Chapter 3

Transportation
(Textbook pg 78 – pg 113)
 3.1
Transport System
in Organisms
(Textbook pg 81 – pg 82)
 (Textbook page 81)

Need for Transport System in Organisms

Every cell needs oxygen for cell respiration and nutrients to obtain energy.

At the same time, carbon dioxide and other waste products produced by
cells need to be eliminated to the external environment.

The process of carrying oxygen,

nutrients and other useful
substances from the external
environment into the cells is
through diffusion.

The process of eliminating

waste products from the cells
is also through diffusion.
 (Textbook page 81)

Transport System in Simple Organisms

Simple organisms such as unicellular organisms do not have a specialised
transport system.

Substances needed by cells such as

oxygen and nutrients enter directly
into cells via diffusion through the
cell membrane.

Waste products such as

carbon dioxide are also
eliminated from cells to
the external environment
via diffusion through the
cell membrane.
 (Textbook page 81)

Transport System in Complex Organisms

Complex organisms such as humans, vertebrates and multicellular plants
have a specialised transport system.
 (Textbook page 81)

Transport System in Complex Organisms

The process of exchange of substances needed by cells and waste products
between complex organisms and the external environment (via diffusion)
occurs slowly and not comprehensively
➢ because complex organisms have a large volume

Therefore, complex organisms need

to have a specialised transport system.

Through this specialised transport

system, oxygen and nutrients can be
carried to all the body cells in complex
organisms and waste products can be
eliminated from all the body cells to
the external environment.
 (Textbook page 82)
Importance of the Function of Transport System in Organisms

Transport system carries substances needed by cells such as oxygen and

nutrients that are used to produce energy through cellular respiration.
➢ This energy is used for living processes in organisms.
Transport system eliminates toxic waste products from the cells in
organisms to the external environment.
➢ Toxic waste products that fail to be
eliminated from the cells will poison
and kill the organisms.
Transport system carries substances
needed by plant cells such as
mineral salts, water and products of
photosynthesis to carry out all living
processes in plants.
 (Textbook page 82)

The impact on organisms if the transport

system in the organisms cannot function well
If the transport system of an organism cannot function well, cellular
respiration cannot be carried out.
➢ Without energy, living process cannot occur in the organism.

Food cannot be made by green plants through photosynthesis.

➢ Without food, plants and animals will die.

Toxic waste products that fail to be eliminated from the body to the
outside surroundings will poison and kill the organism.
 3.2
Blood
Circulatory
System
(Textbook pg 83 – pg 95)
 (Textbook page 83)

Blood Circulatory System in Vertebrates

Humans and all vertebrates such as mammals, reptiles,
amphibians, birds and fish (complex organisms) have a
specialised transport system, that is the blood
circulatory system.

In the blood circulatory system of all vertebrates, blood

flows continuously in blood vessels to all parts of the
body in one complete cycle through the heart.

However, there are significant differences in the blood

circulatory system among mammals, reptiles, amphibians,
birds and fish.
 (Textbook page 83)

Blood Circulatory System in Vertebrates

Fish Amphibian & Reptile Mammals

Capillaries in the body Capillaries in the body Capillaries in the body

 (Textbook page 83)

Blood Circulatory System in Fish

Single blood circulatory system

The heart of the fish has two chambers, that

is an atrium (plural: atria) and a ventricle.

Deoxygenated blood flows from the heart

to the gills, where gaseous exchange occur
➢ oxygen diffuse into the capillaries of
the gills and carbon dioxide diffuse out of
the blood changes deoxygenated blood to
oxygenated blood

Oxygenated blood is transported to the

whole body
Capillaries in the body
 (Textbook page 83)

Blood Circulatory System in Fish

Oxygen diffuses into the body tissues while

carbon dioxide diffuses out of the tissues
into the blood capillaries

The deoxygenated blood then returns to the

atrium of heart through the vein

Because blood flows in one direction through

the heart only once the fish circulatory
system is known as a single circulatory
system

Capillaries in the body

 (Textbook page 83)

Blood Circulatory System in Amphibians

Incomplete, double blood circulatory system Capillaries in lungs and skin

The heart of the amphibians have three

chambers, that is two atria and a ventricle.

