Functions and Statistics [264 marks]

1. [Maximum mark: 5]
The following diagram shows triangle ABC, with AB = 6 and AC = 8.

(a) ^
Given that cos A =
5 ^
find the value of sin A. [3]
6

(b) Find the area of triangle ABC. [2]

2. [Maximum mark: 15]

A large company surveyed 160 of its employees to find out how much time they
spend traveling to work on a given day. The results of the survey are shown in
the following cumulative frequency diagram.
(a) Find the median number of minutes spent traveling to work. [2]

(b) Find the number of employees whose travelling time is within

15 minutes of the median. [3]

Only 10% of the employees spent more than k minutes traveling to work.

(c) Find the value of k. [3]

The results of the survey can also be displayed on the following box-and-
whisker diagram.
 (d) Write down the value of b. [1]

(e.i) Find the value of a. [2]

(e.ii) Hence, find the interquartile range. [2]

(f ) Travelling times of less than p minutes are considered outliers.

Find the value of p. [2]

3. [Maximum mark: 5]
The functions f and g are defined such that f (x) =
x+3

4
and
g (x) = 8x + 5.

(a) Show that (g ∘ f ) (x) = 2x + 11. [2]

(b) Given that (g ∘ f )

−1
(a) = 4, find the value of a. [3]

4. [Maximum mark: 6]
A metal sphere has a radius 12.7 cm.

(a) Find the volume of the sphere expressing your answer in the
form a × 10 k , 1 ⩽ a < 10 and k ∈ Z. [3]

(b) The sphere is to be melted down and remoulded into the shape
of a cone with a height of 14.8 cm.

Find the radius of the base of the cone, correct to 2 significant

figures. [3]
5. [Maximum mark: 6]
The following diagram shows part of a circle with centre O and radius 4 cm.

Chord AB has a length of 5 cm and AÔB = θ.

(a) Find the value of θ, giving your answer in radians. [3]

(b) Find the area of the shaded region. [3]

6. [Maximum mark: 6]
On 1st January 2020, Laurie invests $P in an account that pays a nominal annual
interest rate of 5.5 %, compounded quarterly.

The amount of money in Laurie’s account at the end of each year follows a
geometric sequence with common ratio, r.

(a) Find the value of r, giving your answer to four significant

figures. [3]

(b) Laurie makes no further deposits to or withdrawals from the

account.
 Find the year in which the amount of money in Laurie’s account [3]
will become double the amount she invested.

7. [Maximum mark: 16]

Adam sets out for a hike from his camp at point A. He hikes at an average speed
of 4.2 km/h for 45 minutes, on a bearing of 035° from the camp, until he stops for
a break at point B.

(a) Find the distance from point A to point B. [2]

Adam leaves point B on a bearing of 114° and continues to hike for a distance of
4.6‌km until he reaches point C.
 (b.i) ∧

Show that ABC is 101°. [2]

(b.ii) Find the distance from the camp to point C. [3]

(c) ∧

Find BCA. [3]

Adam’s friend Jacob wants to hike directly from the camp to meet Adam at point
C.

(d) Find the bearing that Jacob must take to point C. [3]

(e) Jacob hikes at an average speed of 3.9 km/h.

Find, to the nearest minute, the time it takes for Jacob to reach
point C. [3]

8. [Maximum mark: 5]
Solve the equation 2 ln x = ln 9 + 4. Give your answer in the
form x = pe
q
where p, q ∈ Z
+
. [5]

9. [Maximum mark: 6]
The functions f and g are defined for x ∈ R by f (x) = x − 2 and

g(x) = ax + b, where a, b ∈ R.

Given that (f ∘ g)(2) = −3 and (g ∘ f )(1) = 5, find the value

of a and the value of b. [6]

10. [Maximum mark: 6]

The first three terms of an arithmetic sequence are u 1 , 5u 1 − 8 and 3u 1 + 8.
 (a) Show that u 1 = 4. [2]

(b) Prove that the sum of the first n terms of this arithmetic
sequence is a square number. [4]

11. [Maximum mark: 5]

The quadratic equation (k − 1)x 2 + 2x + (2k − 3) = 0, where

k ∈ R, has real distinct roots.

