GROUP C: CORE COURSE (CC)

Semester I
Core Course1(I): PHYSICS: RELATIVITY, MECHANICS, OSCILLATIONS AND
ACOUSTICS
Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks: 100
Credit- 4 Theory: 60, Internal: 20, Practical: 20

NOTE FOR PAPER SETTER FOR THEORY EXAMINATION

i) Paper setter will set 9 questions in all, out of which students will be required to
attempt 5 questions.

ii) Q.No. 1 will be compulsory and will carry 12 marks. There will be atleast 4 short-
answer type questions selected from the entire syllabus.

iii) Two long answer type questions will be set from each of the four units, out of
which the students will be required to attempt one question from each unit. Long-
answer type questions will carry 12 marks each.

iv) All questions will carry equal marks.

Objectives: The student teacher will be able to:

• Acquaint with the key concepts of special theory of relativity, mechanics,
oscillations and acoustics.
• Appreciate the applications of the concepts in real life situations.
• Solve the problems based on special theory of relativity, mechanics, oscillations
and acoustics.
• Apply the theory in execution of practicals.
COURSE CONTENTS
UNIT I:
Relativity: Reference systems, inertial and non-inertial frames, Galilean
transformation, Galilean invariance and conservation laws, propagation of light,
Michelson – Morley experiment. Postulates of the special theory of relativity, Lorentz
transformations, length contraction, time dilation, velocity addition theorem, variation
of mass with velocity, mass-energy equivalence, particle with a zero rest mass.
UnitII:
Mechanics: Motion under central force, Kepler’s laws, Gravitational law and field,
Potential due to a spherical body, Gauss and Poisson equations for gravitational
potential, gravitational self-energy, Rigid body motion, Rotational motion, Moment of
inertia and their products, principal moments and axes, Euler’s equations. System of
particles, centre of mass, equation of motion, single stage and multistage rocket,
energy and momentum conservation, concepts of elastic and inelastic collisions.
UnitIII:
Oscillations: Potential well and periodic oscillations, cases of harmonic oscillations,
different equations and its solutions, Kinetic and potential energy, Simple Harmonic
oscillations in – Spring and mass system, Simple and compound pendulum, Torsional
pendulum, Bifilar oscillations, Helmholtz resonator, LC circuits, Vibration of a magnet,
Oscillation of two masses connected by a spring, Superposition of two mutually
perpendicular simple harmonic vibrations of same frequency, Lissajou’s figures.
UnitIV:
Coupled Oscillations & Acoustics: Two coupled oscillators, normal modes, N-coupled
oscillators, damped harmonic oscillators, Power dissipation, Quality factor, Driven
harmonic oscillator, Transient and steady state, Power absorption, Resonance in system
with many degrees of freedom.
Acoustics: Noise and Music, The human ear and its responses, limits of human
audibility, intensity and loudness, bel and decibel, the musical scale, temperament and
musical instruments, Production and detection of ultrasonic and infrasonic waves and
applications,
Transducers and their characteristics, recording and reproduction of sounds, various
systems, measurements of frequency, waveform, intensity and velocity, acoustics of
halls, reverberation period, Sabine’s formula.
Suggested Readings:
1. Robert Resnick, Introduction to special relativity (Wiley India Pvt. Ltd., 2006)
2. Charles Kittel, Berkeley Physics Course vol.-1, Mechanics (McGraw-Hill, 1966)
3. R P Feynman, R B Ligton and M Sands, The Feynman Lectures on Physics, vol-
1(Narosa Publishing House)
4. N K Bajaj, The Physics of Waves and Oscillations (Tata McGraw-Hill Pub. Com.
Ltd., 2006)
5. R S Gambir, Mechanics (CBS Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi)
6. S Garg, C K Ghosh, S Gupta, Oscillations and Waves (PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.,
2009)
7. R K Ghosh, The Mathematics of Waves and Vibrations, (Mc Milan, 1976)
8. Frank S Crawford Jr., Berkely Physics Course: Vol.4, Waves (McGraw Hill book
company, 1968)
9. I G Main, Vibrations and Waves (Cambridge University Press, 1986)
10. H J Pain, The Physics of Vibrations and Waves (John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 2006)

Practicals SEM-1
Distribution of Marks for End Semester Practical Examination
Activity Marks
 Experiments 10
Viva Voce 5
Record 5
Total Marks 20
All the following experiments are to be done. Few more experiments may be set
at the institutional level.
Course Outline:
1. To study the variation of power transfer to different loads by a DC source and
verify maximum power transfer theorem. (Plotting of the graph).
2. Conversion of a Galvanometer into a ammeter (Range 1A).
3. Conversion of a Galvanometer into a Voltmeter (Range 1V).
4. To study the random decay and determine the decay constant using the
statistical board.
5. To determine internal resistance of Lechlanche Cell using a Voltmeter
6. To study the characteristics of a semiconductor junction diode and to determine
forward and reverse resistances
7. To determine the band gap using a PN junction diode.
8. To study the normal modes of oscillators of system of coupled oscillator and to
study the effect of coupling mass on the frequency of normal modes
9. To study the effect of damping on motion of a simple pendulum and determine
damping constant for simple pendulum as damped harmonic oscillation.

