Ww1rfMINISTRY OF EDUCATION

LINDA SECONDARY SCHOOL

GRADE 12 MOCK EXAMINATIONS, 2022.

HISTORY 2167/2

PAPER 2 MARKING SCHEME

JULY/ AUGUST, 2022.

MARKS: 100
SECTION A: WORLD HISTORY FROM 1870-1945 (30 MARKS)

Answer all questions in this section

1. (a) Study the picture below and answer the questions that follow

QUESTIONS:

(i) Which country did Otto von Bismarck rule

- Germany [1]
(ii) Why did the man in the picture arrange wars of unification?
- To unify to unify the countries leading to the birth of Germany [2]
(iii) What does the phrase Kulturkampf mean?
- Struggle for Civilisation [1]
(iv) Name the two emperors present during the Dreikaiserbund of 1872
- Franz Joseph
- Tsar Alexander
- Kaiser William [3]
(v) Give three problems Bismarck faced at home
- Socialist
 - Catholics
- Economic and Social Problems [3]
(vi) In which year which was he forced to resign?
- 1890 [1]

[10 Marks]

(b). Study the picture below and answer the questions that follow

Questions:

(i) Who was Gustav Stresemann?

- He was the Chancellor of the New Republic from 1923 to 1929 [1]
(ii) What do we call the new republic in which he served in the period 1924-29
- The Weimer Republic [1]
(iii) State two economic problems faced by this republic before its collapse in 1933
- High unemployment
- High inflation
- Low wages
- Buedens of Reparations
- Food shortages [2]
 (iv) Outline three ways how Streseman helped Germany overcome economic crisis before his
death in 1929
- He ended the French occupation of the Ruhr region
- He had set up some measures to control the inflation by putting to an end the printing of
money
- He initiated rapid development [3]
(v) How did Stressman die?
- He died from heart [1]
(vi) Mention the person who had organized the Beer hall putsch of 1923 in Germany.
- Adolf Hitler [1]
(vii) Name the person who succeeded him.
- Adolf Hitler [1]

[10 marks]

(c) Study the passage below and answer the questions that follow

Questions

(i) When was the second world war fought

- 1939 to 1945 [1]

(ii) Mention two causes of world war two

- The unfair terms of the Versailles Treaty

- The weaknesses of the League of Nations
- The Rebirth of the Alliance Systems
- The Economic Depression of 1929
 - Arms Race
- Imperialistic Desires [2]

(iii) Identify three countries that signed Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis in 1937

Italy, Germany and Japan [3]
(iv) Give a reason why the fascist signed a treaty with the Nazi in 1939
They possessed similar characteristics as aggressors [2]
(v) What were the effects of world war two

- Loss of human life

- Destruction of property
- It led to the division of Germany into East and West Germany
- It led to the emergency of two super powers (U.S.A & USSR)
- It led to the emergency of the Cold War
- It caused a lot of negative environmental problems and diseases [2]

[10 marks]

SECTION B WORLD HISTORY FROM 1945 TO PRESENT TIME [30 MARKS]

1. Study the picture below and answer the questions that follow

QUESTIONS:
 (i) What is the difference between Yalta and Potsdam conferences

- The faces that were at Yalta were different from those that were present at Potsdam
especially from the U.S.A and Britain. [2]

(ii) Give one reason why the two conferences were held

- They met to map out the details of the post war settlements in Europe [1]

(iii) Mention the countries the above leaders (Stalin, Truman and Winston Churchill) represented
at Potsdam

- USSR was represented by Stalin

- USA was represented by Harry Truman
- Britain was represented by Winston Churchill [3]
(iv) State the meaning of the following ideologies;
a. Capitalism is an ideology that the economy (Industries/Factories) should be run by
private sector [1]
b. Communism is an ideology that allow the central government to own the economic
assets on behalf of the people [1]

(v) Explain the difference between capitalism and communism

- Capitalism is an ideology that supports the private ownership of property while
Communism supports the communal ownership of property on behalf of the people [2]

[10 marks]
 b. Study the map below and answer the questions that follow

QUESTIONS:

i. At which conference was it agreed to share Germany into four zones as shown on the map
- At Yalta Conference [1]

ii. Name two of the leaders that attended this conference.

