Physics Practical Examination CONTENTS

General instructions:
• Duration of practical examination: 2 hours.
• Maximum marks allotted: 30 marks. 1. Resistance per unit length 4

Scheme of valuation
2. Resistivity of the material of the wire 6
A. Weightage of marks
3. Figure of merit of galvanometer 8
Sl. No. Particulars Marks
4. Voltmeter 12
1 Performing the Experiment 20
2 Viva - voce 04
5. Frequency of AC 14
3 Practical Record 06
Total 30
6. Focal length of concave mirror 16
B. Distribution of marks for Performing the Experiment
7. Focal length of convex mirror 18
Sl. No. Particulars Marks
8. Focal length of convex lens 20
1 Writing the principle of the experiment 2
2 Writing the formula and explaining the terms 2
9. Angle of minimum deviation 22
3 Writing the diagram/figure/circuit with labeling (At least 2
two parts)
4 Writing the tabular column/ observation pattern 2 10. Refractive index of glass 24
5 Constructing the experimental setup / circuit 3
6 Performing the experiment and entering the readings 4 11. Refractive index of water 26
into the tabular column / observation pattern
7 Substitution and calculation / plotting the graph 3 12. Semiconductor diode 28
8 Result with unit 2
Viva Voca 31

C. Viva – voce
1. Four questions must be asked and each question carries 1 mark.
2. The questions in the viva- voce should be simple, direct and related to the
experiment to be performed by the student.

1 2
Diagram: Graph: Experiment No. 1
RESISTANCE PER UNIT LENGTH OF THE WIRE
Aim: Determination of resistance per unit length of a given wire by plotting a graph
of potential difference(V) versus current(I).
V- Voltmeter
A- Ammeter Apparatus: A wire of unknown resistance, battery, voltmeter, ammeter and rheostat.
R- Resistance wire

Principle: Ohm’s law – The electric current flowing through a conductor is directly
proportional to the potential difference across the ends of the conductor when

Observation: temperature and other physical conditions remain constant.

Length of the wire, L = …………….m 1

Formula: 1) Resistance of the wire, R =
𝑚
Tabular column: Where R – resistance of wire,
m = slope of the graph of potential difference versus current.
Trail No. I in Ampere V in Volt
𝑅
2) Resistance per unit length = 𝐿
Where L – the length of experimental wire.

Procedure:

1. The connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. The rheostat is adjusted for a particular value of voltage V and
corresponding current I are noted.
Calculation:
3. The experiment is repeated for different values of voltage V and the readings
AB
Slope = m = BC = are tabulated.
4. A graph is plotted between V and I , taking V on X-axis and I on Y-axis. The
1
Resistance of the wire, R = 𝑚 = = ……………..Ω
slope of m of the graph is found.
𝑅 5. The 1/slope gives the resistance R of the wire.
Resistance per unit length, 𝐿 = ………………..Ωm-1
6. The length of the resistance wire is measured.
𝑅
7. Then the resistance per unit length of the wire, 𝐿 is calculated.

Result: Resistance per unit length of the given wire = ………………… Ωm-1

3 4
 Experiment No. 2
Diagram: RESISTIVITY OF THE MATERIAL OF THE WIRE
Aim: Determination of the resistance of given wire using Ohm’s law and hence to
V- Voltmeter
A- Ammeter find the resistivity of the material of the wire.
R- Resistance wire Apparatus: A wire of unknown resistance, battery, voltmeter, ammeter and rheostat.
Principle: Ohm’s law – The electric current flowing through a conductor is directly
proportional to the potential difference across the ends of the conductor when
Observations: temperature and other physical conditions remain constant.

