. It has structures that permit
page.
clean programming at both nearby and huge
USER
If USER sizes. For a huge variety of working systems,
rights
are not Python interpreters are to be had. The reference
3 ADMIN will be Pass model of Python, CPython, as well as nearly all
registere
accepted of its variation implementations, is an open
d.
here. supply software program with a network-based
If USER development strategy. The Python Software
Choose is not Foundation, a non-profit organization, is in fee
USER
or select select or of CPython. Python has a dynamic type system
4 upload Pass
USER SEND and reminiscence control this is computerized. It
files
files MESSAGE features a big and good-sized fashionable library
S and helps several programming paradigms,
USER app If USER together with item-oriented, vital, functional,
rights app are and procedural.
It is used for:
5 cloud will be Pass not
 web development (server-side),
accepted registere
 software development,
here. d.
 mathematics,
User can
If file is 6.1 Python Syntax compared to other
edit user
6 user Pass not programming languages
uploaded
available. • Python changed into created with clarity in
file mind, and it bears a few resemblances to the
User can English language, with a mathematical effect.
delete If file is • Indentation and whitespace are utilized in
user user Pass not Python to specify scope, which includes the
7
uploaded available. scope of loops, capabilities, and lessons. Curly
file brackets are usually utilized in other pc
languages for that reason.

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6.2 Virtual Environments and Packages install packages from the Python Package Index,
6.2.1 Introduction <https://pypi.org>. You can browse the Python
Packages and modules that aren't protected Package Index by going to it in your web
within the trendy library are frequently utilized browser, or you can use pip’s limited search
in Python programs. Applications may require a feature:
particular model of a library due to the fact the (tutorial-env) $ pip search astronomy
application calls for the fix of particular skyfield - Elegant astronomy for Python
difficulty or because the utility changed into gary - Galactic astronomy and
created using an obsolete version of the library's gravitational dynamics.
interface. novas - The United States Naval
Different digital environments can then be Observatory NOVAS astronomy library
utilized by unique programs. To reconcile the astroobs - Provides astronomy
conflicting wishes in the previous instance, ephemeris to plan telescope observations
application A may have its very own digital PyAstronomy - A collection of astronomy
environment with version 1.0 established, whilst related tools for Python.
utility B has a digital environment with version ...pip has a number of subcommands: “search”,
2. Zero loaded. Application A's environment “install”, “uninstall”, “freeze”, etc. (Consult the
could be unaffected if utility B requires a library Installing Python Modules guide for complete
upgrade to model 3.0. documentation for pip.)
6.2.2 Creating Virtual Environments You can install the latest version of a package by
If the academic-env directory does no longer specifying a package’s name:
exists already, it will likely be created, at the (tutorial-env) $ pip install novas
side of subdirectories containing a replica of the Collecting novas
Python interpreter, the standard library, and Downloading novas-3.1.1.3.tar.gz (136kB)
several helping documents. Installing collected packages: novas
You can spark off digital surroundings as soon Running setup.py install for novas
as it's been built. Successfully installed novas-3.1.1.3
On Windows, run: platform.processor()
tutorial-env\Scripts\activate.bat Returns the (real) processor name, e.g. 'amdk6'.
On Unix or MacOS, run: An empty string is returned if the value cannot
source tutorial-env/bin/activate be determined. Note that many platforms do not
(This script is written for the bash shell. If you provide this information or simply return the
use the csh or fish shells, there are alternate same value as for machine(). NetBSD does this.
activate.csh and activate.fish scripts you should platform.python_build()
use instead.) Returns a tuple (buildno, builddate) stating the
Activating the virtual environment will change Python build number and date as strings.
your shell’s prompt to show what virtual platform.python_compiler()
environment you’re using, and modify the Returns a string identifying the compiler used
environment so that running python will get you for compiling Python.
that particular version and installation of Python. platform.python_branch()
For example: Returns a string identifying the Python
$ source ~/envs/tutorial-env/bin/activate implementation SCM branch.
(tutorial-env) $ python New in version 2.6.
Python 3.5.1 (default, May 6 2016, 10:59:36) platform.python_implementation()
... Returns a string identifying the Python
>>> import sys implementation. Possible return values are:
>>>sys.path ‘CPython’, ‘IronPython’, ‘Jython’, ‘PyPy’.
['', '/usr/local/lib/python35.zip', ..., New in version 2.6.
'~/envs/tutorial-env/lib/python3.5/site-packages'] platform.python_revision()
>>>12.3. Managing Packages with pip Returns a string identifying the Python
You can install, upgrade, and remove packages implementation SCM revision.
using a program called pip. By default pip will New in version 2.6.

