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TELECOMMUNICATION DCQ20052 – BUILDING
SERVICES 1

SYSTEM
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CONTENT OF TOPIC 5:
5.1 Explain the telecommunication system in a building
5.1.1 Define telecommunication system
5.1.2 Identify the needs and importance of telecommunication system
in a building
5.2 Classify types of communication system
5.2.1 Interpret basic elements of communication system
5.2.2 Describe types of communication system in a building like
telephone, radio / television, satellite, computer networks and
digital communication
REFERENCES
 5.1.1
Define telecommunication system
Telecommunication
• Telecommunication is the technology in which the transmission of messages,
signals, writings, information or sounds of any nature through radio, optical,
wire and many more electromagnetic systems. [1]
• Telecommunications, also known as telecom, is the exchange of information
over significant distances by electronic means and refers to all types of voice,
data and video transmission. [4]
– This is a broad term that includes a wide range of information-transmitting
technologies and communications infrastructures, such as wired phones;
mobile devices, such as cell phones; microwave communications; fibre optics;
satellites; radio and television broadcasting; the internet; and telegraphs. [4]
• When the exchange of information takes place between members by the use
of technology such as telephone and television then the telecommunication
occurs and transmitted electrically over physical media through cables or
electromagnetic radiation. [1]
• These paths of transmission are frequently divided into different
communication channels which deliver the benefits of multiplexing (a way of
sending multiple signals or streams of information over a communications
link at the same time in the form of a single, complex signal). [1]
• The telecommunication is used in plural form due to it includes several
different technologies. [1]
History of Telecommunication
• The word telecommunications comes from the Greek prefix tele-, which
means "distant," combined with the Latin word communicare, which means
"to share."
• 1876. The first telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell. This early
model required an interpreter, or telegrapher, at both ends. These first
telephones were intercom systems, where two phones were connected
directly.
• 1877. The invention of the switchboard exchange telephone system enabled
any combination of two phone lines to connect and talk with each other.
[4]
• 1891. Dial telephones were invented, which bypassed the need for an
operator on each call. This made it much quicker and easier to make calls via
telephone.
• 1947. The transistor was invented, which led to the development of modern
electronics, such as computers and calculators.
• 1948. Microwaves began to be used to transmit phone signals, in places
where phone wires did not exist.
• 1960. Phones began to transition from mechanical switching to electronic
switching, which enabled features such as voice messaging, speed dialling
and caller ID.
[4]
• 1984. The Bell System, which provided AT&T with a near-monopoly over
telecommunications services in the U.S., was broken up, opening up space
for competition for other providers.
• 1984. Cellular and personal communications service (PCS) phone use, which
offered mobile communications beyond two-way radio use, was introduced.
• 1990s. Use of the modern internet became widespread.
• 2000s and beyond. The first decade of the 2000s saw mobile phones grow
increasingly sophisticated. By 2012, smartphone usage was widespread.
[4]
Telecommunication System
• A telecommunication system is a collection of nodes and links that enables
telecommunication while a Telecommunication is communication at a
distance using electrical signals/electromagnetic waves. [2]

• Most telecommunication systems nowadays are known as a network. [2]

• The internet, telephone network, radio broadcasting and computer networks
are all types of telecommunication systems which most people use every day.
[2]

• It allows people to be able to communicate with other people in a fast and

efficient way. [2]
• Telecommunications systems include wired and wireless local and wide area
networks and hardware and software providing the capabilities for systems
to communicate with each other or with users. [3]
 5.1.2
The needs and importance of
telecommunication systemin a building
Telecommunications Infrastructure in
Buildings
• An effective telecommunications infrastructure is an essential
component of any office building. [13]
• It permits a rapid exchange of information between individuals
located within the building and connects them to others anywhere in
the world. [13]
• A typical office building has hundreds of kilometres of
telecommunications cabling that must be correctly installed and
properly managed in order to provide essential communications. [13]
• The telecommunications infrastructure in a
building consists of two systems: [13]
– Telecommunications spaces and pathways
(e.g. rooms, cable tray, conduit).
– Telecommunications cabling systems linking
telecommunications rooms together and also
running from the telecommunications room(s)
on each floor (formerly called a
"telecommunication closet") to the work areas
or end devices, such as servers.
• As the telecommunications spaces and pathways are usually deficient in
existing buildings and are frequently an afterthought in the design of new
buildings, specialist expertise should be involved at the early stages of a
project. [13]
• The design of the telecommunications infrastructure should follow a holistic
approach looking at the building as a single entity and considering individual
departments and agencies as all being part of that single entity. [13]
The Benefits & Importance of
Using Telecommunication
IT SATISFIES BASIC NEEDS [15]