1. Radius of the experimental wire (given), r = ………………..m 𝑽

Formula: 1) Resistance of the wire, R =
2. The length of the experimental wire, L = …………………..m 𝑰

Where V – Potential difference across the wire

Tabular column:
I – Current through the wire.
𝑉
Trail I in ampere V in volt R= in Ω Mean R 𝝅𝒓𝟐 𝐑
𝐼 2) Resistivity of the material of the wire, 𝝆 =
No. in Ω 𝑳
1
Where R – Resistance of the wire
2
L – Length of the experimental wire.
3 r – radius of the wire.
Procedure:
1. The connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.
Calculations: 2. The rheostat is adjusted for a particular value of voltage V and
corresponding current I are noted.
3. The experiment is repeated for different values of voltage V and the readings
are tabulated.
4. The length L of the experimental wire is measured.
𝜋𝑟 2 R
5. The resistivity of the material of the wire is calculated using the formula, 𝜌 =
𝐿

Result: Resistivity of the material of the wire, 𝜌 = ………………………Ωm

5 6
Diagram:
Experiment No. 3
FIGURE OF MERIT OF GALVANOMETER
Aim: Determination of the resistance of a galvanometer by half – deflection
method and to find its figure of merit.

Apparatus: Cell, galvanometer, resistance boxes and plug key.

Observations:
Principle: Deflection in a galvanometer is directly proportional to the current
Emf of the battery, E = ………………V through the galvanometer. I = K 𝜃

Tabular column: 𝐸
Formula: K=
(𝑅+𝐺)𝜃
𝜃 𝑅𝑆 𝐸
Trail Resistance R in Deflection 𝜃 in S for G= K=(𝑅+𝐺)𝜃
No. Ω div 2 𝑅−𝑆 Where K = Figure of merit of galvanometer,
in Ω in Ω in A/div
E = emf of the cell,
1
R = Resistance in series with the galvanometer,
2 G = Galvanometer resistance,
𝜃 = Deflection in the galvanometer.
3
Procedure:
Average G = ……………………...Ω
1. The connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.
Average K = ……………….…A/div 2. Keeping key opened. The suitable resistance R is unplugged to get even
deflection 𝜃 in the galvanometer.
Calculations:
3. Key is closed and suitable resistance S is unplugged so that deflection
𝜃
becomes . Then the resistance of the galvanometer G is calculated using the
2

𝑅𝑆
Formula, G = 𝑅−𝑆

4. The experiment is repeated for different values of 𝜃 and average value

of G is found.
5. The emf of the cell is measured using voltmeter.
6. The figure of merit of the galvanometer is calculated in each case using
𝐸
the formula K=(𝑅+𝐺)𝜃 and mean K is found.

Result: The resistance of the galvanometer = ……………………..Ω

The figure of merit of the galvanometer = ……………………A/div

7 8
 Experiment No. 4
Diagram: VOLTMETER
Aim:To convert the given galvanometer into an voltmeter of the required range (0 – 30V) and
Verify the same.

Apparatus:Pointer galvanometer, battery, voltmeter, resistor, key and rheostat.

Principle:Galvanometer can be converted in to voltmeter by connecting suitable high resistance

In series with it, so that very small current flows through galvanometer.

Observation:
Formula:1) Current required for full scale deflection, Ig = NK
1. Resistance of the galvanometer, G (given) = ……………………..Ω. Where N – Number of divisions on either side of zero of galvanometer.
2. Figure of merit of the galvanometer, K (given) = ………………………A/div. K – figure of merit of galvanometer.
3. Number of divisions on either side of the galvanometer scale, N = ………………………..div
2) High resistance to be connected in series with the galvanometer,
4. Current required for producing full scale deflection of N divisions,Ig = NK = ……………….A
𝑽
5. Maximum voltage to be measured, V (say 3V) = ……………………..V R= 𝑰 - G
𝒈
Where G – Galvanometer resistance
Calculations:
V – Maximum voltage to be measured.

Procedure:

𝑽
1. The value of resistance is calculated using the formula, R= 𝑰 – G
𝒈
2. The circuit connections are made as shown in circuit diagram.
3. The calculated high resistance R is unplugged in the standard resistance box and the
rheostat is adjusted so that the voltage shown in the voltmeter is equal to the desired
range (say 3V).
4. Resistance from the resistance box is adjusted such that galvanometer shows full scale
deflection. Then R’ from the resistance box is noted.
5. R’ is equal or nearly equal to R. Hence conversion is verified.