Find the range of possible values for k. [5]

12. [Maximum mark: 7]

The following diagram shows a circle with centre O and radius 3.

Points A, P and B lie on the circumference of the circle.

Chord [AB] has length L and AÔB = θ radians.

(a) Show that arc APB has length 6π − 3θ. [2]

(b) Show that L = √ 18 − 18 cos θ. [2]

(c) Arc APB is twice the length of chord [AB].

 Find the value of θ. [3]

13. [Maximum mark: 8]

The following table shows the systolic blood pressures, p mmHg, and the ages, t
years, of 6 male patients at a medical clinic.

(a.i) Determine the value of Pearson’s product‐moment correlation

coefficient, r, for these data. [2]

(a.ii) Interpret, in context, the value of r found in part (a) (i). [1]

The relationship between t and p can be modelled by the regression line of p on

t with equation p = at + b .

(b) Find the equation of the regression line of p on t. [2]

A 50‐year‐old male patient enters the medical clinic for his appointment.

(c) Use the regression equation from part (b) to predict this
patient’s systolic blood pressure. [2]

(d) A 16‐year‐old male patient enters the medical clinic for his
appointment.

Explain why the regression equation from part (b) should not
be used to predict this patient’s systolic blood pressure. [1]

14. [Maximum mark: 17]

 The temperature T °C of water t minutes after being poured into a cup can be
modelled by T = T0 e
−kt
where t ≥ 0 and T 0 , k are positive constants.

The water is initially boiling at 100 °C. When t = 10, the temperature of the
water is 70 °C.

(a) Show that T 0 = 100. [1]

(b) Show that k =

1
ln
10
. [3]
10 7

(c) Find the temperature of the water when t = 15. [2]

(d) Sketch the graph of T versus t, clearly indicating any

asymptotes with their equations and stating the coordinates of
any points of intersection with the axes. [4]

(e) Find the time taken for the water to have a temperature of
50 °C. Give your answer correct to the nearest second. [4]

(f ) The model for the temperature of the water can also be

t

expressed in the form T = T0 a 10

for t ≥ 0 and a is a

positive constant.

Find the exact value of a. [3]

15. [Maximum mark: 9]

A set of data comprises of five numbers x 1 , x2 , x3 , x4 , x5 which have been
placed in ascending order.

(a) Recalling definitions, such as the Lower Quartile is the n+1

th
4

piece of data with the data placed in order, find an expression

for the Interquartile Range. [2]

(b) Hence, show that a data set with only 5 numbers in it cannot
have any outliers.
 [5]

(c) Give an example of a set of data with 7 numbers in it that does

have an outlier, justify this fact by stating the Interquartile
Range. [2]

16. [Maximum mark: 13]

Let f (x) x ≠ 1, x ≠ 2.
4x−5
= 2
x −3x+2

(a) Express f (x) in partial fractions. [6]

(b) Use part (a) to show that f (x) is always decreasing. [3]

(c) 0

Use part (a) to find the exact value of ∫ f (x)dx, giving the
−1

answer in the form ln q, q ∈ Q. [4]

17. [Maximum mark: 15]

The principal of a high school is concerned about the effect social media use
might be having on the self-esteem of her students. She decides to survey a
random sample of 9 students to gather some data. She wants the number of
students in each grade in the sample to be, as far as possible, in the same
proportion as the number of students in each grade in the school.

(a) State the name for this type of sampling technique. [1]

The number of students in each grade in the school is shown in table.

 (b.i) Show that 3 students will be selected from grade 12. [3]

(b.ii) Calculate the number of students in each grade in the sample. [2]

In order to select the 3 students from grade 12, the principal lists their names in
alphabetical order and selects the 28th, 56th and 84th student on the list.

(c) State the name for this type of sampling technique. [1]

Once the principal has obtained the names of the 9 students in the random
sample, she surveys each student to find out how long they used social media
the previous day and measures their self-esteem using the Rosenberg scale. The
Rosenberg scale is a number between 10 and 40, where a high number
represents high self-esteem.

(d.i) Calculate Pearson’s product moment correlation coefficient, r. [2]

(d.ii) Interpret the meaning of the value of r in the context of the

principal’s concerns. [1]

(d.iii) Explain why the value of r makes it appropriate to find the

equation of a regression line. [1]

(e) Another student at the school, Jasmine, has a self-esteem value

of 29.