- Josep Stalin
- Franklin DeLano Roosevelt
- Winston Churchill [2]
-
iii. Name the Germany town marked K that was further divided into four zones.
- Berlin [1]
-
iv. What name was used to refer to the closing of all communication links between East and West of
the town marked K
Berlin Blockade [1]

v. In which year did this closure take place?

- 1948 [1]
-
vi. How did the other powers on the west deal with the closure of the communication links
 - They started airlifting essential commodities such as food, fuel, medical supplies etc.[2]

(vii). Name the country that got the zone marked P

- USA [1]

(Viii). What name was give to the 30 mile barrier fence that was built in 1961 to completely close the
East and West of town K?

- Berlin Wall [1]

[10 marks]

c. Study the emblem below and answer the questions that follow
 Questions

i What do the letters OAU stand for?

- Organization of African Unity [1]
-
ii When was the association you mentioned in i formed?
- 25th May 1963 [1]
-
iii State the current name of the association in i above.
- African Unity (AU) [1]
-
iv When was the name of the association in i changed to the one in ii?
- 2002 [1]
-
v Name its headquarters
- Addis Ababa in Ethiopia [1]
-
vi List down two objectives of this association.
- To promote unity and solidarity of all African states
- To eradicate all forms of colonialism and neo-colonialism from the
Continent of Africa
- To promote international cooperation
- To spearhead economic development
- To defend the independence of all African states
- To promote and improve standards of living among the African people
(any two) [2]
 vii. Write any one weakness of this association.
- Failed to end neo-colonialism from Africa
- Failed to eradicate conflict and wars in Africa
- Failed to improve the standards of living amongst Africans
- Failed to achieve a continental economic union
- Failed to end political assassinations in Africa
- Failed to protect human rights (Any One) [1]

viii Mention the first country in Africa to gain her independence from the colonialists.
- Ghana [1]
ix Name the association to which most of the European states belong to.
- European Union [1]
[10 ]

SECTION C: WORLD HISTORY FROM 1870 TO 1945 [20 MARKS]

Answer only ONE essay question from this section

1. Why did European powers obtain territories in Africa? Describe the effects of this action on the African
Continent.

FACTORS [14]
- desire by European nations to open fresh markets where to sell industrial outputs
- many areas in Africa offered raw materials needed in European factories
- Europeans wanted to control areas with gold and diamonds
- They were looking for areas to invest surplus capital
- Strategic considerations made Britain take the strategic navy base of the Cape
- Activities of explorers and adventurers such as Henry Morton Stanley in the Congo, David Livingstone
in Southern Africa, Karl Pieter’s of Germany in east region and DeBrazza in Equatorial Africa
- Christian Missionaries who were seeking protection against anti-Christian elements contributed
- The French sought compensation for the defeat of 1871 by Germany by acquiring Tunisia
- Britain occupied Egypt in 1882 to protect lives, property and for strategic reasons such as to control the
Suez Canal
- The work of administrators and soldiers such as Lord Luggard of Britain in Nigeria
 - Prestige, that is some countries thought of being as they were, they could not be left out
- Settlement of excess population which was rendered unemployed because of the introduction of
machines in factories
- Humanitarian reasons that was to abolish slave trade and introduce legitimate trade
- Recruitment of soldier for example France in Senegal
- Ambitious men e.g Cecil Rhodes and King Leopold of Belgium in the Congo
- Personal glory
- Evangelism and spread of Christianity
- European Civilisation
- Naval bases
- Trading bases
- Role of some African chiefs e.g Khama of the Bagwato people and Lewanika of the
Lozi people who had to seek proctetion

CONSEQUENCES [6]
- African chiefs lost power which was replaced by white administrators
- Barter system was replaced by the capitalistic money economy
- Creating of artificial boundaries
- New cultures were introduced
- African languages lost their vocabularies to some extent
- Problems of decolonization that is African people started to fight for their independence and freedom
- New diseases were introduced e.g small pox among the Khoikhoi
- Fertile land was taken away
- Informal education was done away with.