Result:
The value if the calculated series resistance, R = …………………………….Ω

The value of the observed series resistance, R’ = ……………………………Ω

9 10
Diagram: Graph: Experiment No. 5
FREQUENCY OF AC
Aim: Determination of the frequency of alternating current using a
sonometer and an electromagnet.

Apparatus: Sonometer with wire, an electromagnet, slotted weights with

hanger.

Principle: At resonance, the frequency of alternating current is equal to half

of the frequency of vibration of the stretched string.

Observations:
1) Mass per unit length of the wire, m (given) = …………………..kgm-1 Formula: Frequency of alternating current,
2) Acceleration due to gravity, g = 9.8 ms-2 1
f=
4√𝑚(𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒)
Tabular column: Where m = mass per unit length of the string,

Trail Mass attached to Tension T = Resonating 2

𝑙 Slope = Slope of the graph of 𝑙 2 versus T
No. the string (M) in Mg in N length 𝑙 in m in m2
kg
Procedure:
1

2 1. Suitable mass is attached to the string and the tension T is found.

2. One pole of the electromagnet is placed close to the middle of
3
Sonometer wire.
3. The alternating current supply is switched on and the length of
vibrating portion AB is adjusted by moving widges such that the
Calculations:
amplitude of the vibrating string is maximum.

The resonating length 𝑙 is noted.

4. The experiment is repeated of different values of T and the
readings are tabulated.
5. A graph of T versus 𝑙 2 is plotted and slope of the graph is found.
6. Frequency of the alternating current is calculated using the

formula.

Result: The frequency of alternating current = …………………… Hz.

11 12
 Experiment No. 6
FOCAL LENGTH OF CONCAVE MIRROR
Aim: Determination of focal length of the concave mirror by u v method.

Apparatus: Optical bench, two sharp edged needles, concave mirror and meter scale.

Principle: 1) The object distance must be greater than the focal length of the concave mirror
To get real and inverted image.
2) Focal length is the distance between the pole and principal focus of
the concave mirror.
𝑢𝑣
Observations: Formula: f=
𝑢+𝑣
Where u = distance of illuminated object from the mirror and
Tabular column:
v = distance of half screen from the mirror.
𝑢𝑣
Trail Object distance u Image distance f= 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 Procedure:
𝑢+𝑣
No. in cm v in cm f in cm
in cm
1. The given concave mirror is moved forward and backward to obtain the sharp
1
Image of the distance object on the white sheet of the paper kept vertically
2 Before the mirror. Then the distance between the mirror and the sheet of the

3 White paper gives the approximate focal length𝒇of the concave mirror.
2. The uprights mounted with concave mirror, object pin P1 and image pin P2 are
Placed on one side of optical bench as shown in the figure.
Calculations: 3. The heights of the object pin P1 and image pin P2 are adjusted such that their
tips lie on the principal axis of the lens.
4. The position of the object pin P1 is adjusted such that it will be at a distance u
which is greater than f.

5. Seeing the inverted and enlarged image of the object pin P1, the position of
The image pin P2 is adjusted so that its tip coincides with the tip of the image
without parallax. Then the distance between the concave mirror and image pin
P2 becomes image distance v.
𝑢𝑣
6. Focal length of the concave mirror is calculated using the formula f =
𝑢+𝑣
7. Experiment is repeated for different values of u and readings are
tabulated and average focal length is found.

Result: The focal length of the concave mirror is = …………………… cm.

13 14
Diagram: Experiment No. 7
FOCAL LENGTH OF CONVEX MIRROR
L – Convex lens
Aim: Determination of focal length of the convex mirror using a convex lens.
M – Convex mirror
R – Radius of curvature
C – Center of curvature Apparatus: Optical bench, illuminated object, convex mirror, convex lens & half
P – Pole of the mirror screen.

Principle: Focal length is the distance between the pole and principal focus of
the convex mirror.