Deoxygenated blood flows from the heart

to the lungs and moist skin, where gaseous
exchange occur
➢ changes deoxygenated blood to
oxygenated blood

Oxygenated blood is transported to the

heart
Capillaries in the body
 (Textbook page 83)

Blood Circulatory System in Amphibians

When the oxygenated blood is pumped into Capillaries in lungs and skin

the ventricle, it will mix with the

deoxygenated blood
➢ because amphibians’ heart just have one
ventricle

The blood contain lower levels of oxygen

but is sufficient to meet the cellular
requirement of amphibians

because blood flows in the blood vessels

through the heart twice, the amphibians
circulatory system is known as a double
circulatory system Capillaries in the body
 Blood Circulatory System in Reptile
Incomplete, double blood
circulatory system

The heart of the reptiles

have three chambers, that
is two atria and a
ventricle.

The ventricle is divided by

a partial septum
➢ Oxygenated blood is
mix with deoxygenated
blood
 (Textbook page 83)

Blood Circulatory System in Mammals and Birds

Capillaries in lungs
Complete, double blood circulatory system

The heart of the mammals and birds have

four chambers, that is two atria and two
ventricle.

Deoxygenated blood flows from the heart

to the lungs, where gaseous exchange occur
➢ changes deoxygenated blood to
oxygenated blood

Oxygenated blood is transported to the

heart
Capillaries in the body
 (Textbook page 83)

Blood Circulatory System in Mammals and Birds

The four-chambered heart separated by a Capillaries in lungs

septum prevent the mixing of oxygenated

and deoxygenated blood.
➢ it supplies adequate blood rich in oxygen
and nutrients rapidly to the body tissues.

Oxygenated blood flows from the heart to

the whole body except the lungs, changes
to deoxygenated blood and flows back into
the heart

Blood flows through the heart twice in one

complete cycle to the whole body
➢ double circulatory system Capillaries in the body
 (Textbook page 85)

Blood Circulatory System in Humans

The human blood circulatory system involves:
Heart i. Heart
Artery ➢ Pumped the blood to all parts of the body
Vein
ii. Blood vessels
➢ namely arteries, capillaries and veins.

From heart To heart

Capillary
Artery Vein
 (Textbook page 86 & 87)

Structure and Functions of Human Heart

The human heart has four chambers, that is two atria and two ventricles

Right atrium Left atrium

▪ Has thin muscular wall • Has thin muscular wall
▪ Functions： • Functions:
➢Receive deoxygenated
blood from the whole body ➢ Receive oxygenated
except the lung through blood from the lungs
superior and inferior through pulmonary vein
vena cava ➢ When the left atrium
➢When the right atrium contracts, the
contracts, the oxygenated blood us
deoxygenated blood is is forced to flow into the
forced to flow into the left ventricle
right ventricle Deoxygenated blood
Oxygenated blood
 (Textbook page 86 & 87)

Structure and Functions of Human Heart

The human heart has four chambers, that is two atria and two ventricles

Right ventricle Left ventricle

• Have thick muscular
• Has thickest muscular
wall
wall
• Function：
• Function:
➢ Pump deoxygenated
➢ Pump oxygenated
blood out from the
blood out from the
heart into the
heart into the aorta to
pulmonary arteries
be transported to all
to be transported to
part of the body
the lungs

Deoxygenated blood
Oxygenated blood
 (Textbook page 86 & 87)

Structure and Functions of Human Heart

Aorta
Vena cava Bicuspid valve
Allow the flow of blood in only one
Pulmonary artery direction from the left atrium into
the left ventricle

Semilunar valves
Pulmonary vein
Semilunar valves at the pulmonary
artery and aorta ensure that blood
flows only in one direction and not Septum
back into the ventricles
• The muscular wall which separates
the left side of the heart from the
Tricuspid valve right side of the heart
Allow the flow of blood in only one • Function:
direction from the right atrium to the ➢ Prevent the oxygenated blood
right ventricle from mixing with the
deoxygenated blood
 Path of Blood Flow through the Heart
Deoxygenated blood Oxygenated blood
Body Lung

1. Superior vena cava

/ Inferior vena cava 1. Pulmonary veins
2. Right atrium 2. Left atrium
3. Tricuspid valve 3. Bicuspid valve
4. Right ventricle 4. Left ventricle
5. Semilunar valve 5. Semilunar valve
6. Pulmonary artery 6. Aorta

Lung Body
 (Textbook page 88)
Human Blood Vessels

1 Artery 2 Blood capillaries 3 Vein

From the heart To the heart

Lumen Valve Lumen
Thin wall
Thick, muscular Lumen
and elastic wall

Lumen Capillary
Artery network Vein
 (Textbook page 88)
Structure and Functions of Human Blood Vessels
Characteristics Arteries Capillaries Veins
Thick and muscular Thinnest wall which Thin, less muscular
wall with a lot of is one cell thick and less elastic wall
elastic tissues to without any muscle or to facilitate blood fl
withstand high blood elastic tissue ow under low blood
pressure pressure
Wall