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platform.python_version() 6.3.2 The Interpreter and Its Environment
Returns the Python version as string 6.3.3 Source Code Encoding
'major.minor.patchlevel'. Python source documents are automatically
Note that unlike the Python sys.version, the encoded in UTF-eight. In such encoding,
returned value will always include the patchlevel characters from nearly any language may be
(it defaults to 0). Utilized in string literals, identifiers, and
6.2.3 Java Platform remarks at an equal time – albeit the same old
platform.java_ver(release='', vendor='', library only uses ASCII characters for
vminfo=('', '', ''), osinfo=('', '', '')) identifiers, as should any portable code. Your
Version interface for Jython. editor should pick out that the report is UTF-8
Returns a tuple (release, vendor, vminfo, osinfo) and use a font that supports all the characters
with vminfo being a tuple (vm_name, inside the record to correctly show all of these
vm_release, vm_vendor) and osinfo being a characters.
tuple (os_name, os_version, os_arch). Values A special remark line has to be written because
which cannot be determined are set to the the first line of the document designate an
defaults given as parameters (which all default encoding aside from the default one. The
to ''). following is the syntax:
Win95/98 specific # -*- coding: encoding -*-
platform.popen(cmd, mode='r', bufsize=None) where encoding is one of the valid codecs
Portable popen() interface. Find a working supported by Python.
popen implementation preferring For example, to declare that Windows-1252
win32pipe.popen(). On Windows NT, encoding is to be used, the first line of your
win32pipe.popen() should work; on Windows 9x source code file should be:
it hangs due to bugs in the MS C library. # -*- coding: cp1252 -*-
Mac OS Platform One exception to the first line rule is when the
platform.mac_ver(release='', versioninfo=('', '', source code starts with a UNIX “shebang” line.
''), machine='') In this case, the encoding declaration should be
Get Mac OS version information and return it as added as the second line of the file. For example:
tuple (release, versioninfo, machine) with #!/usr/bin/env python3
versioninfo being a tuple (version, dev_stage, # -*- coding: cp1252 -*-
non_release_version). 6.4 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
Entries which cannot be determined are set to ''. “The science and engineering of making
All tuple entries are strings. intelligent machines, especially intelligent
Unix Platforms computer programs”. -John McCarthy-
platform.dist(distname='', version='', id='',  Intelligence is an ethereal idea. It is made up of
supported_dists=('SuSE', 'debian', 'redhat',  Reasoning
'mandrake', ...))  Learning
New in version 2.6.  Problem Solving
platform.libc_ver(executable=sys.executable,  Perception
lib='', version='', chunksize=2048)  Linguistic Intelligence
6.3 Using the Python Interpreter
6.3.1 Invoking the Interpreter 6.5 Applications of AI
If the instructional-env listing does not exist • Expert Systems are machines or software
already, it'll probably be created, at the facet of programs that assist customers with reasons and
subdirectories containing a replica of the Python steering.
interpreter, the standard library, and several • Vision Systems: Computer imaginative and
helping files. prescient structures that realize, give an
Some Python modules are also useful as scripts. explanation for, and describe visual input.·
These can be invoked using python -m module Speech Recognition − There are some AI based
[arg] ..., which executes the source file for speech recognition systems have ability to hear
module as if you had spelled out its full name on and express as sentences and understand their
the command line.

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meanings while a person talks to it. For example unlabeled records are extra ample than
Siri and Google assistant. categorized information, machine studying
· Handwriting Recognition − The handwriting techniques that facilitate unsupervised learning
recognition software reads the text written on are specifically treasured.
paper and recognize the shapes of the letters and
convert it into editable text.
· Intelligent Robots − Robots are able to perform
the instructions given by a human.
6.5.1 Major Goals
 Knowledge reasoning
 Planning
 Machine Learning
 Natural Language Processing
 Computer Vision
 Robotics
6.6 IBM Watson When a new object is added to the space — in
this case a green heart — we will want the
machine learning algorithm to classify the heart
to a certain class.

Fig: 7 IBM Watson

Watson is an IBM supercomputer that blends
Artificial Intelligence (AI) with superior
inquisitive programming for choicest overall
performance as a "query answering" gadget. The
supercomputer is named after Thomas J. Watson,
the founding father of IBM. When we choose k = 3, the algorithm will find
6.7 Machine Learning the three nearest neighbors of the green heart in
6.7.1 Introduction order to classify it to either the diamond class or
Artificial intelligence has a place referred to as the star class.
machine gaining knowledge of (AI). The In our diagram, the three nearest neighbors of
intention of the device getting to know is to the green heart are one diamond and two stars.
realize the shape of data and fit that data into Therefore, the algorithm will classify the heart
fashions that human beings can understand and with the star class.
use.
6.7.2 Supervised Learning
In supervised mastering, the computer is given
instance inputs and their predicted outputs are
labeled. The goal of this technique is for the
algorithm to "analyze" by evaluating its actual
output to the "found out" outputs which will pick
out faults and alter the model for this reason. As
a result, supervised studying employs patterns to
expect label values on unlabeled records.
Among the most basic of machine learning
6.7.3 Unsupervised Learning
algorithms, k-nearest neighbor is considered to
In unsupervised getting to know, statistics are
be a type of “lazy learning” as generalization
unlabeled, so the mastering set of rules is left to
beyond the training data does not occur until a
find commonalities among its input statistics. As
query is made to the system.

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Introduction to Deep Learning CHAPTER 8
BIBLIOGRAPHY
8.1 PAPERS REFERRED
REFERENCES
[1] S. Allamaraju. RESTful Web Services
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guidelines whose violations are safety-relevant
and which are nontrivial to test and satisfy.

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[16] Microsoft. Office.
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[17] S. Newman. Building Microservices.
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[18] OAuth. OAuth 2. Zero.
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[19] OWASP (Open Web Application Security
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[21] Qualys Web Application Scanning (WAS).
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[22] SPIKE Fuzzer.
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[23] Sulley.
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[24] M. Sutton, A. Greene, and P. Amini.
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Addison-Wesley, 2007.

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