𝑅
Formula: f=
2
Observations:
Where R = Radius of curvature of the convex mirror.
Tabular column:
Procedure:
Trail No. Position C Position M of Radius of Focal length Mean f
of imagein the convex curvature f=R/2 in cm in cm 1. The uprights mounted with convex lens, object pin P1 and image pin P2 are
cm mirror in cm R=(C-M) in cm Placed on one side of optical bench as shown in the figure.
1
2. The heights of the object pin P1 and image pin P2 are adjusted such that their
2 tips lie on the principal axis of the lens.
3. The position of the object pin P1 is adjusted such that it will be at a distance u
3
which is greater than f of the lens.
4. Seeing the inverted and enlarged image of the object pin P1, the position of
Calculations:
The image pin P2 is adjusted so that its tip coincides with the tip of the image
Without parallax. The position of C of the pin P2 is noted.
5. The convex mirror is introduced between the convex lens and P2 as shown in
The figure
6. The position of the mirror is adjusted such that the pin P1 coincides with the tip
of its image. The position M of the mirror is noted.
7. Radius of curvature of the convex mirror is given by R = C-M.
𝑅
8. Focal length of the convex mirror is calculated using the formula f = 2
9. The experiment is repeated by changing the position of convex lens
and convex mirror. The average value of the focal length f is found.

Result: The focal length of the convex mirror is = …………………… cm.

15 16
Diagram: Graph: Experiment No. 8
FOCAL LENGTH OF CONVEX LENS
Aim: Determination of focal length of the convex lens by plotting a graph of u
versus v.
Apparatus: Optical bench, two sharp edged pins, convex lens three uprights with clamps and
meter scale.
Principle: 1) The object distance must be greater than focal length of the convex lens to get
real and inverted image.
2) When object distance is equal to twice the focal length of the convex lens, then
Observations: the image distance will equal to twice the focal length.
𝑂𝐴+𝑂𝐵
Formula: Focal length of convex lens f =
Tabular column: 4
Where OA – image distance and OB – object distance.
Trail No. Object distance u in Image distance v in Procedure:
cm cm 1. The given convex lens is moved forward and backward to obtain the sharp
1
Image of the distance object on the white sheet of the paper kept vertically
2
behind the lens. Then the distance between the lens and the sheet of paper
3 is measured. This is the approximate focal length𝒇of the lens.
2. The uprights mounted with convex lens, object pin P1 and image pin P2 are
4
Placed on one side of optical bench as shown in the figure.
5 3. The heights of the object pin P1 and image pin P2 are adjusted such that their
tips lie on the principal axis of the lens.
Calculations: 4. The position of the object pin P1 is adjusted such that it will be at a distance u
which is greater than f of the lens.

5. Seeing the inverted and enlarged image of the object pin P1, the position of
The image pin P2 is adjusted so that its tip coincides with the tip of the image
Without parallax. Then the distance between the convex lens and image pin
P2 becomes image distance v.
6. Experiment is repeated for different values of u and readings are tabulated.
7. A graph is plotted for u versus v, taking u on x-axis and v on y-axis.
The angular bisector OZ is drawn and OA and OB are measured.
𝑂𝐴+𝑂𝐵
8. Focal length of the convex lens is calculated using the formula f =
4

Result: The focal length of the convex lens = …………………… cm.

17 18
Diagram: Experiment No. 9
ANGLE OF MINIMUM DEVIATION
Aim: Determination of angle of minimum deviation for a glass prism by plotting graph

between the angle of deviation and angle of incidence

Apparatus: Drawing board, triangular glass prism, drawing pins and white paper sheets.

Principle: The angle of deviation is the angle between angle of incidence and angle of
emergent ray. At minimum deviation, the light ray passes through the prism
Observations: symmetrically. Hence angle of incidence = angle of emergence.

