Lecture 2

Fluid Mechanics
‫ عاطف الصياد‬/ ‫د‬.‫أ‬
Example 1.1 : The distance between two square flat plates is filled with 12 mm oil
each side of plate is 50 cm. the upper plate moves at 2.0m/s with force 11 kg.
Determine the dynamic viscosity of the oil in poise and the kinematic viscosity in
stokes if the oil specific gravity is 0.90.
Solution
A= 50×50 = 2500 cm2
y = 12mm = 1.2cm
V= 2.0 m/s =200cm/s
P= 11 kg= 11×100000×9.81 dynes
O O O O
S.G=  = 0.90 = 
w 1 w 1
o  0.9
V
P   A   A
y
Py 11105  9.811.2
   25.89 poise(dyne. sec/ cm 2 )
AV 2500  200
 25.89
   28.8 stokes
 0.90
Example 1.2: A reservoir of oil has a mass of 1300 kg and a volume of 0.95m3.
Find the oil’s mass density (ρ), specific weight (γ), and the specific gravity (s.g).
Solution
F  W  m.a  1300  9.81  12753N  12.753KN
m 1300
   1368.48kg / m3
V 0.95
W 12.753
   13.42 KN / m3
V 0.95
 13.42  1000
S .g  oil   1.37
 water 9.81  1000
Example 1.3: A body required a force of 120 N to accelerate it at a rate of 0.3
m/sec2. Determine the mass of the body in kilograms and in slugs.
Solution
F  m.a 
120  m  0.3
120 400
m  400kg   27.42slugs
0.3 14.59
(1 slug = 32.2 Ib = 14.59 kg)
Example 1.4: A carbon sample has a mass of 600 kg and volume 0.30m3.
Find the mass density, the specific weight and the specific gravity.
Solution
F  W  m.a  600  9.81  5886 N  5.886 KN
m 600
   2000kg / m3
V 0.30
W 5.886
    19.62 KN / m3
V 0.30
 19.62 1000
S .g  carbon   2.00
 water 9.811000
Example 1.5: A body weight is 100 Ib. Determine its weight in newton, its
mass in kilograms, and the rate of acceleration in ft/s2 and in m/s2 if a net
force of 50 Ib is applied to the body.
Solution
W  100  4.448  4448 N  4.448KN
F  W  m.a  ( 1 kg = 2.205 Ib=9.81 newton )
4448  m  9.81
4448 45.34
m  45.34kg   3.108slugs
9.81 14.59
F  m.a
50  3.108  a
a  16.09 ftl sec 2  16.09  0.3048  4.904m / s 2
Example 1.6: Gasoline specific weight 47 Ib/ft3. Find its mass density,
specific gravity, and specific volume.
Solution
47
  1.46slug / ft 3
g 32.2  gasoline 1.46
1 1 S .g    0.75
Vs    0.685 ft 3 / slug  water 1.94
 1.46
(  water =1.94 b/ft3)
Example 1.7: A liquid compressed in a cylinder has a volume of 1000 cm3 at
1 MN/m2 and a volume of 990 cm3 at 2 MN/m2. What is its bulk modulus of
elasticity (K)?
Solution
 P  (2  1)
K   100MPa
V / V (990  1000) / 1000
Example 1.8: Calculate the density of water vapor at 350kpa abs. and 20oC
if its gas constant R is 0.48 kpa.m3/kg.k.
Solution
P 350
   2.49kg / m3
RT 0.48(20  273)
Example 1.15: Find the capillary rise in the tube of 0.02 cm for surface
tension=0.08N/m. the specific weight of water is 9810N/m3.
Solution
4 cos  4  0.08  cos 0
h   0.163m  163mm
d 9810  0.0002
Example 1.16: A capillary tube of diameter 1.5mm is dipped in water
and mercury. Find the capillary rise for each case. Surface tension of
water and mercury may be taken as 70 dynes/cm and 500 dynes/com
respectively. The contact angle may be taken as 0 and 135 respectively.
Solution
For water
4 cos  4  70  cos 0
h   1.90cm
d 981  0.15
For mercury
4 cos  4  500  cos135
h   0.70cm
d 13.6  981  0.15
Example 1.17: Find the dimensions of the following quantities:
VL V flV 2 FA
( AV ), ( QV ), ( ), ( ), ( ), ( )
 gh 2 gD T
Solution
Dimension of AV = L2 .LT 1  L3T 1
Dimension of QV = ML3 .L3T 1.LT 1  MLT 2
VL LT 1.L
 1 dimensionless
Dimension of  = L2T 1
V LT 1
Dimension of =  1 dimensionless
gh  2
LT .L
flV 2 1.0  L.L2T 2. L
Dimension of = 2