By finding the equation of an appropriate regression line,

estimate the time Jasmine spent on social media the previous
day. [4]

18. [Maximum mark: 6]

 (a) Write down and simplify the first three terms, in ascending
1

powers of x, in the Extended Binomial expansion of (1 − x) 3

. [3]

(b) By substituting x =
1
find a rational approximation to √9.
3
[3]
9

19. [Maximum mark: 27]

This question will investigate power series, as an extension to the Binomial
Theorem for negative and fractional indices.

A power series in x is defined as a function of the form

+ a 3 x +. . . where the a i ∈ R.
2 3
f (x) = a 0 + a 1 x + a 2 x

It can be considered as an infinite polynomial.

(a) 5
Expand (1 + x) using the Binomial Theorem. [2]

This is an example of a power series, but is only a finite power series, since only a
finite number of the a i are non-zero.

(b) Consider the power series 1 − x + x 2 − x

3 4
+ x −. . .

By considering the ratio of consecutive terms, explain why this

−1
series is equal to (1 + x) and state the values of x for
which this equality is true. [4]

(c) Differentiate the equation obtained part (b) and hence, find the
−2
first four terms in a power series for (1 + x) . [2]

(d) Repeat this process to find the first four terms in a power series
−3
for (1 + x) . [2]

(e) Hence, by recognising the pattern, deduce the first four terms in
−n
a power series for (1 + x) ,n ∈ Z
+
.
 [3]

We will now attempt to generalise further.

q
Suppose (1 + x) , q ∈ Q can be written as the power series
+ a 3 x +. . ..
2 3
a0 + a1 x + a2 x

(f ) By substituting x = 0, find the value of a 0 . [1]

(g) By differentiating both sides of the expression and then

substituting x = 0, find the value of a 1 . [2]

(h) Repeat this procedure to find a 2 and a 3 . [4]

(i) Hence, write down the first four terms in what is called the
q
Extended Binomial Theorem for (1 + x) , q ∈ Q. [1]

(j) Write down the power series for 1

2
. [2]
1+x

(k) Hence, using integration, find the power series for arctan x,
giving the first four non-zero terms. [4]

20. [Maximum mark: 6]

Claire rolls a six-sided die 16 times.

The scores obtained are shown in the following frequency table.

 It is given that the mean score is 3.
(a) Find the value of p and the value of q. [5]

Each of Claire’s scores is multiplied by 10 in order to determine the final score for
a game she is playing.

(b) Write down the mean final score. [1]

21. [Maximum mark: 8]

Points A and B lie on the circumference of a circle of radius r cm with centre
at O.

The sector OAB is shown on the following diagram. The angle AÔB is
denoted as θ and is measured in radians.
 The perimeter of the sector is 10 cm and the area of the sector is 6. 25 cm
2
.
(a) Show that 4r 2
− 20r + 25 = 0. [4]

(b) Hence, or otherwise, find the value of r and the value of θ. [4]

22. [Maximum mark: 14]

Consider the function f (x) , x ≠ 2.
4x+2
=
x−2

(a) Sketch the graph of y = f (x). On your sketch, indicate the

values of any axis intercepts and label any asymptotes with
their equations. [5]

(b) Write down the range of f . [1]

Consider the function g(x) = x

2
+ bx + c. The graph of g has an axis of
symmetry at x = 2.

1
The two roots of g(x) = 0 are −
2
and p, where p ∈ Q.

(c) Show that p =

9
. [1]
2

(d) Find the value of b and the value of c. [3]

(e) Find the y-coordinate of the vertex of the graph of y = g(x).

 [2]

(f ) Find the number of solutions of the equation f (x) = g(x). [2]

23. [Maximum mark: 14]

Consider the function f (x) , x ≠ 2.
4x+2
=
x−2

(a) Sketch the graph of y = f (x). On your sketch, indicate the

values of any axis intercepts and label any asymptotes with
their equations. [5]

(b) Write down the range of f . [1]

Consider the function g(x) = x

2
+ bx + c. The graph of g has an axis of
symmetry at x = 2.