GROUP C: CORE COURSE (CC)

Semester II
Core Course1(II): PHYSICS: MATHEMATICAL BACKGROUND, PROPERTIES OF
MATTER AND ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
 Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks: 100
Credit- 4 Theory: 60, Internal: 20, Practical: 20

NOTE FOR PAPER SETTER FOR THEORY EXAMINATION

i) Paper setter will set 9 questions in all, out of which students will be required to
attempt 5 questions.

ii) Q.No. 1 will be compulsory and will carry 12 marks. There will be atleast 4 short-
answer type questions selected from the entire syllabus.

iii) Two long answer type questions will be set from each of the four units, out of
which the students will be required to attempt one question from each unit. Long-
answer type questions will carry 12 marks each.

iv) All questions will carry equal marks.

Objectives: The students will be able to:

• Acquaint with the key concepts of mathematical background, properties of matter
and electromagnetic waves.
• Apply the concepts in various real life situations.
• Solve the problems based on mathematical background, properties of matter and
electromagnetic waves.
• Apply the theory in execution of practicals.
Course-Contents
Unit: I
Scalars and Vectors: dot products, triple vector product, gradient of scalar field and
its geometrical interpretation, divergence and curl of a vector field, line, surface and
volume integral, Flux of a vector field, Gauss divergence theorem, Green’s theorem and
Stoke’s theorem. Functions of two and three variables, Partial derivatives, geometrical
interpretation of total differential of a function of two and three variables, Higher order
derivatives and their applications.
Unit: II
Elasticity, Small deformations, Young’s modulus, bulk modulus and modulus of
rigidity for anisotropic solid, Poisson’s ratio, relation among elastic constants,Theory
of bending of beams and cantilever, Torsion of a cylinder, Bending moments and
Shearing forces.

Unit: III
Kinematics of moving fluids, Equation of continuity, Euler’s equation, Bernoulli’s
theorem, viscous fluids,Streamline and turbulent flow, Poiseuill’s law, Capillary flow,
Reynold’s number, Stoke’s law, Surface tension and surface energy, molecular
interpretation of surface tension, Pressure on a curved liquid surface, wetting.
Unit: IV
 Faraday’s law (it’s integral and differential form), Energy in a static magnetic field,
Measurement of self-inductance by Rayleigh’s method, Maxwell’s displacement
current, Maxwell’s equations, Electromagnetic field and Energy density.
Plane electromagnetic wave in vacuum, Pointing vector, Reflection and Refraction at a
plane boundary of dielectrics, Polarization by Reflection and total internal Reflection,
Faraday effect, Wave in conducting medium, Reflection and Refraction by the
ionosphere.
Suggested Readings:
1. Haliday and Resnik, Physics-VI Ed.
2. D.J Griffith “Introduction to electrodynamics”, (Prentice Hall of India A.M parties,
Electomagnetic field.
3. V.V Sarvate, Electromagnetic field and Waves , (Wiley Eastern Ltd., New Delhi)
4. S.N Ghosh, Electromagnetic theory and wave propagation, (Narosa Publishing
House.)
5. D.S. Mathur, Mechanics, (S. Chand Publishing)
6. R.K. Shukla, AnchalSrivastava, Mechanics, (New Age International Publishers)

Practicals SEM-2
Distribution of Marks for End Semester Practical Examination
Activity Marks
Experiments 10
 Viva Voce 5
Record 5
Total Marks 20
All the following experiments are to be done. Few more experiments may be set
at the institutional level.
1. To determine Young’s modulus by bending of beam.
2. To determine Y, η and σ by Searle’s method.
3. To determine dispersive power of prism.
4. To determine modulus of rigidity of material of wire using Maxwell’s needle.
5. To determine modulus of rigidity by static vertical method.
6. To determine modulus of rigidity by static horizontal method.
7. To study the characteristics of transistor and determine and common base and
common emitter configuration.
8. To determine the frequency of AC Mains.
9. To study the frequency response and phase relationship of A.C. in a R.C. series
circuit.

GROUP C: CORE COURSE (CC)

Semester III
PHY 201: PHYSICS: ELECTRODYNAMICS
 Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks: 100
Credits- 4 Theory: 60, Internal: 20, Practical: 20

NOTE FOR PAPER SETTER FOR THEORY EXAMINATION

i) Paper setter will set 9 questions in all, out of which students will be required
to attempt 5 questions.

ii) Q.No. 1 will be compulsory and will carry 12 marks. There will be atleast 4
short-answer type questions selected from the entire syllabus.

iii) Two long answer type questions will be set from each of the four units, out
of which the students will be required to attempt one question from each unit.
Long-answer type questions will carry 12 marks each.

iv) All questions will carry equal marks.

Objectives: The student teacher will be able to:

• Know the fundamental concepts of electricity and magnetism.
• Appreciate the link between electricity and magnetism.
• Apply the concepts in understanding the various physical phenomena.
• Solve the problems related to electrodynamics.
• Apply the theory in related practicals.
Course Contents

Unit I: Electro Statics:

Coulomb’s law, calculations of E for simple distributions of charges at rest,
dipole and quadrupole fields, Work done on a charge in an electrostatic field,
conservative nature of the electrostatic field, Electric potential,relation between
electric field and electric potential, torque on a dipole in a uniform electric field
and its energy, flux of the electric field, Gauss’s law and its application for
finding E for symmetric charge distributions, Gaussian pillbox, Fields at the
surface of conductor, Screening of E field by a conductor, capacitors,
electrostatic field energy, force per unit area of the surface of conductor in an
electric field, conducting sphere in a uniform electric field, point charge in front
of a grounded infinite conductor.

