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Physics Concept Maps Password Removed

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Physics Concept Maps Password Removed

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SYSTEM OF PARTICLES
AND ROTATIONAL MOTION
CLASS XI
Centre of Mass and Centre of Gravity Rotational Motion Axis Axis
R

et
l The centre of gravity of a body coincides with l Perpendicular distance of each particle
its centre of mass only if the gravitational field remains constant from a fixed line or R
does not vary from one point of the body to point and particle do not move parallel

.n
other. to the line. I = MR2

l Mathematically, l Angular displacement, q =

Angular velocity, w =

pt
Axis Axis
w For discrete body, Angular acceleration, a =

p
l Equations of rotational motion L R L
w w = w0 + at R

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w q = w0t + at 2
w For continuous body,
w w 2 = w02 + 2aq
Axis Axis
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l Centre of mass of symmetric body l Torque : Turning effect of the force
about the axis of rotation. R1
w Semi-circular ring, L
R2
l Angular momentum,
Work done by torque, W = tdq
es

l
w Semi-circular disc,
l Power, P = tw
Axis Axis
id

Motion of Centre of Mass Moment of Inertia 2R 2R

l For a system of particles l For a rigid body,


Spherical shell Solid sphere
sl

z y
w Position, l Perpendicular axes theorem :
Iz = Ix + Iy x
://

(Object is in x-y plane )


w Velocity, Axis Axis
A R
Parallel axes theorem :
s

w Acceleration, l
b
IAB = ICM + Md 2 CM
d a
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= 0, then = constant. 2
w If I = MR /2
B
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Conservation of Angular Momentum Equilibrium of a Rigid Body Rolling Motion


l If the net external torque acting on a system l A rigid body is said to be in mechanical l For a body rolling without slipping,
is zero, the angular momentum of the equilibrium, if both of its linear momentum velocity of centre of mass
and angular momentum are not changing with
system remains constant, no matter what vCM = Rw
time, i.e., total force and total torque are zero.
changes take place within the system. l Linear momentum does not change implies Kinetic energy,
= constant; I1w1 = I2w2 the condition for the translational equilibrium K = Ktranslational + Krotational
of the body and angular momentum does
(for isolated system) not change implies the condition for the =
rotational equilibrium of the body.

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GRAVITATION
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MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
OF SOLIDS AND FLUIDS
CLASS XI
Young’s modulus RELATION BETWEEN Y, B, G AND s APPLICATION OF ELASTICITY
Bulk modulus, l Y = 3B(1 –2s) l Y = 2G(1 +s) Designing beams for bridges

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The depression in rectangular
l l

beam,
Compressibility, k = 1/B

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ELASTIC POTENTIAL ENERGY l

HOOKE’S LAW
Modulus of rigidity
Stress µ Strain P.E. stored per unit volume of stretched wire,

pt
or Stress = E ´ Strain,
(E = modulus of elasticity)

ep
Poisson’s ratio
s
ELASTICITY AND PLASTICITY
STRESS AND STRAIN ar Elasticity : Ability of a body to regain
l
PROPERTIES its original shape, on removing
OF deforming force.
h
Plasticity : The inability of a body to
l
SOLIDS regain its original size and shape on
the removal of the deforming forces.
es

VISCOSITY PROPERTIES OF SURFACE TENSION


Coefficient of viscosity:
FLUIDS Surface tension: The property by
lid

where is the velocity FLUIDS FLUIDS which the free surface of liquid at rest
IN AT tends to have minimum surface area.
gradient between two Surface energy: Work done against
layers of liquid. MOTION REST
the force of surface tension in
//s

forming the liquid surface.


BERNOULLI’S THEOREM
Bernoulli’s theorem : For the streamline CAPILLARITY
flow of an ideal liquid, the total energy per PRESSURE The phenomenon of rise or fall of liquid
s:

unit volume remains constant Pascal’s law in a capillary tube is called capillarity.
The pressure is same at all points Height of the liquid within capillary tube
Where, q = angle of contact
inside the liquid lying at the same r = density of liquid
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depth in a horizontal plane. a = radius of tube


Stoke’s law : Backward Gauge pressure = P – P0 = hrg.
Basic
dragging force on a In an air bubble
results on Excess
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ARCHIMEDE’S PRINCIPLE
spherical body, F = 6 phrv.
viscosity When a body is immersed fully or Pressure
Poiseuille’s formula partly in a liquid at rest, it loses Inside a soap bubble
some of its weight, which is equal to
the weight of the liquid displaced
Reynold’s number : Determines by the immersed part of the body. Inside a liquid drop
nature of fluid flow Apparent weight
(For fully immersed body)

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0 1
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DAMPED AND FORCED OSCILLATIONS