2 gD 2 LT .L 2
FA ML1T 1.MLT 2 .L2 3
Dimension of T =  M 2 2
.L .T
T 1.T
Example 1.18: convert the following:
gm to Ib, kg to Ib, kg/cm2 to Ib/in2, ft2/s to cm2/s, m2/s
Solution
1.0
- 1b = 453.6gm then, 1gm= 453.6 1b
1.0
- 1b = 0.4536kgm then, 1kgm= 0.4536 1b  2.204Ib
2.204 Ib
2
- kg/cm = (1 / 2.54) 2 in 2  14.219 Ib/in 2

2 2
30.48 cm
- ft2/s = sec . 1b  929.03cm / s  0.0929m / s
2 2

6
Example 1.19: Convert  dynamic viscosity = 2 10 slug / s. ft to poise and
kg/s.m.
Solution: Slug =32.2 Ib, Ib= 453.6gm, poise = gm/sec.cm.,
ft=30.48cm
2  106  32.2  453.6 gm
 = 2 10 2
slug / s. ft =
1 30.48
 9.58 104 gm / s.cm

2  106  32.2  0.453.6kg 5

=  9 .58  10 kg / s.m
1 0.3048
Chapter 2

Measurement of Pressure
Introduction
Fluids pressure is the perpendicular force exerted by a fluid per unit area.
F
p  lim
 0 A (2.1)
As we saw, force per unit area is measured in N/m2 (pascal ,Pa).
The units used in practice vary:
• 1 kPa = 1000 Pa = 1000 N/m2 • 1 MPa = 1000 kPa = 1 × 106N/m2
• 1 bar = 105 Pa = 100 kPa • 1 atm = 1.01325 bars
• 1 atm = 14.696 psi (i.e. pounds per square inch)
2.1-Pressure Reference Levels
The pressure that exists anywhere in the universe is called the absolute pressure,
Pabs .
The atmosphere on earth exerts atmospheric pressure, Patm
Any measured pressure, Pmeas, is then a positive or negative deviation from
atmospheric pressure.
- gauge pressure, P gauge in the diagram shows:
(a) When the measured pressure is below atmospheric pressure and so is a
negative gauge pressure or a vacuum pressure;
(b) When the measured pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure by the
gauge pressure
2.2 Pressure in a Fluid
- Statics of Definition
For a fluid in static case there must be no shear forces acting and thus only forces normal to a surface act in a fluid.
- Pascal’s Law
This law states:
The pressure at a point in a fluid at rest is the same in all directions.
 Fx  0 px .dy  ps .ds. sin   0 ps
dy dy
sin   p x .dy  p s .ds. 0
But ds , therefore: ds ds
px .dy  ps .dy
dy
px

Then, p x  ps ϴ
(2.2)
 Fy  0 p y .dx  ps .ds. cos   0
dx

py
dx dx
cos   p y .dx  ps .ds.  0
But ds , therefore: ds
p y .dx  ps .dx Then, p y  ps
(2.3)
Hence for any angle:
p x  p y  ps
(2.4)
The pressure at a point is the same in any direction.
Pressure Variation with Depth
Consider a column of fluid of arbitrary cross section of area, A:
Considering the weight of the column of water, we have:

F y 0

p1 A  A(h2  h1 )  P2 A  0
h =h2 −h1 and substitute in for the specific weight. then,
p2  p1  gh
If h1 =0 and consider a gauge pressure, then, p1 = 0 and we have:
p2  gh
The gauge pressure at any depth is P1
h1
p  gh (2.5)
A1 P1

Summary
h2
1. Pressure acts normal to any surface in a static fluid; h

2. Pressure is the same at a point in a fluid and acts in all

A2 P2
directions;
3. Pressure varies linearly with depth in a fluid.
P2