• Information technology and the ability to connect and communicate is a

fundamental part of how society operates.
• In today’s digital ecosystem, telecommunication has become the foundation
for businesses, governments, communities, and families to seamlessly
connect and share information.
• Thanks to telecom advancements, things like searching the internet, placing
phone calls, emailing, and text messaging has become integrated into our
personal and professional lives on a near-ubiquitous level.
BETTER COMMUNICATION [14]

• Telecommunication allows businesses to use advanced communication

methods for everyone from employees to customers.
• Using telecommunication services, a business has the necessary
infrastructure and tools to transmit data digitally - includes a huge range of
information that can be used for many different purposes, from analytics
and important documents to emails, messaging, and voice conversations.
• A business is capable of enhanced communication both internally and
externally, which improves efficiency and productivity.
COLLABORATIVE WORK [14]

• Telecommunication solutions can make a team more collaborative by

providing the right tools.
• Modern businesses often have multiple departments and teams that work
together on projects and need to be able to collaborate seamlessly.
• Embracing telecommunication opens up communication and collaboration
between teams so that they can work together.
• Tools such as video conferencing together with cloud services bring
colleagues together, even if they’re on different continents.
MORE EFFICIENCY AND PRODUCTIVITY [14]

• Efficiency can be improved and misunderstandings reduced with better

communication through telecommunication.
• Telecommunication helps a business to operate on all levels, which can lead
to huge increases in efficiency.
• In addition, poorly communicated information and misunderstandings are
less likely, which can reduce mistakes and raise productivity.
• Even just using one device to carry out a range of activities can increase
efficiency and productivity for workers everywhere.
 5.2.1
Basic elements of communication
system
Communication
• Communication is an exchanging of information between two persons of
different cities, states and countries through mobile, internet and many
more.
• The channel of communication may be auditory, electromagnetic, visual or
biochemical.
• The most important part of communication is human communication.
• The development of society is linked with growth in telecommunication.
[1]
Communication Vs Telecommunications [5]
Basic elements/components
of communication system
• Any communication system has three important elements. They are the
transmitter, channel, and receiver.
• In a communication system, the source of information can be a human being
or a machine.
• A transmitter is located at one place and the receiver at another with the
channel as a medium.
• The signal from the source is called a
message signal, and these signals are
fed into the transmitter.
[16]
• The transmitter consists of a transducer, modulator, amplifier, and
transmitting antenna in radio transmission.
• The main purpose of the transmitter is to convert the message signal
produced by the source of information into a suitable form for transmission
through the channel. These signals are called transmitted signals.
• A transducer converts sound signals into electric signals.
• The modulator performs the mixing of the electric audio signal with the
high-frequency radio wave.
• The amplifier boosts the power of the modulated signal.
• The signal is radiated in space with the aid of an antenna.
[16]
• The channel (wired or wireless) is the physical medium that connects the
transmitter and receiver.
• The duty of the communication channel is to carry the modulated signal from
transmitter to receiver. The communication channel is also called a
transmission link or medium.
• The term channel refers to the frequency range allocated to a particular
transmission or service.
• When the transmitted signal propagates (to send out), it may be distorted due
to its imperfection, and some noise is added to the transmitted signal.
[16]
• The medium of signal transmission can be via electrical wire or cable -- also
known as copper -- optical fiber, electromagnetic fields or light. [4]
• The free space transmission and reception of data by means of
electromagnetic fields is called wireless communications. [4]
• The receiver consists of: [16]
– Pickup antenna: To pick the signal
– Demodulator: To separate the audio signal from the modulated signal
– Amplifier: To boost up the weak audio signal
– Transducer: converts back audio signal in the form of electrical pulses into
sound waves.
 5.2.2
Types of communication system in a
building
Types of Telecommunications System /
Networks
• The simplest form of telecommunications
takes place between two stations, but it is
common for multiple transmitting and
receiving stations to exchange data among
themselves. [4]
• Such an arrangement is called a telecom
network. [4]
• The internet is the largest example of a
telecommunications network. [4]
• On a smaller scale, examples include the
following: [4]
– corporate and academic wide area networks
(WANs);
– telephone networks;
– cellular networks;
– police and fire communications systems;
– taxi dispatch networks;
– groups of amateur (ham) radio operators; and
– broadcast networks.
Communications Systems in Commercial
Buildings
• Today’s businesses reply on their communication systems to stay
competitive. Communication systems cover a wide range of voice,
information processing, and signaling systems used to connect users
together or to share information. [6]
• Five categories of communications systems in commercial buildings need
structured cabling systems. These are: [6]
– Phone systems
– Data systems
– Local Area Networks (LANs)
– Building Automation and Control Systems (BACS)
– Sound Systems
TELEPHONE SYSTEMS