2. WHY THE POLICY WAS ABANDONED

 The following forced the British to abandon the policy;
a)The System of Alliances
- Other European countries were busy making alliances in case of war.
- This made Britain aware that she would be on her own if war broke out.
-Britain was especially threatened when her two enemies Russia and France signed the
Dual Entente in 1894.
b) The naval arms race
  From 1890, when Kaiser William II became the Germany Emperor, his foreign policies
provoked Britain as follows:
- He started challenging the British Naval, colonial and industrial supremacy e.g. in
1906, the British introduced an advanced battle ship called theDREADNOUGHT,
this was the first of its kind in Naval history.
 It had heavier guns and it was faster.
 However, in 1907, Germany started producing an imitational Dreadnought called the U-BOAT.
 This was a direct provocation to Britain.
 Kaiser William also sent a congratulatory message to Paul Kruger of the Transvaal for his
successful crushing of the British Coup Plot during the Jameson Raid in 1895.
 This was also a direct provocation that contributed to the abandoning of the policy.
 The Germany government also gave moral and material support to the Boers during the 2 nd
Anglo-Boer War of 1899 to 1902.
c) The 2nd Anglo-Boer War of 1899 to 1902
 This was also significant to the abandonment of the Policy of Splendid Isolation because it
revealed the weaknesses of the British Army.
 This is because the British suffered a series of defeats by the ill equipped Boer army and the
prolonged Guerrilla warfare.
d) Colonial Rivalries
 Britain faced colonial rivalries in North Africa from France, in South East Asia from Russia and
in the Middle East from Germany because Kaiser William wanted to build a railway line from
Berlin to Baghdad. In addition, Germany also challenged Britain as a world leading colonial
power at the Berlin Colonial Conference.

e) The Armenian Massacre of 1896

 The Armenian Massacre that was inflicted by the Turks in 1896 also acted as an eye opener for
the British. This involved the killing of about 6,000 Armenian minorities in Turkey.
 This was a violation of international laws. Gladstone, the then British Prime Minister led a
campaign against the Turks and approached the other countries to take action.
 However, other countries did not respond. As such, the British felt the disadvantages of isolation.
 The British also realized that it was dangerous to be isolated. Therefore, the British decided to
abandon the policy.
HOW THE POLICY WAS ABANDONED
 Britain abandoned the policy of Splendid Isolation through the signing of various alliances with
other countries. These were;
The Anglo-Japanese Alliance-1902
 This was the first step that Britain took towards the abandoning of the policy.
 This was signed by Britain and Japan.
 The terms were;
- Japan agreed to protect British possessions
- Britain and Japan also promised to assist each other
The Anglo- French Entente Cordiale-1904
 Britain decided to become friends with France.
 Britain begun to settle her differences with France in Africa over colonies.
 This resulted into the signing of the Anglo-French Entente Cordiale (friendly agreement) of 1904.
 The terms were;
- Britain recognized the French occupation of Morocco and in turn, France recognized
the British occupation of Egypt and Sudan.
- They agreed to hold regular consultations on economic and military issues.
- They also agreed to assist each other against German aggression.
The Triple Entente-1907
 France wanted her two allies to come close together.
 Therefore, Britain and Russia settled their differences over Persia, Tibet and Afghanistan,
- It was a military alliance to support each other if attacked.
The members also pledged to work together to counteract the effects of the Triple Alliance
[14:6]

3. What were the factors that led to the rise and downfall of the Weimer Republic? [20]

Factors leading to the rise of Weimer Republic:

-The Weimar Republic was Germany's government from 1919 to 1933.
 -Came into existence after the defeat of Germany in the First World War.
-Germans were not happy after losing the war.
-Need for a democratic government by the masses and was supported by the
victorious power.
-Effects of the war; mutiny service men became unemployed and displaced
people caused unrest.
-The fear and threat of communism. The land lords feared they would lose
land.
-Resignation of Kaiser William II created an opportunity for a new
government,
-Economic hardship; agriculture and industrial production were at a standstill.
-A democratic governrnent led by Friendrich Ebert was formed on 10th
-November, 1918 in a rural town of Weimar.
-Bankruptcy and inflation caused by the weak Germany currency.