Unit II: Dielectrics

Parallel plate capacitor with a dielectric, dielectric constant, polarization and
polarization vector, displacement vector D, molecular interpretation of
Claussius – Mossotti equation, boundary conditions satisfied by E and D at the
 interface between two homogenous dielectrics, illustration through simple
example
UnitIII: Electric Currents (steady and alternating)
Steady current, current density J, non-steady currents and continuity
equation, Kirchoff’s law and analysis of multi loop circuits, rise and decay of
current in LR and CR circuits, decay constants, transients in LCR circuits, AC
circuits, complex numbers and its application in solving AC circuit problems,
complex impedance and reactance, Measurement of capacitance using
impedance at different frequencies, series and parallel resonance, Q factor,
power consumed by an AC circuit, power factor, Y and  networks and
transmission of electric power.
UnitIV: Magneto statics
Force on a moving charge: Lorentz force, equation and definition of B, force on
a straight conductor carrying current in a uniform magnetic field, Torque on a
current loop, magnetic dipole moment, angular momentum and gyromagnetic
ratio.
Motion of charged particles in electric and magnetic fields
Linear accelerator, E as deflecting field – CRO, sensitivity, Transverse B field,
curvatures of tracks for energy determination of nuclear particles, principle of
a cyclotron, Mutually perpendicular E and B fields- mass spectrograph, velocity
selector, its resolution.Response curve for LCR circuit and resonance
frequency, quality factor.
Magnetic Fields in Matter
Biot-Savart law, calculation of H in simple geometrical situations, Ampere’s
Law, the divergence and curl of B, field due to a magnetic dipole, magnetization
current, magnetization vector, magnetic permeability (linear cases),
interpretation of a bar magnet as a surface distribution of solenoidal current,
the field of a magnetized object.
Plane electromagnetic wave in vacuum, Wave equation for E and B of linearly,
Circularly and elliptically polarized electromagnetic waves, Poynting vector,
Reflection and Refraction at a plane boundary of dielectrics, Polarization by
Reflection and total internal Reflection, Faraday effect, Wave in conducting
medium, Reflection and Refraction by the ionosphere.

Suggested Readings:
1. Barkeley Physics Course; Electricity and Magnetism, Ed. E.M. Purcell
(McGraw-Hill).
2. Halliday and Resnik; Physics, Vol 2.(Wiley Eastern)
3. D.J. Griffith; Introduction to Electrodynamics (Prentice-Hall of India).
 4. Reitz and Milford; Electricity and Magnetism (Addison-Wesley).
5. A.M. Portis; Electromagnetic Fields.
6. Pugh and Pugh; Principles of Electricity and Magnetism (Addison-Welsley).
7. Panofsky and Phillips; Classical Electricity and Magnetism (India Book
House).
8. S.S.Atwood; Electricity and Magnetism (Dover).

Practicals SEM-3
Distribution of Marks for End Semester Practical Examination
Activity Marks
 Experiments 10
Viva Voce 5
Record 5
Total Marks 20
All the following experiments are to be done. Few more experiments may be set
at the institutional level.
1. To Study resonance in a series LCR circuit and determine Q of the circuit.
2. To determine difference between two small resistances using Carey Foster’s
bridge.
3. To study the variation of current in RC circuit for different time constants
(using a DC source).
4. To find the e/m of electron by Milikan’s oil drop experiment.
5. To determine the self inductance of a coil by Anderson’s bridge.
6. To compare the two capacities by De Sauty’s bridge.
7. To study the variation of magnetic field along the axis of a current carrying
circular coil. Plot the graph and find radius of the coil.

GROUP C: CORE COURSE (CC) 1(IV)

PHY 202: PHYSICS: OPTICS AND LASER
Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks: 100
Credits- 4 Theory: 60, Internal: 20, Practical: 20
NOTE FOR PAPER SETTER FOR THEORY EXAMINATION

i) Paper setter will set 9 questions in all, out of which students will be required to
attempt 5 questions.

ii) Q.No. 1 will be compulsory and will carry 12 marks. There will be atleast 4 short-
answer type questions selected from the entire syllabus.

iii) Two long answer type questions will be set from each of the four units, out of
which the students will be required to attempt one question from each unit. Long-
answer type questions will carry 12 marks each.

iv) All questions will carry equal marks.