RADIO COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

TELEVISION COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

SATELLITE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

COMPUTER NETWORK

DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
TELEPHONE SYSTEMS
• Most commercial businesses require
more than one phone line, so that
employees can receive phone calls while
other employees are making phone calls.
• This is supported by a phone switch.
• Each telephone is connected to the
phone switch using UTP (Unshielded
Twisted Pair) copper cable.
[6]
Small Business Phone Systems
• Small businesses with fewer employees typically use small phone switches
called Key Service Units (KSU).
• A KSU is designed to support a fixed number of phone lines and telephone
extensions.
• A typical KSU supports up to eight phone lines, and up to 32 telephone
extensions.
[6]
Large Business Phone Systems
• Large businesses with hundreds or thousands of
employees need a large phone switch called PBX
(Private Branch Exchange).
• PBX can support hundreds of phone lines and
thousands of telephone extensions.
• PBX systems can be quite expensive.
[6]
• Cloud phone system

• VoIP business phone system

RADIO COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
• A radio communication system is a collection of fixed and mobile radio
equipment designed to serve an organization by allowing specific
communication modes like one-to-many and one-to-one.
• The common radio communication system uses one or more fixed sites,
which have the ability to repeat and relay messages to nearby and remote
sites as needed.
• The two-way radio allows people to exchange messages, whereas radio
broadcasting is a transfer of information in one direction only.
[11]
Radio Broadcasting
• A transfer of information in one
direction only.
• Many frequency bands and
modulation types are used for
the radio communication
system.
• Frequencies from 0.3
megahertz (MHz) to about
3,000 MHz assigned into the
so-called high frequency, very
high frequency, and ultrahigh
frequency for various specific
needs are extra long range, all-
terrain, and urban structure
signal penetration.
[11]
The modern two-way radio system (2WRS)

• An alternative name for radio

communication system that typically has
three user modes.
• A portable radio user has a handheld
transmitter-receiver, or transceiver, device
that runs on batteries and is easy enough to
take almost anywhere.
• A mobile radio user usually has a
transceiver mounted inside a vehicle, and a
fixed or base radio user sits at a station with
stationary radio equipment.
• Users are able to communicate to all
members of a group at the same time -
granted an actual channel or a virtual
private channel where the group can
communicate without interfering with
communications from other groups.
[11]
TELEVISION COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
• Televisions were once novel for
transmitting moving images and
sound, but they've become a
household item — and new
technology continues to improve
them. [12]
• Television facilitates one-way
communication between the sender
and the receiver. This allows the
sender to persuade, entertain, inform
and empower the audience. [12]
• Television as a medium of advertising. [12]
• News broadcasting through television. [12]