Factors leading to the downfall of the Weimer Republic:

- Born out of defeat, tl^re regime was associated with National Humiliation and
the Harsh Treaty of Versailles known in Germany as a "Diktat".
- It lacked support from the people.
- As a democracy it gave too much freedom to groups hostile to democracy
e.g. communists and Nazis who had paramilitary groups.
- It lacked the support and loyalty of powerful groups in post war Germany e.g.
land owners, army officers, industrialists and capitalists.
- There were no outstanding leaders after the death of Gustar Stressman in
1929.
- Coalition nature of th,a government led to political instability especially on the
advent of the depress;ion in 1929.
- The dawn of world economic depression brought suffering among the people,
- Out of desperation more Germans supported anti-democratic extremist
parties like the communists and Nazi who seemed to offer radical solutions to
Germany's economic crisis.
- Constitutional defects e.g. proportional representation allowing too many
political parties in government.
 - It made governance difficult.
- Reparation payment weakened Germany's economy.
- Choice of small town Weimar was resented by many Germans.
- Bankruptcy and inflation caused by the weak Germany currency'
- Germans were not used to democratic and parliamentary form of
government.

4. What factors helped Mussolini rise to power in Italy in 1922? Explain the measures he undertook
to establish a fascist dictatorship between 1922 and 1930. [10:10]

Factors to the rise of Mussolini to power:

- Italians were disappointed by the allied powers at the Versailles Treaty of 1919.
- Italy had hoped to gain Dalmatia, Albania and some other colonies of
- Germany and Turkey but she only gained Tyrol, Istria and Trentino.
- Mussolini's propaganda promise to gain colonies for Italy by force became popular.
- Rapid population growth and the restriction on emigration to the USA worsened the problems of
land shortage.
- The multi-party system and lack of experience in democracy led to the rise of numerous political
parties.
- Coalition government; which ruled Italy after the First World War lasted for short period.
- Mussolini was seen as a strongman who could bring about political stability.
- The dispute between the state and the Catholic Church over church property seized by the state in
1870 deprived the government of the church's support.
- The Pope urged catholic Christians not to support the government
- Disparity in economic development between the industrial north and the agricultural south
produced political disunity.
- Inflation, prices rose 500% from 1915 to 1919.
- Unemployment was worsened by demobilization of the army and the return of ex-soldiers after
the war.
- Industrial unrest striking workers seized factories in 1919 before they were suppressed by the
army.
 - Rise in crime and violence, ex-soldiers turned to armed robbers (banditry and gangsterism), the
mafia of Sicily became active and bands of armed guerillas terrorized the rural areas especially in
the southern part of the country.
- Black shirts terrorized opponents of Mussolini and broke up the political rallies of the other
parties.
- Mussolini won the support of the Roman Catholic Church, the business community and King
Victor Emmanuel II who feared a communist revolution in Italy.
- The 1922 general strikes led by the socialist party presented Mussolini with an opportunity to
seize power.
- The Fascist Black Shirts went on a March to Rome to suppress the general strike.
- Fearing a possible civil war between the communists and the fascists, King Emmanuel II
appointed Mussolini as Prime Minister October, 1922.