Objectives: The student teacher will be able to:

• Know the fundamental concepts of Optics and Laser.
• Understand the design and working of Laser.
• Apply the concepts in understanding the various optical phenomena.
• Solve the problems related to optics.
• Analyze the optical phenomena in experiments of optics.
Course Contents
Unit I:
Interference of a light:
Division of wave front and division of amplitude, The principle of superposition, two-
slit interference, Fresnel biprism, thin film interference, Newton’s rings, application of
interference in determination of wavelength and precision measurements.
Haidinger fringes:
Fringes of equal inclination, Michelson interferometer, its application for precision
determination of wavelength, wavelength difference and the width of spectral lines,
Intensity distribution in multiple beam interference, Fabry-Perot interferometer.
Unit II:
Fresnel diffraction:
Fresnel half-period zones, Types of zone plates, Circular aperture, Circular disc,
Diffraction at a straight edge, Construction and working principle of Zone plate and its
application as a lens.
Fraunhofer diffraction:
Diffraction at a single slit, double slits & N parallel slits and their intensity distribution,
plane transmission diffraction grating, reflection grating and blazed grating, Concave
grating and different mountings, diffraction at a circular aperture. Rayleigh criterion of
Resolution, Resolving power of Telescope, Microscope, Grating and Prism.
UnitIII:
Polarization and Optical Rotation:
Meaning and representation of Polarized light, Types of polarized light, Production of
Polarized light, Brewster law, Malus law, double refraction, Phase retardation plates,
Analysis of Polarized light as plane polarized, circularly polarized and Elliptically
polarized light, Rotation of plane of polarization, Specific rotation and its experimental
determination, Polarimeter (Laurent and Biquartz).
Unit IV:
Lasers: Laser system, Radiative and Non-radiative Transition mechanisms, Basic
necessity for a Lasing device, Einstein’s A and B coefficients, Spontaneous and Induced
emissions, conditions for laser action, population inversion, Construction, Working
principle and Applications of Ruby laser, He-Ne Laser and Semiconductor lasers. Basic
concepts of Holography, Construction of a Hologram and reconstruction of the image.
Suggested Readings:
1. A K Ghatak, Physical Optics (Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. Ltd, New Delhi).
2. D P Khandelwal, Optics and Atomic Physics (Himalaya Publishing House, Bombay, 1998).
3. F Smith and J Thomson, Manchester Physics series; Optics (English Language book Society and John
Wiley, 1977).
4. Bom and Wolf, Optics.
5. K D Moltev, Optics (Oxford University Press)
6. Sears, Optics.
7. Jenkins and White, Fundamental of Optics (McGraw-Hill)
8. Smith and Thomson, Optics (John Wiley and Sons).
9. A K Ghatak, Physical Optics
10. B B Laud, Lasers and Non-linear Optics (Wiley Eastern 1986)

Practicals SEM-4

Distribution of Marks for End Semester Practical Examination

Activity Marks

Experiments 10
 Viva Voce 5

Record 5

Total Marks 20

All the following experiments are to be done. Few more experiments may
be set at the institutional level.
1. To determine the wavelength of sodium light by Newton’s Ring Method.
2. To determine the wavelength of three colours using diffraction grating.
3. To determine the wavelength of sodium light using Biprism.
4. To determine the specific rotation of sugar solution by polarimeter.
5. To find out the wavelength of a given monochromatic (Sodium light) source
using Michelson’s interferometer and determination of D1& D2.
6. To determine the thickness of carbon paper by interference method.
7. To determine the wavelength of light using Helium-Neon Laser in I & II
order diffractions.

Semester V
Group C: Core Course (CC) 1 (V)
PHY 301: PHYSICS: KINETIC THEORY AND THERMODYNAMICS
Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks: 100
Credit- 4 Theory: 60, Internal: 20, Practical: 20

NOTE FOR PAPER SETTER FOR THEORY EXAMINATION

i) Paper setter will set 9 questions in all, out of which students will be required to
attempt 5 questions.
 ii) Q.No. 1 will be compulsory and will carry 12 marks. There will be atleast 4 short-
answer type questions selected from the entire syllabus.

iii) Two long answer type questions will be set from each of the four units, out of
which the students will be required to attempt one question from each unit. Long-
answer type questions will carry 12 marks each.

iv) All questions will carry equal marks.

Objectives: the student teacher will be able to:

• Comprehend the key points of thermodynamics.
• Apply the concepts in understanding the various transport phenomena.
• Solve the problems related to the thermodynamics.
• Understand and appreciate the application of thermodynamics in engines of
motor vehicles.
• Perform the experiments related to thermodynamics.
Course Contents