Television as a Means of Communication

• Latest technologies are converting televisions into streaming platforms that
facilitate video calls.
• For instance, an iPhone or iPad user can use Apple’s AirPlay feature to stream
a video call onto their TV.
• Similarly, an Android user can stream video calls on their TV with the help of
Google Chromecast — in fact, any phone user with a Chromecast can project
YouTube or Netflix onto their TVs.
[12]
• Several smart televisions integrated with web camera are available in the
market that allow people to video chat from supported applications. [12]
• If the television does not have an in-built camera, users can purchase a
separate web camera and connect it to their TV. [12]
• This allows two-way communication via a television, though it's between
friends and family. [12]
SATELLITE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
• In general terms, a satellite is a smaller object that revolves around a larger
object in space. For example, moon is a natural satellite of earth.
• If the communication takes place between any two earth stations through a
satellite, then it is called as satellite communication.
• In this communication, electromagnetic waves are used as carrier signals.
These signals carry the information such as voice, audio, video or any other
data between ground and space and vice-versa.
• The maximum station distance is limited to 1500KM only. Satellite
communication overcomes this limitation. In this method, satellites provide
communication for long distances, which is well beyond the line of sight.
[9]
How a Satellite Works
• The frequency with which, the signal is sent into
the space is called as Uplink frequency. Similarly,
the frequency with which, the signal is sent by
the transponder is called as Downlink frequency.
• The process of satellite communication begins at
an earth station. Here, an installation is designed
to transmit and receive signals from a satellite in
an orbit around the earth. Earth stations send the
information to satellites in the form of high
powered, high frequency (GHz range) signals.
• The satellites receive and retransmit the signals
back to earth where they are received by other
earth stations in the coverage area of the
satellite. Satellite's footprint is the area which
receives a signal of useful strength from the
satellite.
[9]
Applications of Satellite Communication

• Satellite communication plays a vital role in a

daily life. Following are the applications of
satellite communication: [9]
– Radio broadcasting and voice communications
– TV broadcasting such as Direct To Home (DTH)
– Internet applications such as providing Internet
connection for data transfer, GPS applications,
Internet surfing, etc.
– Military applications and navigations
– Remote sensing applications
– Weather condition monitoring & Forecasting
• Advantages of using Satellite • Disadvantages of using Satellite
Communication: [9] Communication: [9]
– Area of coverage is more than that of – Launching of satellites into orbits is
terrestrial systems. a costly process.
– Each and every corner of the earth – Propagation delay of satellite
can be covered. systems is more than that of
– Transmission cost is independent of conventional terrestrial systems.
coverage area. – Difficult to provide repairing
– More bandwidth and broadcasting activities if any problem occurs in a
possibilities. satellite system.
– There can be congestion of
frequencies.
COMPUTER NETWORK
• A computer network is a system that
connects two or more computing devices
for transmitting and sharing
information. [10]
• The physical connection between
networked computing devices is
established using either cable media
(such as fiber optics) or wireless media.
• The best-known computer network is the
Internet. [9]
Applications of Communication & Computer Network
• Computer systems and peripherals (printer, scanner,
keyboard, mouse, tape device, microphone, and
external modem) are connected to form a network.
• They provide numerous advantages: [9]
– Resource sharing such as printers and storage devices
– Exchange of information by means of e-Mails and FTP
(File Transfer Protocol)
– Information sharing by using Web or Internet
– Interaction with other users using dynamic web pages
– IP phones (phone system that uses an internet
connection to send and receive voice data)
– Video conferences
– Parallel computing
– Instant messaging
Computer Network Types

• A computer network can be categorized by their

size. A computer network is mainly of four types: [7]
– LAN (Local Area Network)
– PAN (Personal Area Network)
– MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
– WAN (Wide Area Network)
LAN (Local Area Network)
• Local Area Network is a group of computers connected to
each other in a small area such as building, office.
• LAN is used for connecting two or more personal
computers through a communication medium such as
twisted pair, coaxial cable, etc.
• It is less costly as it is built with inexpensive hardware
such as hubs, network adapters, and ethernet cables.
• The data is transferred at an extremely faster rate in Local
Area Network.
• Local Area Network provides higher security. [7]