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SIMPLE PENDULUM ENERGY IN SHM


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ELECTRIC FLUX

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ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION
CLASS XII
Combination of Inductors

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Magnetic Energy l Inductors in series, L–R Circuit

l Energy stored in an inductor, l Inductors in parallel, l Current growth in L–R

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circuit
l If coils are far away, then M = 0.
l Energy stored in the solenoid, So, l Current decay in L–R circuit,

pt
Here,
l Magnetic energy density,
Inductance

p
l Emf induced in the coil/conductor,

re
l Coefficient of self induction,

l Self inductance of a long solenoid,


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l Mutual inductance,
Lenz's Law Induced Electric
l The direction of the induced l Mutual inductance of two long coaxial solenoids, Field
current is such that it opposes
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l It is produced by change in
the change that has produced it. magnetic field in a region. This
l If a current is induced by an is non-conservative in nature.
increasing(decreasing) flux, it l Coefficient of coupling,
will weaken (strengthen) the
id

original flux. For perfect coupling, k = 1 so,


l It is a consequence of the law of l This is also known as integral
sl

conservation of energy. form of Faraday’s law.

Magnetic Flux and Faraday's Law


://

l Magnetic flux
l Faraday’s law : Whenever magnetic flux linked with a coil
changes, an emf is induced in the coil.
s

Energy Consideration
w Induced emf,
tp

in Motional emf
l Emf in the wire, e = Bvl
w Induced current,
l Induced current,
Electric Generator
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w Induced charge flow ,


l Force exerted on the wire, l Mechanical energ y is
I converted into electrical
B
l × v F
energy by virtue of electro-
magnetic induction.
R
l Power required to move the
Motional emf l Induced emf,
l On a straight conducting wire, e = Bvl e = NABw sinwt = e0sinwt
wire, l On a rotating conducting wire about one end, l Induced current,

It is dissipated as Joule’s heat. Here, are perpendicular to each other.

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ALTERNATING CURRENT
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RAY OPTICS AND
OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS
CLASS XII
Deviation P
APPLICATIONS OF TIR of red light(dR) A POWER OF LENSES
ligh
t Deviation of (i– r1) (e– r 2)
w Fiber optics communication ible N1 d N2
Vis R violet light (dV)
Power of lens :

et
i e
w Medical endoscopy O
Y F r1 q r2 G f
G
w Periscope (Using prism) Angular B
E N
H Combination of lenses:
I
w Sparkling of diamond spread V Q Power: P = P1 + P2 – dP1P2
Screen R
(d = small separation between the

.n
REFRACTION THROUGH PRISM lenses)
TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION Relation between m and dm For d = 0 (lenses in contact)
TIR conditions Power: P = P1 + P2 + P3 + ...
where,

pt
w Light must travel from denser to rarer. dm = angle of minimum
deviation
w Incident angle i > critical angle ic A = angle of prism THIN SPHERICAL LENS
Relation between m and ic:

ep
Thin lens formula :
or d = m – 1 A (Prism of small angle) f
Angular dispersion Magnification:
REFRACTION OF LIGHT = dV – dR = mV – mR A
Dispersive power,
Snell’s law: When light travels from medium a ar
to medium b, REFRACTION BY SPHERICAL SURFACE
Refractive index, Relation between object distance (u), image
Mean deviation,
distance (v) and refractive index (m)
h
(Holds for
any curved
es

Real and apparent depth spherical


Lens maker’s formula surface.)

f
REFLECTION OF LIGHT
lid

REFLECTION BY SPHERICAL
According to the laws of reflection,
Ði = Ðr
RAY OPTICS MIRRORS
If a plane mirror is rotated by an Mirror formula,
f
//s

angle q, the reflected rays rotates by


an angle 2q. Magnification, m =
OPTICAL
INSTRUMENTS
s:

SIMPLE MICROSCOPE COMPOUND MICROSCOPE


Magnifying power Magnifying power, M = mo × me
For final image is formed at D For final image formed at D (least
tp

(least distance) distance)


f f f
For final image formed at infinity
For final image formed at infinity
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f TELESCOPE f f
Astronomical telescope
For final image formed at D (least
REFLECTING TELESCOPE TERRESTRIAL TELESCOPE
f f
Magnifying power distance) f
f For normal adjustment
f f
In normal adjustment, image formed Distance between objective and
f f at infinity M = fo / fe eyepiece d = fo + 4f + fe

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A. Fission

B. Fusion

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EXTRINSIC SEMICONDUCTORS JUNCTION TRANSISTOR

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INTRINSIC SEMICONDUCTORS

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SEMICONDUCTOR DIODE

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BIASING CHARACTERSTICS
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APPLICATIONS OF DIODE

APPLICATIONS OF TRANSISTOR
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