Unit I: Ideal and real gas

Ideal gas: kinetic model, deduction of boyle’s law, interpretation of temperature,
estimation of rms speeds of molecules, brownian motion, estimate of the Avogadro
number, equipartition of energy, specific heat of monoatomic gas, extension to di- and
triatomic gases, behaviour at low temperatures, adiabatic expansion of an ideal gas,
applications to atmospheric physics.
Real gas: Van der Waals’ equation of state, nature of Van der Waals’forces, comparison
with experimental P-V curves, the critical constants, gas and vapour, Joule expansion
of ideal gas and of a Van der Waals’gas, Joule coefficient, Joule-Thomson effect.
Unit II: Liquefaction of gases
Boyle temperature and inversion temperature, principle of regenerative cooling and of
cascade cooling, liquefaction of hydrogen and helium, refrigeration cycles, meaning of
efficiency.
Transport phenomena in gases: molecular collisions, mean free path and collision
cross sections, estimates of molecular diameter and mean free path, transport of mass,
momentum and energy and interrelationship, dependence on temperature and pressure
Unit III: Thermodynamics
The laws of thermodynamics: The zeroth law, various indicator diagrams, work done
by and on the system, First law of thermodynamics, internal energy as a state function,
reversible and irreversible changes, Carnot cycle and its efficiency, Carnot theorem and
the second law of thermodynamics, different versions of the second law, practical cycles
used in internal combustion engines, entropy, principle of increase of entropy, the
thermodynamic scale of temperature, its identity with the perfect gas scale, impossibility
of attaining the absolute zero temperature, third law of thermodynamics.
Unit IV: Thermodynamic relationships
thermodynamic variables- extensive and intensive, Maxwell’s general relationships,
application to Joule–Thomson expansion and adiabatic cooling in a general system,
Van der Waals’ gas, Clausius-Clapeyron heat equation, thermodynamic potentials and
equilibrium of thermodynamical systems, relation with thermodynamical variables,
cooling due to adiabatic demagnetization, production and measurement of very low
temperatures.
Blackbody radiation: pure temperature dependence, Stefan-Boltzmann law, pressure
of radiation, spectral distribution of blackbody radiation, Wein’s displacement law,
Rayleigh-Jean’s law, Planck’s quantum postulates, Planck’s law, complete fit with
experiment, interpretation of behaviour of specific heats of gases at low temperature.
Textbooks and references
1. M WZemansky, Heat and Thermodynamics (Mcgraw-Hill Book Company)
2. M NSaha, BNSrivastava, a Treatise on Heat (The Indian Press, (Publication) pvt. Ltd.
Allahabad)
4. M NSaha, BNSrivastava, a Textbook of Heat (Science Book Agency, Calcutta)
6. A N Matveev, Molecular Physics (Mir Publishers, Moscow, 1986)
6. Joseph OHirschfelder et al, Molecular Theory of Gases and Liquids (John Wiley
&Sons, NewYork)
6. K SPitzer, l. Brewer, Thermodynamcs (Mcgraw Hill Book Company)
7. S CGarg, RMBansal, CKGhosh, Thermal Physics (Tata Mcgraw Hill Publishing
Company ltd.)
8. Samuel Glasston, Thermodynamics for Chemists (Affiliated East West Press Pvt. Ltd.,
New Delhi)
9. YU. B. Rumer, M. Sh. Ryvkin, Thermodynamics, Statistical Physics and Kinetics (Mir
Publishers, Moscow)
10. S S Singhal, JPAgarwal, Satyaprakash, Heat and Thermodynamics (Pragati
Prakashan, Meerut).
11. Lkdlsuk] flag] jkor *m"ekxfrdhlkaf[;dh; ÒSksfrdh* ¼dkyst cqdgkml] t;iqj ½
12. Hk.mkjh] f’k’kksfn;k] ijkatis] ohjsunzdqekj] *lkaf[;dh; ,oa m"ekxfrdh; Òksfrdh* ¼jes’k cqdfmiks] t;iqj½

Practicals SEM-5

Distribution of Marks for End Semester Practical Examination

Activity Marks
Experiments 10
Viva Voce 5
Record 5
Total Marks 20
All the following experiments are to be done. Few more experiments may be set
at the institutional level.
1. To determine the thermal conductivity of bad conductor by lee’s method.
2. To determine the melting point of wax using platinum resistance thermometer.
3. To find ‘j’ by call ender and barne’s method.
4. To study the temperature dependence of resistance for thermistor and find
temperature coefficient of resistance and material constant.
5. To study the temperature dependence of resistance of a torch bulb’s filament.
6. Determine the heat capacity of a brass.

Semester VI
B. Sc. B. Ed. (CBCS) Semester- VI
GROUP C: CORE COURSE (CC)
Semester VI
PHY 302: PHYSICS SOLID STATE PHYSICS, SOLID STATE DEVICES AND ELECTRONICS
Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks: 100
Credits- 4 Theory: 60, Internal: 20, Practical: 20

NOTE FOR PAPER SETTER FOR THEORY EXAMINATION

i) Paper setter will set 9 questions in all, out of which students will be required to attempt 5
questions.

ii) Q.No. 1 will be compulsory and will carry 12 marks. There will be atleast 4 short-answer
type questions selected from the entire syllabus.
 iii) Two long answer type questions will be set from each of the four units, out of which the
students will be required to attempt one question from each unit. Long-answer type questions
will carry 12 marks each.

iv) All questions will carry equal marks.

Objectives: The student teacher will be able to:

• Understand the basic concepts of solid state physics and electronics.
• Understand the thermal, electrical and magnetic properties of solids.
• Apply the concepts in understanding the working of some electronics devices.
• Solve the problems related to solid state physics and electronics.
• Establish the link between theory and experiments.
Course Contents

Unit I: SolidState Physics

Overview: Crystalline and glassy forms, liquid crystals, glass transition.