Trail no. Angle of incidence Angle of

Procedure:
(i) in degree deviation (d) in
degree 1. A straight line XY is drawn on the sheet of white paper fixed on the drawing board.
1
2. The points O1, O2, O3, O4 and O5 are marked on XY at distances of about 10cm apart.
2
3. A normal N1O1 is drawn to XY at O1 and a straight line D1O1 is drawn to represent
3
Ray of incidence which makes an angle of 350 (i) with N1O1.
4
4. The prism ABC is placed on the paper as shown in the figure and its boundary is drawn.
5
5. Two pins P1 and Q1 are vertically fixed about 5cm apart on the ray of incidence D 1O1.
6
6. While seeing the images of pins P1 and Q1 through BC, two more pins R1 and S1 are
fixed on the side of BC so that images of tips of pins P1 and Q1, R1 and S1 will be
collinear.
7. Pins are removed and their pricks are encircled. A straight line is drawn through pin
pricks of R1 and S1 to obtain ray of emergence.
8. Rays of incidence and emergence are extended as shown in the figure to find angle of
deviation (d).
9. Experiment is repeated for different values of angle of incidence 40 0, 450, 500, 550,
600 and readings are tabulated.
10. A graph is plotted between angle of incidence (i) and angle of deviation (d), taking i
on x-axis and d on Y-axis. The angle of minimum deviation dm is found from the graph

Result: The angle of minimum deviation, dm = …………………

19 20
Diagram: Experiment No. 10
REFRACTIVE INDEX OF GLASS
Aim: Determination of the refractive index of glass slab using travelling microscope.

Apparatus: Travelling microscope, glass slab.

Principle: The refractive index of the glass with respect to air is the ratio of
real thickness of the glass slab to its apparent thickness.
𝑅 −𝑅
Formula: Refractive index of the glass with respect to air, ng = 𝑅3−𝑅1
3 2

Where R1 = Reading of the microscope when focused on the ink mark through air.
Observations: R2 = Reading of the microscope when focused on the ink mark through
glass slab.
1. Value of one MSD, S = ……….x 10-2m.
R3 = Reading of the microscope when focused on the chalk dust on the
2. Number of divisions on the vernier, N = …………. upper surface of the glass slab.

3.
𝑆
Least count of the microscope, LC = 𝑁 = ………….x 10-2m. TR = MSR + (CVD x LC), Where MSR – main scale reading,
CVD – coincide vernier reading,
Tabular column: LC – least count.
Procedure:
Trail no. Reading R1 in cm Reading R2 in cm Reading R3 in cm RI of glass
𝑅 −𝑅
ng = 𝑅3−𝑅1
3 2 1. The least count of the travelling microscope is calculated.
1 2. A sheet of white paper is placed on the base of travelling
2
microscope and ink mark is put on it.
3 3. The microscope is adjusted to focus the ink mark on the paper.
4. MSR and CVD are noted in vertical scale and reading R1 is calculated
5. using the TR formula.
6. Glass slab is placed on the paper and the microscope is raised to
focus on the ink mark through glass slab and corresponding reading
R2 is found.
7. Chalk dust is sprinkled on the upper surface of the glass slab and
microscope is again raised to focus on the chalk dust and
corresponding reading R3 is found.
𝑅 −𝑅
8. Refractive index of glass is calculated using the formula ng = 𝑅3−𝑅1
3 2

Result: The refractive index of glass = …………………

21 22
 Experiment No. 11
Diagram: REFRACTIVE INDEX OF WATER
Part 1

Aim: Determination of the refractive index of water using a concave mirror.

Apparatus: Concave mirror, water, a pin and a meter scale.

Principle: 1) The rays of light from the object incident normally on the concave mirror,
retrace their paths so that image of the object forms by the side of the object.
2) The bottom of the concave mirror containing water , appears to be raised up
Because of refraction of light through water.
Observations:
Formula: R.I of water with respect to air is nw =R/R`
1. Radius of curvature of concave mirror in air is R = ……….cm. Where R = Radius of curvature of concave mirror in air.
2. Radius of curvature of concave mirror with water R` = ……….cm. R` = Radius of curvature of concave mirror in water.

Calculations: Procedure:

Refractive index of water with respect to air nw = R/R`

1. A concave mirror is placed on the base of stand as shown in the figure.
2. A sharp edged pin AB is placed horizontally just above the pole of the mirror
and clamped.
3. The position of the pin AB is adjusted such that the tip of the pin coincides exactly

with the tip of its image A`B` without parallax.

