SAM HIGGINBOTTOM UNIVERSITY OF

AGRICULTURE TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCES

WARNER COLLEGE OF DAIRY TECHNOLOGY

LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SERVICES

MLI -- 501
ASSIGNMENT - 1

SUBMITTED BY, SUBMITTED TO,

DANIEL ROHITH M DR. MANISHA SHARMA

24MSAGAM001 DEPT. OF MASS COMMUNICATION

M.SC AGRICULTURAL METEROLOGY

1 SEMESTER

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 CONTENTS
Ø INTRODUCTION 2

Ø HISTORY OF BARCODE 3

Ø COMPONENTS OF BARCODE 4

Ø HOW DOES BARCODE WORKS? 7

Ø TYPES OF BARCODES 9

Ø HOW A BARCODE SCANNER WORKS 15

Ø TYPES OF BARCODE SCANNERS 15

Ø BARCODE IN LIBRARY 16

Ø EVOLUTION OF BARCODE IN LIBRARY 17

Ø TYPES OF BARCODE USED IN LIBRARY 18

Ø NEED OF BARCODE IN LIBRARY 19

Ø ARCODES AND USER ACCOUNTS IN LIBRARIES 21

Ø BARCODE USAGE FOR LIBRARY INVENTORY MANAGEMENT 23

Ø USES OF BARCODE IN LIBRARY 24

Ø BENEFITS OF BARCODE SYSTEMS IN LIBRARIES 25

Ø CHALLENGES AND LIMITATIONS OF

BARCODE SYSTEM IN LIBRARIES 27

Ø FUTURE OF BARCODES IN LIBRARIES 28

Ø CONCLUSION 29
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 BARCODE
INTRODUCTION:
Barcoding is a computer-assisted method for creating codified information, which is
then printed on specific materials, typically on self-adhesive labels for various applications. A
barcode consists of a series of parallel, adjacent bars and spaces. Specific patterns of bars and
spaces, known as "symbologies," are used to transform short strings of character data into a
printed symbol. A barcode reader scans the barcode using a light source, measuring the
intensity of light reflected by the white spaces. A photodiode detects this pattern of reflected
light and generates an electronic signal that corresponds to the printed barcode pattern. This
signal is then converted back into the original data by low-cost electronic circuits.
In short, a barcode is a method of representing data in a visual, machine-readable
form. It typically consists of a series of parallel lines (bars) and spaces of varying widths that
encode information in a way that can be easily scanned and interpreted by devices like
barcode readers or scanners. Barcodes are widely used for identifying products, managing
inventory, tracking items, and more.

HISTORY OF BARCODE:
The history of barcode development dates back to the mid-20th century when the
need for an efficient and automated method of tracking and managing products became
evident.
Ø Early Concepts (1940s): The idea of using a machine-readable code was first conceived
by Norman Joseph Woodland and Bernard Silver in 1948. Inspired by Morse code and a
pattern drawn in the sand, Woodland developed the concept of a series of lines and spaces
to encode information.
Ø First Patent: In 1952, Woodland and Silver were granted a patent for the "Classifying
Apparatus and Method," which outlined the basic idea of using concentric circles
(bullseye patterns) to encode data.
Ø First Commercial Use (1960s): In the 1960s, barcodes were first used commercially in
the railroad industry to track railroad cars. The system, called KarTrak, used colored
stripes on cars for identification.
Ø Advent of the UPC: In the early 1970s, the need for a standardized system to automate
supermarket checkout led to the development of the UPC barcode. George J. Laurer of
IBM played a key role in designing the UPC, a linear barcode that could encode product

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 information in a standardized format. On June 26, 1974, the first UPC barcode was
scanned at a Marsh supermarket in Ohio, on a pack of Wrigley’s chewing gum. This event
marked the beginning of widespread barcode adoption in retail.
Ø Expansion and Standardization: During the 1980s and 1990s, the use of barcodes
expanded beyond retail to include inventory management, shipping, manufacturing, and
healthcare.
Ø Introduction of 2D Barcodes: In the 1990s, new barcode symbologies were developed to
store more data, leading to the creation of 2D barcodes like QR codes and Data Matrix.
These codes could hold information both horizontally and vertically, allowing for more
complex data encoding.
Ø Modern Developments: With the advent of smartphones equipped with cameras,
barcodes, particularly QR codes, became accessible to the general public for applications
like mobile payments, advertising, and ticketing.