Structure: Crystal structure, periodicity, lattices and bases, fundamental translation vectors,
unit cell, Wigner-seitz cell, allowed rotations, lattice types, lattice planes, common crystal
structures, Laue’s theory of X-ray diffraction, Bragg’s law, Laue patterns.
Bonding: Potential between a pair of atoms, Lennard-Jones potential, concept of cohesive
energy, covalent, Vander Walls’, ionic, and metallic crystals.
Magnetism: Atomic magnetic moment, magnetic susceptibility, Dia-, Para- and Ferro-
magnetism, Ferromagnetic domains, hysteresis.
Unit II:Thermal properties and band structure

Thermal properties: lattice vibrations, simple harmonic oscillator, second order expansion of
Lennard-Jones potential about the minimum, vibrations of one dimensional monatomic chain
under harmonic and nearest neighbor interaction approximation, concept of phonons, Debye
model; lattice specific heat, low temperature limit.
Band structure: Electrons in periodic potential, nearly free electron model (qualitative), energy
bands, energy gap, metals, insulators, semiconductors.
Motion of electrons: Free electrons, conduction electrons, electron collisions, mean free path,
conductivity and Ohm’s law, Density of states, Fermi energy, Fermi velocity, Fermi-Dirac
distribution.
Unit III: Semiconductors
Intrinsic semiconductors, electrons and holes, Fermi level, Temperature dependence of electron
and hole concentrations, Doping, impurity states, n and p type semiconductors, conductivity,
mobility, Hall effect, Hall coefficient.
Semiconductor devices: metal-semiconductor junction, p-n junction, majority and minority
carriers, diode, Zener and tunnel diodes, light emitting diode, transistor, solar cell.
Unit IV:Electronics
Power supply: Diode as a circuit element, load line concept, rectification, ripple factor, Zener
diode, voltage stabilization, IC voltage regulation, characteristics of a transistor in CB, CE and
CC mode, graphical analysis of the CE configuration, low frequency equivalent circuits, h-
parameters, bias stability, thermal runaway.
Field effect transistors:I-V curves of JFET, biasing of JFET, operation of JFET, source
follower, depletion and enhancement mode, MOSFET, biasing of MOSFET, FET as variable
voltage resistor, digital MOSFET circuits, Tunnel diode, concept of negative resistance,
 characteristics and working of tunnel diode, UJT- its construction and working, UJT as
relaxation oscillator.
Small signal amplifiers: General principles of operation, classification, distortion, RC coupled
amplifier, gain, frequency response, input and output impedance, multistage amplifiers,
transformer coupled amplifiers, Equivalent circuits at low, medium and high frequencies,
emitter follower, low frequency common-source and common-drain amplifier, Noise in
electronic circuits.
Suggested Readings:
1. C.Kittel, Introduction to Solid State Physics, V Edition (John Wiley and Sons, New York,
1976)
2. A.J. Dekker, Solid State Physics, (Macmillan & Co, 1967)
3. S Blackmore, Solid state Physics, II Edition (Cambridge University press, Cambridge)
4. N W Ascroft and N D Mermin, Solid State Physics (Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York,
1976)
5. R. J. Singh, Solid State Physics (Pearson, 2012)
6. J. P. Srivastava, Elements of Solid State Physics (PHI, 2006)
7. B G Streetman,Solid State Electronic devices, II Edition (Prentice-Hall of India, New Delhi,
1986)
8. W D Stanley,Electronic Devices, Circuits and Applications, (Prentice-Hall, New Jersey, USA,
1988)
9. J D Ryder,Electronics Fundamentals and Applications, II Edition (Prentice-Hall of India, New
Delhi, 1986)
10. J Millman and A Grabel; Microelectronics, International Edition (McGraw-Hill Book
Company, New York, 1988).
11. B L Theraja, Basic Electronics (S. Chand Publishing, 2005)

Practicals SEM-6

Distribution of Marks for End Semester Practical Examination

Activity Marks
Experiments 10
Viva Voce 5
Record 5
Total Marks 20
All the following experiments are to be done. Few more experiments may be set at the
institutional level.
1. To trace an output waveform of RC phase-shift oscillator and determine its frequency for
different values of capacitance used.
2. To study the characteristics of field effect transistor (FET) and find out r p, gm, and µ.
3. To study diode rectifier and effect of load resistance on ripple factor for L and π filters in full
wave rectifier and bridge rectifier.
4. To study the unijuction transistor (UJT) and plot V-I characteristic of a given transistor.
5. To measure the hybrid parameters hie, hre, hfe, and hoe of a given transistor.
 6. To study the performance of an electronically regulated power supply in terms of its
regulation characteristics.
7. To study the zener diode in terms of voltage regulation.
8. To study the temperature dependence of resistance of semi-conducting material by four
probe method.
9. To study the Hall Effect and calculate Hall coefficient and the carrier concentration.
10. Determine the magnetic susceptibility of a given material and study its field dependence.

Semester VII
B. Sc. B. Ed. (CBCS) Semester- VII
GROUP D: DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC ELECTIVE (DSE)
Semester VII
PHY 401: PHYSICS: QUANTUM MECHANICS AND STATISTICAL PHYSICS
PHY 202: PHYSICS: OPTICS AND LASER
Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks: 100
Credits- 4 Theory: 60, Internal: 20, Practical: 20

NOTE FOR PAPER SETTER FOR THEORY EXAMINATION

i) Paper setter will set 9 questions in all, out of which students will be required to
attempt 5 questions.

ii) Q.No. 1 will be compulsory and will carry 12 marks. There will be atleast 4 short-
answer type questions selected from the entire syllabus.
 iii) Two long answer type questions will be set from each of the four units, out of
which the students will be required to attempt one question from each unit. Long-
answer type questions will carry 12 marks each.

iv) All questions will carry equal marks.