Factors for the downfall of Mussolini:

- Government failed to get land which it was promised when it joined the war. This made it
unpopular
- The country had borrowed heavily to finance the war and had a high debt at the end of the war.
- There was no investment in industry and consequently there were shortages of essential goods
and services.
- Prices of goods and services were high leading to inflation
- Strikes and demonstrations were wide spread throughout major towns and Cities
- The troops were demobilized and this made the unemployment levels to go up
- The unemployed youth and the ex-soldiers became involved in illegal and banditry activities.
Crime rose sharply in Italy.
- As a result of democracy, there was the emergence of many rival political parties. Post war
governments were short lived coalitions.
- Italy lost her traditional markets to other countries at the end of the First World War.
- High tax ruined the middle working class.
 SECTION D: WORLD HISTORY FROM 1945 TO PRESENT TIME [20 MARKS]

Answer only ONE essay question from this section

1. Explain the background to the creation of the state of Israel. Why was there resentment from the
Arab World towards the creation of the state of Israel?

Background to the creation for the state of Israel:

- Anti- Semitism in Europe had spread to every sector of life e.g. in the army, trade, scholar, etc.
- The persecution was noted in 1894 in the Dreyjus affair,
- Jews begun to think of returning to Palestine.
- Jewish financials created the Jewish trust bank to help those who wished to return to Palestine.
- Zionist movement spear headed the program of returning to the Promised Land.
- During World War I, Jews fought on behalf of the country in which they resided.
- The Balfour Declaration of 1917 promised to establish a Jewish homeland
- Biltmore programmed of 1942 demanded for the quick establishment of the Jewish state in
Palestine.
- The persecution of Jews and the Holocaust which witnessed the death of millions of Jews mad
the world realize the need to have a Jewish homeland.
- On 15th May, 1948 Israel was established.

(b) Why the Arabs resented the creation of the state of Israel in 1948:

The Arab world from the time Israel was re-established in 1948, they have never accepted the Israelis as
part of Palestine due to the following reasons:
-Palestinian Arabs reminds the Arab that the Jews left Palestine 2000 years ago.
-They are also offspring of Abraham who bore a son call the Ishmael.
-Correspondence of 1915 promised Palestine to Arabs.
-The Arabs do not deserve to suffer the crimes of Hitler.
-Jews illegally store the Arabs' land and farms
-Arab -Palestinians refugees must be allowed to return and Palestine must be a multi-racial state.
-Jews had no rights to declare the State of Israel because the Arabs did not agree with the UN decision to
partition the area in 1947.
-Arabs who settled in Palestine had heavily invested there.
-Arabs formed the Palestinian Liberation to fight for their land.
-The Palestinian Liberation organization was not involved in the Camp David Accord
-Sadat was a traitor to his Arab brothers and the Palestinian cause.

2. (a). What were the aims of the following United Nations Organization specialized Agencies?
- To preserve world peace through collective security
- Disarm member states to the lowest levels for national security
- Encourage friendship among member states
- Encourage international co-operation in solving challenges
- Control diseases, drug trafficking and other social and economic problems

(b). Explain the projects each of the Agencies has been involved in.
The specialized agencies were created to facilitate and compliment the work of the UN organs.
Among the specialized agencies are:
(i) WHO

The main aim of WHO is to:

- To improve health standards in all member states

- To promote good health for all as a human basic right
- To carry out research work to eradicate contagious diseases like TB, HIV/AIDS,
Cholera among others
- To find a cure for HIV/AIDS as well as Covid19
-
(ii) FAO

The work of FAO is to collaborate with the World Food Program to ensure the following:

- To ensure food security by increasing food production throughout the world

- To educate farmers about more effective agricultural methods
- To give loans to poor countries in order for them to improve their food production
- To donate food to hunger stricken countries
(iii) UNICEF
The work of the UNICEF is as follows:
- Empower women and girls in order to ensure their full participation
- To uphold the rights of children around the world
- Provide health nutrition to children around the world
 - To provide social protection of children
- Attend to emergences
- Reach out to most disadvantaged children globally.

(iv) UNESCO
The work of UNESCO is as follows:
- To provide scientific research and produce and disseminates information on
educational methods
- To promote freedom of the press and training of teachers
- Aims to encourage the spread of literacy
- Fosters international cooperation between seventists, scholars and
- artists in all fields
- Provides resources to set up education centres.