4. The vertical distance R between the mirror and pin is measured.
5. Now a small quantity of water is poured into the concave mirror.
6. The position of the pin AB is lowered such that the tip of the pin coincides with
tip of its image A``B`` without parallax.
7. Then vertical distance R` between the mirror and the pin is measured after the
removal of water.
8. R.I of water is calculated using the formula nw = R/R`

Result: The refractive index of water = ………………

23 24
 Part 2
Diagram:
Aim: Determination of the refractive index of water using a convex lens and plane mirror.
Apparatus: Convex lens, plane mirror, a pin and meter scale.

Principle: 1) The rays of light from the object incident normally on the plane mirror,
retrace their paths so that image of the object forms by the side of the object.
2) It is based on the relation between radii of curvature of equiconvex lens and
Effective focal length of the glass and water lenses.
𝑓𝑓′
Formula: 1. Focal length of water lens, fw =
𝑓−𝑓′
Where f - focal length of convex lens.
f’ - focal length of combination of glass lens and water lens
Observations: 𝑅
2. Refractive index of water, nw = 1 +
|𝑓𝑤 |
1. Radius of curvature of equiconvex lens (given) R = …….…….cm. Where R – radius of curvature of equiconvex lens
|fw |– magnitude of focal length of the lens formed by water.
2. Focal length of convex lens, f = …………..cm
Procedure:
3. Focal length of lens combination, f’ = ……….……cm 1. A plane mirror is placed on the base of stand as shown in the figure
2. A convex lens is placed on the plane mirror as shown in the figure.
3. A sharp edged pin AB is placed horizontally just above the optic center of the
Calculations:
Convex lens and clamped.
𝑓𝑓′ 4. The position of the pin AB is adjusted such that the tip of the pin coincides exactly
Focal length of water lens, fw = =
𝑓−𝑓′ with the tip of its image A`B` without parallax.
5. The vertical distance between the convex lens and pin is measured and is equal
𝑅 to focal length f of the convex lens.
Refractive index of water, nw =1+
|𝑓𝑤 |
6. A few drops of water is put under the lens with the help of dropper so that the
Space between the mirror and lens is filled with water.
7. The position of the pin AB is raised such that the tip of the pin coincides with
tip of its image A``B`` without parallax.
8. Then vertical distance between the convex lens and the pin AB is measured
which equals focal length f’ of the combination of convex lens and water lens.
𝑓𝑓′
9. The focal length of water lens is calculated using the formula, fw =
𝑓−𝑓′
𝑅
10. R.I of water is calculated using the formula, nw = 1 +
|𝑓𝑤 |

Result: The refractive index of water = ………………

25 26
 Diagram: Graph: Experiment No. 12
SEMICONDUCTOR DIODE
Part A

Aim: To draw the current (I) versus voltage (V) characteristic curve of a p-n junction
diode in forward bias and hence find cut in voltage.

Apparatus: Semiconductor diode, milliammeter, voltmeter, rheostat and battery.

Observation: Principle: When the diode is forward biased it conducts and offers very low resistance.
Cut in voltage is the characteristic voltage at which diode current increases
Voltage V exponentially even for small increase in bias voltage, when diode is in forward bias.
in Volt

Current I Procedure:
in mA
1. The connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. The rheostat is adjusted for a particular value of voltage V. Voltage V and

3. corresponding current I are noted.

4. The voltage is increased in small steps. The values of V and I are noted in each

5. case and readings are tabulated.