Objectives: The student teacher will be able to:

• Describe the limitation of classical mechanics and requirement of Quantum
mechanics.
• Understand the fundamental aspects of Quantum mechanics followed by its
application.
• Apply the Statistical principles to various physical phenomena.
• Solve the problems related to Quantum mechanics and Statistical mechanics.
• Establish the link between theory and experiments.
Course Contents
Unit I:
Origin of the quantum theory- Failure of classical physics to explain the phenomena
such as black-body spectrum, photoelectric effect, Ritz combination principle in
spectra, stability of an atom, Planck’s radiation law, Einstein’s explanation of
photoelectric effect, Bohr’s quantization of angular momentum and its application to
hydrogen atom, limitations of Bohr’s theory.
Unit II:
Wave-particle duality and uncertainty principle, de Broglie’s hypothesis for matter
waves, the concept of wave and group velocities, evidence for diffraction and
interference of ‘particles’, experimental demonstration of matter waves, Consequence
of de Broglie’s concepts, quantisation in hydrogen atom, energies of a particle in a box,
wave packets, Heisenberg’s uncertainty relation for p and x, its extension to energy
and time.
Consequence of the uncertainty relation: gamma ray microscope, diffraction at a slit,
particle in a box, position of electron in a Bohr orbit.
Quantum Mechanics: Schrodinger’s equation, Postulates of quantum mechanics,
operators, expectation values, transition probabilities.
Unit III:
Applications of quantum mechanics to particle in one dimensional and three
dimensional box, harmonic oscillator, reflection at a step potential, transmission
across a potential barrier.
Hydrogen atom: natural occurrence of n, l and m quantum numbers, the related
physical quantities, comparison with Bohr’s theory, Wave functions, Probabilistic
interpretation.
Unit IV:
Statistical Physics
The statistical basis of thermodynamics: Probability and thermodynamic probability,
principle of equal a-priori probabilities, probability distribution and its narrowing with
increase in number of particles, The expressions for average properties, Constraints,
 accessible and inaccessible states, distribution of particles with a given total energy
into a discrete set of energy states.
Some universal laws: The mu space representation, division of mu space into energy
sheets and into phase cells of arbitrary size, application to one-dimensional harmonic
oscillator and free particles, Equilibrium between two systems in thermal contact,
bridge with macroscopic physics, Probability and entropy, Boltzmann entropy relation,
Statistical interpretation of second law of thermodynamics, Boltzmann canonical
distribution law and its applications, rigorous form of equipartition of energy, Partition
function and its applications, Saha’s ionization formula. Maxwell distribution of speeds
in an ideal gas, Distribution of speeds and velocities, experimental verification,
distinction between mean, rms and most probable speed values, Doppler broadening
of spectral lines. Transition to quantum statistics: ‘h’ as a natural constant and its
implications, cases of particle in a one-dimensional box and one-dimensional harmonic
oscillator, Indistinguishability of particles and its consequences, Bose-Einstein and
Fermi-Dirac conditions, applications to liquid helium, free electrons in a metal and
photons in blackbody chamber, Fermi level and Fermi energy.
Suggested Readings:
1. D.J. Griffith, Introduction to Quantum Mechanics (Pearson Education, 2015)
2. A.K. Ghatak and S. Loknathan, Quantum Mechanics- Theory and Application
(Macmillan India Ltd. Delhi)
3. H.C. Verma, Quantum Physics (TBS, 2012)
4. H.S. Mani and G.K. Mehta, Introduction to Modern Physics, (Affiliated East West
Press Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi, 1998)
5. B. Laud, Introduction of Statistical Mechanics (Macmillan 1981).
6. F. Reif, Statistical Physics (Mcgraw-Hill, 1988).
7. K. Huang, Statistical Physics (Wiley Eastern, 1988).
Practicals
Distribution of Marks for End Semester Practical Examination
Activity Marks
Experiments 10
Viva Voce 5
Record 5
Total Marks 20
All the following experiments are to be done. Few more experiments may be set
at the institutional level.
1. To find out the reverse recovery time of given diodes.
2. To study RC transmission line at 50 Hz and to draw curve showing the variation
of magnitude and phase of the voltage along the RC ladder network.
3. To study the Gaussian distribution law.
4. To study the Poisson’s distribution law.
5. To determine the value of Planck’s constant by photo cell. (Photo electric effect).
6. To determine the value of Planck’s constant by solar cell.
 Semester VIII
B. Sc. B. Ed. (CBCS) Semester- VIII
GROUP D: DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC ELECTIVE (DSE)
Semester VIII
PHY 402: PHYSICS: ATOMIC, MOLECULAR AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS
me: 3 Hours Max. Marks: 100
Credits- 4 Theory: 60, Internal: 20, Practical: 20

NOTE FOR PAPER SETTER FOR THEORY EXAMINATION

i) Paper setter will set 9 questions in all, out of which students will be required to
attempt 5 questions.

ii) Q.No. 1 will be compulsory and will carry 12 marks. There will be atleast 4 short-
answer type questions selected from the entire syllabus.

iii) Two long answer type questions will be set from each of the four units, out of
which the students will be required to attempt one question from each unit. Long-
answer type questions will carry 12 marks each.

iv) All questions will carry equal marks.