3. (a) Why was Southern African Development Community (SADC) established?

(b) Describe the structural Organization of SADC.

Structure of SADC

Summit of Heads State or Government.

• it’s the highest level of authority

• It makes the policies of SADC and consists of all SADC Heads of states or Government.
• It usually meets once a year. At this meeting a new Chairperson and Deputy are elected.

Council of Ministers:

• It’s the second highest level of authority.

• The council is responsible for planning and supervising all activities of SADC. It is made up of
one Minister from each Member State.

Organ on politics, Defence and security Co-operation:

• This organ is responsible for promoting peace and Security in the SADC region.
• The leader of the organ is always a Head of State or Government. A new Chairperson of the
organ is elected each year.
The Secretariat:
 • The Secretariat plans and manages the SADC programmes.
• Its headquarters are in Gaborone, Botswana.
• The Secretariat is headed by the Executive Secretary, who is appointed by the Summit for four
years.

The Tribunal:

• Consists of 10 judges, they make sure that member States understand the SADC Treaty and that
they obey its rules.
• It deals with any disputes.
• It’s based in Windhoek, Namibia.

The Ministerial Committees:

• The committees consist of Ministers from each SADC Member State.

• These committees make sure that development plans for the region are implemented.

The Standing Committee of Senior Officials:

• This Committee advice the Council of Ministers.

• It consists of one official of one official from each Member State, preferably from a Ministry that
deals with economic planning or finances.

1. The National Committees:

• The committees help to prepare regional policies and strategies. They also prepare new projects
and check that regional strategies and programmes are carried out.
• The committees consist of stakeholders from government, the private sector and civil society in
each Member State. They meet four times a year.

Goal of SADC: To improve operation and integration among the Southern African states.

Objectives of SADC

• Achieving development and economic growth in the region.

 • Improving the quality of life in member states
• Developing common political values, systems and institutions of member states
• Promoting and defending peace and security
• Strengthening the historical, social and cultural links among the people of the region.
• Using natural resources sustainably and to protect the environment
• Promoting the economic independence of the member states [4: 16]

4. Write on any two of the following:

(a) Advantages and disadvantages of allowing school going children to practice safe sex,

Advantages and disadvantages of allowing school going children to practice safe sex, .
Advantages of safe sex:
- Assured of not getting unwanted pregnancy
- Reduced the risks of STI/ HIV
- Avoid the pan and trauma of pregnancy
- Continuity with school
- It enables them to avoid the stigma associated with early pregnancy.
- A way to avoid child morbidity and mortality
Disadvantages:
- Contraceptives are harmful to children
- Erodes morals of school going children
- Risks of not become pregnant at later age.
- Child becomes used to sex and becomes a prostitute
- Lack of concentration at school
- May lead to conflicts with parents
- It distorts the cultural teaching of children not to indulge in sex before marriage
- Children lose their virginity at early stage.

(b) The positive and negative influence of the media on teenagers,

Positive influence:
- Ease access to information
- Keeps them away from indulging into other activities
 - Helps them to be aware of the happenings in the world
- It helps them to build a positive self esteem
- Acts as a source of unity among teenagers through sharing information.
Negative influence:
- Not every programmes is suitable for underage
- Corrupt morals
- Children becomes less social to others
- Lack of concentration at school
- Neglect traditional values through westernization.

(c) Causes and measures to combat corruption.

Causes of corruption:
- Greediness
- Dishonesty
- Weak moral and religious teachings
- Lenient punishment to offenders
- Low income or salaries
- Inadequate social services such as health and education
- Complicated procedures
- Too much power qiven to a person in an institution
- Uncontrolled desire for power
- Desire to rewards e.g. in arr election
(b) Measures to combat corruption:
- By stiffening the punishment for offenders
- Sensitising society on the dangers of corruption
- Repofting of would be offenders to relevant authorities.
- Distribution of anti-corruption company materials.
- It takes one to have the value of honest
- Formation and enforcing anti-corruption clubs at all levels

…………THE END…….