6. A graph is plotted between V and I, taking V on x-axis and I on y-axis.
7. Cut in voltage is found.

Result: cut in voltage of the given diode = ……………………V

27 28
 VIVA QUESTIONS
1. Resistance per unit length 4. Conversion of Galvanometer into ammeter and voltmeter
a. What is an electrical resistance? a. What is an ammeter?
Ans: It is a device to measure electric current.
Ans: It is the opposition to the flow of current or it is the ratio of potential difference to
the current through it b. What is a Voltmeter?
Ans: It is a device to measure potential difference between two points
b. What is the unit for resistance per unit length?
Ans. Ohm per meter a. How is a galvanometer is converted into ammeter?
Ans: Galvanometer is converted into ammeter by connecting a low resistance in parallel
c. On what factors does resistance depends with given galvanometer
Ans: Resistance depends on length of conductor l, area of cross section, nature of conductor
and tempatarure. b. How is a galvanometer is converted into voltmeter?
Ans: Galvanometer is converted into voltmeter by connecting a high resistance in series
d. What is the purpose of Rheostat in the experiment? with given galvanometer
Ans : To vary the current in the circuit
c. How is an ammeter is connected in a circuit?
e. State ohms law. Ans: Ammeter is connected in series in the circuit
Ans: At constant temperature and other physical conditions remains constant, current
through a conductor is directly proportional to potential difference between the ends of d. How is a voltmeter is connected in a circuit?
conductor Ans: Voltmeter is connected in parallel across a component in a circuit

f. What happens to resistance of wire if length of the wire is e. Why is an ammeter connected in series in a circuit?
increased? Ans: Because ammeter should read current in a circuit, therefore whatever the current
Ans : If length l of conductor is increased Resistance of conductor flows in a circuit that should flow in the ammeter. Hence ammeter should be connected in
increases. series in a circuit
f. Why is a voltmeter connected in parallel across a component?
Ans: Because voltmeter should read potential difference across a resistor. Hence a voltmeter
2. Resistivity of material should be connected in parallel across a resistor
a. Define resistivity.
Ans: Resistivity of material of wire is numerically equal to resistance of wire of unit g. What is the resistance of ammeter, is it less or large?
length 1m and unit area of cross section 1m2 Ans: Resistance of ordinary ammeter is less

b. Mention the SI unit of h. What is the resistance of voltmeter, is it less or large?

Ans: Resistance of ordinary voltmeter is large
resistivity. Ans: Ωm ( ohm
meter) i. What is the resistance of an ideal ammeter?
Ans: The resistance of an ideal ammeter zero
c. On what factors does Resistivity of Material of wire
depends. Ans: Nature of material and temperature. j. What is the resistance of ideal
voltmeter? Ans: The resistance of an
3. Figure of merit of galvanometer ideal voltmeter is infinity.
a. Define figure of merit of Galvanometer.
Ans: Current required to produce unit deflection in the galvanometer is called figure of merit 5. Frequency of AC
of galvanometer a. Define frequency of AC. Mention its unit
b. Mention the unit of Figure of merit of Ans: The number of cycles made by AC in one second is called frequency of
galvanometer Ans: ampere per division ( A/div) AC. Unit of Frequency of AC is hertz(Hz)

c. What is a galvanometer? b. What is called electrical resonance?

Ans: It is a device to detect current in the circuit Ans: It is the electrical state of an ac circuit at which current becomes maximum and
impedance becomes minimum. It happens when inductive reactance is equal to capacitive
d. On what principal does galvanometer work? reactance.
Ans: It works on mechanical effect of current. When electric current flows in a rectangular
coil, torque acts on coil due to which coil rotates and hence pointer moves on the scale c. What is called tension in the string?
Ans: It is the stretching force on the string due to load in the hanger (T = mg)
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 d. How does fundamental frequency of a stretched string depend on tension in the a. What is a prism?
string Ans: It an optical medium bounded by two triangular faces and three rectangular faces.
Ans: Fundamental frequency of a stretched string is directly proportional to square root
of tension T b. What is called angle of deviation?
Ans: The angle between emergent ray and incident ray produced is called angle of deviation
e. What is the value frequency of AC in
India Ans: 50Hz c. How does angle of deviation varies with angle of incidence
Ans: As the angle of incidence increases, the angle of deviation first decreases, takes
minimum value and then increases
6. Focal length of concave mirror a. What is called angle of minimum deviation?
a. Define focal length of mirror. Ans: For a particular angle of incidence the angle of deviation becomes minimum, This
Ans: It is the distance between center of curvature and pole of mirror angle of deviation is called angle of minimum deviation