Objectives: The student teacher will be able to:
• Understand thefundamental concepts of Atomic, Molecular and Nuclear Physics.
• Develop the concepts of transitions between various energy levels.
• Understand the source of energy in nuclear reactors and stars.
• Solve the problems related toAtomic, Molecular and Nuclear Physics.
• Establish the link between theory and experiments.
Course Contents

Unit I: Atomic Physics

Spectra of hydrogen, Frank-Hertz experiment and discrete energy states, Stern Gerlach
experiment, deuteron and alkali atoms, spectral terms, doublet fine structure, screening
constants for alkali spectra for s,p,d and f states, selection rules, L-S and J-J couplings,
Atoms in a magnetic field, Zeeman effect, Zeeman splitting.
Weak spectra: continuous X-ray spectrum and its dependence on voltage, Duane-Hunt
law, Characteristics of X-rays, Moseley’s law, doublet structure of X-ray spectra, X-ray
absorption spectra.
Unit II: Molecular Physics
Discrete set of electronic energies of molecules, quantisation of vibrational and
rotational energies, determination of internuclear distance, pure rotational and
rotational-vibrational spectra, Dissociation limit for the ground and other electronic
states, transition rules for pure vibrational and electronic vibrational spectra.
Raman effect, Stokes and anti-Stokes lines, complimentary character of Raman and
infrared spectra, experimental arrangements for Raman spectroscopy.
Spectroscopic techniques: Sources of excitation, prism and grating spectrographs for
visible, UV and IR, absorption spectroscopy, double beam instruments, different
recording systems.

Unit III: Accelerators

Ion sources, Cockcroft-Walton high voltage generators, Van deGraaff generators, Drift
tube, Linear accelerators, Wave guide accelerators, Magnetic focusing in Cyclotron,
Synchrocyclotron, Betatron, The electromagnetic induction Accelerator, Electron
synchrotron, Proton Synchrotron.
Detectors: Interaction of charged particles and neutrons with matter, working of
nuclear detectors, Geiger-Muller counter, proportional counter and scintillation
counter, cloud chambers, spark chamber, emulsions.

Unit IV: Nuclear Fission and Nuclear Fusion

Nuclear Fission: Theory of Nuclear Fission, Liquid Drop Model, Shell Model, Barrier
Penetration-Theory of Spontaneous Fission, Nuclear Fission as a source of Energy, The
Nuclear Chain reaction, Condition of controlled Chain Reaction, The Principle of
Nuclear Reactors, Classification of Reactors, Power of Nuclear Reactors, Critical size of
Thermal Reactors, The Breeder Reactors, Reprocessing of spent fuel, Radiation
hazards and Fission products poisoning.
Nuclear Fusion:The sources of stellar energy, The Plasma: The fourth state of the
matter, Fusion reaction, Energy balance and Lawson Criterion, Magnetic confinement
 of Plasma, Classical Plasma losses from the Magnetic Container, Anomalous losses,
Turbulence and Plasma instabilities, The Laser Fusion Problem, Fusion reactor
Structure of Nuclei: Structure of nuclei, basic properties (angular momentum,
magnetic moment, Quadrupole moment and binding energy), deuteron binding energy,
p-p and n-p scattering and general concepts of nuclear forces. Beta decay, range of
alpha particles, Geiger-Nuttalllaw, Gamow’s explanation of alpha decay, gamma decay,
continuous and discrete spectra.
Elementary Particles:Classification of Elementary Particles, Fundamental
interactions, Unified Approach (basic ideas), The Conservation laws, Quarks (basic
ideas), Charmed and Colour Quarks, Higgs Boson, Large Hadron Collider.
Suggested Readings:
1. H.S. Mani and G.K. Mehta, Introduction to Modern Physics, Affiliated East West
Press Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi, 1998.
2. A Beiser, Prospective of Modern Physics
3. H E White, Introduction to Atomic Physics
4. Barrow, Introduction to Molecular Physics
5. T A Littlefield and N Thorley, Atomic and Nuclear Physics (Engineering Language
Book Society)
6. H A Enge, Introduction to Nuclear Physics (Addision- Wesly)
7. Eisenberg and Resnik, Quantum Physics of Atoms, Molecules, Solids, Nuclei and
Particles (John Wiley)
8. D P Khandelwal, Optics and Atomic Physics, (Himalaya Publishing, Bombay, 1988)
9. Rajkumar, Atomic and Molecular Physics (Campus Books International, 2003)
10. C Banwell, Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy (McGraw Hill Education, 2017)

Practicals

Distribution of Marks for End Semester Practical Examination

Activity Marks
Experiments 10
Viva Voce 5
Record 5
Total Marks 20
All the following experiments are to be done. Few more experiments may be set
at the institutional level.
1. To study the voltage distribution along LC transmission line when its output
terminals are open, short and terminated by characteristics impedance. Find
attenuation constant, phase constant and propagation constant also for a given
line.
2. To study the effect of feedback on transistor amplifier in terms of its frequency
response and voltage amplification
3. To determine the value of Rydberg’s constant with the help of plane transmission
grating.
4. To study the following applications of an operational amplifier (i) Differentiator (ii)
Integrator.
5. To study the following applications of an operational amplifier (i) adder (ii)
Subtractor.
6. Determine the absorption coefficient of a given solution. Also study the
concentration dependence of absorption coefficient.