COMPONENTS OF BARCODE:
A barcode is a machine-readable pattern consisting of parallel lines (bars) and spaces
of varying widths that encode information. The key components of barcode are as follows.

1. START AND STOP CHARACTERS:

Ø Start Character: This symbol indicates the beginning of the barcode. It helps the scanner
recognize the orientation and direction in which the barcode should be read. Different
barcode formats use unique start characters, enabling the scanner to identify the specific
barcode type (e.g., UPC, Code 39).
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Ø Stop Character: This symbol marks the end of the barcode. It ensures that the scanner
has correctly read the entire barcode. The stop character also helps prevent partial or
incorrect scanning by clearly defining where the encoded data finishes.

2. QUIET ZONE:
Ø The quiet zone is a clear space (usually white) surrounding the barcode on both sides. It
serves as a buffer zone that allows the scanner to recognize the barcode's boundaries
without interference from surrounding text or graphics.
Ø The quiet zone should be at least 10 times the width of the narrowest bar in the barcode.
This space ensures that the scanner can distinguish the barcode from other elements,
preventing misreads or errors during scanning.

3. BARS AND SPACES:

Ø Bars: Vertical black lines of varying widths that form the main component of the barcode.
Each bar represents part of the encoded data, often using a binary system where different
widths correspond to different values.
Ø Spaces: The white gaps between the bars are equally important in encoding information.
The pattern of alternating bars and spaces creates a unique sequence that represents the
barcode's data.
Ø The combination of bars and spaces is read by the scanner, which translates the pattern
into a digital signal. This binary encoding (black bars = '1' and spaces = '0') is then
interpreted as numbers or letters.

4. CHECK DIGIT:
Ø The check digit is a numerical value used in some barcode formats to ensure data
accuracy. It is calculated using a mathematical formula based on the other digits in the
barcode.
Ø When the barcode is scanned, the scanner recalculates the check digit and compares it
with the encoded check digit. If they match, the barcode is considered correctly read. This
mechanism helps detect errors in scanning and prevents incorrect data from being
processed.

5. HUMAN-READABLE INTERPRETATION:

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Ø This is the numeric or alphanumeric data printed below the barcode. It allows people to
read and interpret the encoded information without a scanner.
Ø The human-readable text serves as a backup for instances where the barcode cannot be
scanned, ensuring the information is still accessible.

6. DATA:
Ø The actual information encoded within the barcode. Depending on the barcode type, this
data can include numbers, letters, or a combination of characters.
For example, a UPC (Universal Product Code) barcode typically contains 12 numeric
digits representing product information, while a Code 39 barcode can encode
alphanumeric characters.

WHAT DOES EACH PART OF BARCODE MEAN?

Ø LEFT HAND GUARD BARS: These bars serve as a starting reference point for the
scanning devices.
Ø NUMBER SYSTEM CHARACTER: This digit identifies the type of manufacturer or
how the barcode will be used. For example 0, 6, and 7 are generally used in the retail
industry, while 3 is assigned to the health and drug manufacturing industries.
Ø NUMBER SYSTEM BARS: These bars correspond to the Number System Character.
Ø MANUFACTURER ID NUMBER: Each company must apply for a Universal Product
Identification Number with the Uniform Code Council. The UCC assigns each company a
unique six digit identification number for use on all of their products. The number is
composed of the Number System Character and a five digit manufacturer's code.