1
The two roots of g(x) = 0 are −
2
and p, where p ∈ Q.

(c) Show that p =

9
. [1]
2

(d) Find the value of b and the value of c. [3]

(e) Find the y-coordinate of the vertex of the graph of y = g(x). [2]

(f ) Find the number of solutions of the equation f (x) = g(x). [2]

24. [Maximum mark: 5]

The graph of y = f (x) for 0 ≤ x ≤ 10 is shown in the following diagram.

The graph intercepts the axes at (10, 0) and (0, 5).

 (a) Write down the value of

(a.i) f (4); [1]

(a.ii) f ∘ f (4); [1]

(a.iii) f
−1
(3). [1]

(b) On the axes above, sketch the graph of y = f

−1
(x). Show

clearly where the graph intercepts the axes. [2]

25. [Maximum mark: 7]

Quadrilateral OABC is shown on the following set of axes.
 OABC is symmetrical about [OB].

A has coordinates (6, 0) and C has coordinates (3, 3√ 3).

(a.i) Write down the coordinates of the midpoint of [AC]. [1]

(a.ii) Hence or otherwise, find the equation of the line passing

through the points O and B. [3]

(b) Given that [OA] is perpendicular to [AB], find the area of the
quadrilateral OABC. [3]

26. [Maximum mark: 8]

2(x+3)
A function f is defined by f (x) =
3(x+2)
, where x ∈ R, x ≠ −2.

The graph y = f (x) is shown below.

 (a) Write down the equation of the horizontal asymptote. [1]

Consider g(x) = mx + 1, where m ∈ R, m ≠ 0.

(b.i) Write down the number of solutions to f (x) = g(x) for

m > 0. [1]

(b.ii) Determine the value of m such that f (x) = g(x) has only

one solution for x. [4]

(b.iii) Determine the range of values for m, where f (x) = g(x)

has two solutions for x ≥ 0. [2]

27. [Maximum mark: 7]

Janie claims that rabbits in Australia have longer ears than rabbits in Spain.
 To test her claim, a randomly selected sample of rabbits was collected in each
country.

The length of one ear of each rabbit was measured and the value recorded
correct to the nearest millimetre (mm).

In the Australian sample, the median recorded value was 80 mm and the

interquartile range was 11 mm.

The recorded values for the Spanish sample are shown in the following box and
whisker diagram.

(a) Complete the following table for the recorded values of the
lengths of the rabbits’ ears in each sample.

[3]

(b) Justifying your answers, compare the distributions of the

lengths of rabbits’ ears in Australia and Spain using

(b.i) the median; [2]

(b.ii) the interquartile range. [2]

28. [Maximum mark: 5]

A monument is in the shape of a right cone with a vertical height of 20 metres.
Oliver stands 5 metres from the base of the monument. His eye level is 1. 8
 metres above the ground and the angle of elevation from Oliver’s eye level to
the vertex of the cone is 58°, as shown on the following diagram.

(a) Find the radius of the base of the cone. [3]

(b) Find the volume of the monument. [2]

29. [Maximum mark: 7]

A class is given two tests, Test A and Test B. Each test is scored out of a total of
100 marks. The scores of the students are shown in the following table.

Let x be the score on Test A and y be the score on Test B.

The teacher finds that the equation of the regression line of y on x for these
scores is y = 0. 822x + 18. 4.

(a) Find the value of Pearson’s product-moment correlation

coefficient, r.
 [2]

Giovanni was absent for Test A and Paulo was absent for Test B.

The teacher uses the regression line of y on x to estimate the missing scores.

Paulo scored 10 on Test A.

The teacher estimated his score on Test B to be 27 to the nearest integer using
the following calculation:

y = 0. 822(10) + 18. 4 ≈ 27

(b) Give a reason why this method is not appropriate for Paulo. [1]

Giovanni scored 90 on Test B.

The teacher estimated his score on Test A to be 87 to the nearest integer using
the following calculation:

90 = 0. 822x + 18. 4, so x =
90−18.4
≈ 87
0.822

(c.i) Give a reason why this method is not appropriate for Giovanni. [1]

(c.ii) Use an appropriate method to show that the estimated Test A

score for Giovanni is 86 to the nearest integer. [3]

© International Baccalaureate Organization, 2024