b. What is called principal Focus? 9. Refractive index of glass

Ans: When a parallel beam of light is incident on a concave mirror, after reflection all the a. Define refractive index
light rays converges to a point on the prnicipal axis. This point is called principal focus Ans: The ratio of sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle refraction is
constant for a given pair of media and for a given wavelength. This constant is called
c. What is a concave mirror?
refractive index.
Ans: It converges all the light rays after reflection
OR The ratio of real depth to the apparent depth is also called refractive index of medium
d. Define pole of mirror
Ans: It is a midpoint on the surface of spherical mirror b. What is real depth and apparent depth?
e. What is radius of curvature of mirror? Ans: Actual distance between object and surface of medium is called real depth.
Ans: It is the distance between center of curvature of mirror and pole of mirror The distance between surface of medium and apparent position of object is called apparent
depth.
c. What is normal shift
7. Focal length of convex lens
Ans: The apparent shift in the position of object along the normal is called normal shift
a. Define focal length of lens.
Ans: The distance between principal focus and optic center of lens is called focal length of d. Why saw dust is sprinkled on the glass slab while taking R3 reading?
lens Ans: It is just for reference on glass surface. We can easily identify the surface of slab if
some saw dust powder is sprinkled on surface of glass,
b. What is called principal Focus?
Ans: When a parallel beam of light is incident on a len ,after refraction all the e. Mention any one factor on which refractive index of medium depends
light rays converges to a point in the case of convex lens or appears to diverge Ans: RI depends on nature of medium, nature of surrounding medium and wavelength of
from a point on the principal axis. This fixed point on the principal axis is called light
principal focus.
a. What is a convex lens?
Ans: It converges all the light rays to one point on the principal axis 10. Refractive index of water
a. Define refractive index
b. What is optic center of lens? Ans: The ratio of sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle refraction is
Ans:It is the point inside the lens through which light ray passes straight without any constant for a given pair of media and for a given wavelength. This constant is called
deviation. refractive index.
c. What is radius of curvature? b. What is radius of curvature of mirror?
Ans: It is the distance between center of curvature of one surface of lens and optic center of Ans: The distance between center of curvature and pole of mirror is called radius of
lens curvature
d. What is called equiconvex lens? c. What happens to radius curvature if water is taken on concave
Ans: If radius of curvature of two surfaces of lens are equal then it is called equiconvex lens surface? Ans: Radius of curvature decreases if water is taken on concave
surface.

8. Angle of minimum deviation d. Name the quantity obtained when pin focused on convex lens kept in
contact with plane mirror
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 Ans : It gives focal length of convex lens
e. Mention any one factor on which refractive index of medium depends
Ans: RI depends on nature of medium, nature of surrounding medium and wavelength of
light
f. What type of lens is formed between plane mirror and lens when small
amount of water is taken between plane mirror and convex lens?
Ans : Plano concave liquid lens

11. Diode characteristics

a. What is a semiconductor diode?
Ans: It is a pn junction made of germanium or silicon
b. What is forward bias and reverse bias?
Ans: Forward bias: When p type of diode is connected to positive terminal and n type is
connected to negative terminal of battery it is said to be forward bias
Reverse bias: When p type of diode is connected to negative terminal and n type is connected
to positive terminal of battery it is said to be reverse bias.
c. Define cut in voltage of diode
Ans: It is the forward voltage at which current increases linearly with voltage. Or it is the
forward voltage at which potential barrier is eliminated completely. It is 0.3 V in Ge and
0.7V in silicon

a. Why the current is very small in the beginning of applying voltage?

Ans: When forward bias is given to diode, in the beginning there exists a potential
barrier across the junction which offers some resistance to the flow of current, hence
current in the beginning is small. As the applied voltage increases the width of potential
barrier gradually decreases and at a particular voltage potential barrier is altogether
eliminated. This voltage is called cut in voltage or junction pd or contact pd. It is 0.3V for
Ge and 0.7V for Si
b. Why diode does not conduct in the reverse bias?
Ans: In the Reverse bias the width of potential barrier increases and hence resistance to the
flow of current increases or practically does not conduct current practically
c. What is the value of cut in voltage in Germanium diode and silicon
diode? Ans: It is 0.3V for Germanium and 0.7V for silicon

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