• A LAN is composed of at least of the following

components: [6]
– Computers
– Network Interface Card (NIC)
– Communication cable
– LAN hubs or switches
MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
• A metropolitan area network is a network that
covers a larger geographic area by
interconnecting a different LAN to form a larger
network.
• Government agencies use MAN to connect to
the citizens and private industries.
• In MAN, various LANs are connected to each
other through a telephone exchange line.
• It has a higher range than Local Area Network
(LAN).
• MAN is used in communication between the
banks in a city.
• It can be used in an Airline Reservation.
• It can be used in a college within a city.
• It can also be used for communication in the
military. [7]
WAN (Wide Area Network)
• A Wide Area Network is a network that extends
over a large geographical area such as states or
countries.
• A Wide Area Network is quite bigger network than
the LAN.
• A Wide Area Network is not limited to a single
location, but it spans over a large geographical
area through a telephone line, fibre optic cable or
satellite links.
• The internet is one of the biggest WAN in the
world.
• A Wide Area Network is widely used in the field of
Business, government, and education.
[7]
• Examples Of Wide Area Network: [7]
– Mobile Broadband: A 4G network is
widely used across a region or country.
– Last mile: A telecom company is used to
provide the internet services to the
customers in hundreds of cities by
connecting their home with fiber.
– Private network: A bank provides a
private network that connects the 44
offices. This network is made by using
the telephone leased line provided by the
telecom company.
• Advantages Of Wide Area Network: [7] • Disadvantages of Wide Area
– Geographical area: Large - can connect with Network: [7]
branch office in a different city through WAN – Security issue: more security
through the internet. issues as compared to LAN
– Centralized data: do not need to buy the emails, and MAN.
files or back up servers. – Needs Firewall & antivirus
– Get updated files: the programmers get the software: data can be
updated files within seconds through the live changed or hacked, or people
server. can inject the virus in the
– Exchange messages: the web application like system.
Facebook, WhatsApp, Skype allows – High Setup cost: An
communication with friends. installation cost is high as it
– Sharing of software and resources: a hard drive, involves the purchasing of
RAM. routers, switches.
– Global business: over the internet. – Troubleshooting problems: It
– High bandwidth: increases the data transfer rate covers a large area so fixing
which in turn increases the productivity of a the problem is difficult.
company.
PAN (Personal Area Network)
• Personal Area Network is a network arranged
within an individual person, typically within a
range of 10 meters.
• Personal Area Network is used for connecting the
computer devices of personal use is known as
Personal Area Network.
• Thomas Zimmerman was the first research
scientist to bring the idea of the Personal Area
Network.
• Personal Area Network covers an area of 30 feet.
• Personal computer devices that are used to
develop the personal area network are the laptop,
mobile phones, media player and play stations.
[7]
• Examples Of Personal Area Network: [7]
– Body Area Network: a network that moves with a person. For example, a mobile
network moves with a person. Suppose a person establishes a network
connection and then creates a connection with another device to share the
information.
– Offline Network: An offline network can be created inside the home, so it is also
known as a home network. A home network is designed to integrate the devices
such as printers, computer, television but they are not connected to the internet.
– Small Home Office: It is used to connect a variety of devices to the internet and
to a corporate network using a VPN (Virtual Private Network).
DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
• Digital communication is made from two
words digital and communication.
• Digital refers to the discrete time-varying
signal.
• Communication refers to the exchange
of digital information between two or
more sources; between the sender and
receiver using different devices and
methods.
[7]
• The data transmission using analog methods for long-distance
communication suffers from distortion, delays, interferences, and other
losses.
• To overcome these problems, the digitization and sampling of signals using
different techniques help in making the transmission process more efficient,
clear, and accurate. [7]
• Digital communication is a popular technology used today in electronics.
• It allows access to video conferencing, digital meetings, online education,
etc.
• The data can travel up to long distances within a second with the help of the
internet and other modes of digital communication.
• It not only saves money but also saves time and effort.
• It has also raised the standard of an individual's social, political, and
economic life.
[7]
Applications of Digital Communication
• Some of the most common applications of digital communication: [7]

– Image and video processing

– Data compression
– Channel coding
– Equalization
– Digital Signal Processing
– Speech processing
– Satellites
– Digital audio transmission
• Types of Digital Communication: [8]

– The Internet and Email

– Cell Phones
– High-Definition Television - many digital TVs are multimedia devices that display
television programming, games, photographs and on-demand movies, stream Internet
content, play music and handle recorded media like CDs and DVDs.
– Other Electronic Communication - remote controls, keyless entry devices, walkie-
talkies, Bluetooth earpieces, GPS satellites, cash registers and credit cards.
– Physical Digital Media - CDs, DVDs, flash drives, tape and compact memory chips.
Table: Few analogue communication systems [16]
Table: Few digital communication systems [16]
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13. GOVERNMENT OF CANADA https://www.tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca/biens-property/sngp-npms/bi-rp/tech/telecommunications/index-

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16. PIXABAY https://pixabay.com/ Figures / Pictures

17. PICTURES/FIGURES – source link is provided on the picture/figure OR from https://pixabay.com

END OF TOPIC 5