Lumen Small Smallest Large

 (Textbook page 88)
Structure and Functions of Human Blood Vessels
Characteristics Arteries Capillaries Veins
No valve No valve Has valves
Valve

• Transports
• Transports oxygenated Allows the deoxygenated blood
blood from the heart to exchange of back to the heart from
the whole body except gases, food and
waste products the whole body except
the lungs the lungs
Functions between the blood
• Pulmonary artery and body cells via • Pulmonary vein
transports deoxygenated diffusion through transports oxygenated
blood from the heart to the thin wall of the blood from the lungs to
the lungs capillary the heart
 (Textbook page 88)
Structure and Functions of Human Blood Vessels
Characteristics Arteries Capillaries Veins
Slow blood flow Slow blood flow
Rapid blood flow under
Blood pressure under decreasing under low blood
high blood pressure
blood pressure pressure
Pulse No pulse No pulse Pulse detected
Blood pressure decreasing

Artery
Vein

Capillaries
 (Textbook page 89)
‘Double’ Blood Circulatory System
Humans and other mammals have a ‘double’
blood circulatory system that is made up of:
(i) Pulmonary circulation
Lungs
Pulmonary artery Pulmonary vein

Heart

Vein Artery
(ii) Systemic circulation
Heart
Vein Artery
All part of the body
except lungs
 (Textbook page 90)

Heartbeat
During heart pumping, the lub-dub sound can be heard.

The lub sound is fairly loud whereas the dub sound is softer.

The lub-dub sound is the closing sound of the heart valves.

The sequence of the opening and closing of the

valves in the heart during heartbeats can be
divided into 2 phases:
i. Diastole
ii. Systole
 (Textbook page 90)

(i) Diastole

The ‘dub’ sound is produced by the

closure of the semilunar valves at
the aorta and pulmonary artery when
relaxation of the ventricles occurs.
➢ This condition is known as diastole. Semilunar
valves Bicuspid
closed valves
The pressure reading of blood opened

flowing into and filling the heart is

called the diastolic pressure Bicuspid
valves
reading. opened
 (Textbook page 90)

(ii) Systole

The ‘lub’ sound is produced by the

closure of the tricuspid and
bicuspid valves between the atria
and the ventricles when contraction
of the ventricles occurs. Bicuspid
➢ This condition is known as diastole. valves
closed
Bicuspid
The pressure reading of blood valves
closed
flowing out of the heart is called the Semilunar
valves
systolic pressure reading. opened
 (Textbook page 91)

Measurement of Blood Pressure

Blood pressure is usually measured using a sphygmomanometer

Taking of diastolic and systolic pressure readings from a sphygmomanometer

is based on listening to the sounds produced by the blood circulation when
diastole and systole occur.

The systolic pressure reading of a youth is

normally 120 mm Hg and the diastolic
pressure reading is 75 mm Hg.

Hence, this blood pressure reading is

normally written as 120/75 mm Hg.
 (Textbook page 91)

Pulse Rate
Pulse is produced by the contraction and relaxation of the muscular artery
wall.

The factors that influence the pulse rate:

A. Physical activity
B. Gender
C. Age
D. Body Health
 (Textbook page 92)

Pulse Rate
A Physical activity

The more vigorous a physical activity, the higher the pulse rate.
➢ Because the need for energy is increased
➢ So, the heart need to pump blood more
rapidly to deliver more oxygenated
blood to body cells to carry out cell
respiration
 (Textbook page 93)

Pulse Rate
B Gender

The average pulse rate of an adult male is higher than the average pulse
rate of an adult female
➢ Because heart of females which is normally of smaller size than male
heart
➢ pumps less blood for each
heartbeat

➢ needs to beat at a much higher

rate compared to the heart of
males
 (Textbook page 93)

Pulse Rate
C Age

As the age of a person increases, the person’s pulse rate becomes lower.

D Body Health

The pulse rate of a less healthy individual is normally higher or lower than
the normal pulse rate.
➢ A pulse rate that is too high or too low is
dangerous and can be life-threatening.
 (Textbook page 94)

Importance of Maintaining a Healthy Heart

Prevent heart failure

Regulates blood circulation

Supply nutrients and oxygen to

organs

Longer life

Allows for a more active life

 (Textbook page 94)

Ways to Keep Your Heart Healthy

No smoking Exercise regulary

Avoid excessive A balanced diet

drinking

Maintain a healthy
Manage stress
weight