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Ø MANUFACTURER ID BARS: These bars correspond to the Manufacturer's ID
Number.
Ø TALL CENTER BAR: These bars serve as a middle reference point for the scanning
devices.
Ø ITEM NUMBER: Each company is responsible for assigning a unique five digit number
to each of their products.
Ø ITEM BARS: These bars correspond to the Item Number.
Ø MODULO CHECK CHARACTER: This digit is derived from a mathematical formula
based on the unique set of numbers in each barcode that helps ensure the accuracy of the
data scan.
Ø MODULO CHECK BARS: These bars correspond to the Modulo Check Character.
Ø RIGHT HAND GUARD BARS: These bars serve as an ending reference point for the
scanning devices.

BARCODE PREFIXES:
Barcode prefixes are part of the EAN (European Article Number) system and help
identify the country of origin for products.
Ø India: 890
Ø United States and Canada: 00-13
Ø France: 30-37
Ø Germany: 40-44
Ø Japan: 45-49
Ø Russia: 46
Ø Taiwan: 471
Ø Sri Lanka: 479
Ø Philippines: 480
Ø Hong Kong: 89
Ø United Kingdom: 50
Ø China: 690-692

HOW DOES BARCODE WORKS?

A barcode works by encoding information into a pattern of parallel lines and spaces,
which can be read by a barcode scanner. Here's a step-by-step explanation of how a barcode
works:
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1. BARCODE ENCODING:
Ø Barcodes represent data (like numbers or letters) using a series of black bars and white
spaces of varying widths.
Ø Each combination of bars and spaces corresponds to a unique sequence of binary digits
(1s and 0s), which represent specific characters.
Ø Different barcode standards (like UPC, Code 39, or QR codes) use different encoding
schemes. For example, a UPC barcode encodes a 12-digit number, where each digit is
represented by a pattern of bars and spaces.

2. BARCODE SCANNING:
Ø Barcode scanners are devices that read the barcode by shining a light (usually a laser)
across the barcode’s surface.
Ø When the light hits the barcode, it reflects off the bars and spaces differently:
 Black bars absorb light and reflect less.
 White spaces reflect more light back to the scanner.
Ø The scanner detects the differences in light reflection, which allows it to distinguish
between the bars and spaces.

3. LIGHT DETECTION AND SIGNAL CONVERSION:

Ø The scanner’s photodetector measures the amount of light reflected back from the
barcode.
Ø The photodetector converts the pattern of reflected light into an electrical signal. This
signal is a waveform that corresponds to the sequence of bars and spaces in the barcode.
Ø Black bars produce low signals (or binary '1'), and white spaces produce high signals (or
binary '0').

4. DATA INTERPRETATION:
Ø The electrical signal is sent to the scanner's decoder. The decoder translates the
waveform into a digital format, matching it against the barcode’s specific encoding
scheme.
Ø The decoded data is converted into a human-readable format, such as a product number,
which can be displayed on a screen or sent to a computer system.
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5. DATA OUTPUT:
Ø The decoded information is then processed by the point-of-sale (POS) system, inventory
management software, or other databases.
Ø For example, in a retail setting, the UPC barcode on a product is scanned at checkout. The
system retrieves the product information, including the price, from the database based on
the barcode data, facilitating quick and accurate transactions.

6. VERIFICATION (OPTIONAL):
Ø Some barcodes include a check digit for error detection. The scanner recalculates the
check digit based on the scanned data and compares it to the check digit encoded in the
barcode.
Ø If the check digits match, the data is considered correctly scanned; otherwise, the system
flags an error.

TYPES OF BARCODES:
Barcodes come in various types, primarily categorized into two groups: linear (1D)
barcodes and 2D barcodes. Each type has its own structure and use cases, depending on the
amount of data they need to encode and the environment in which they are used.

1. 1D (LINEAR) BARCODES:
Ø Description: These barcodes consist of a series of parallel lines (bars) and spaces of
varying widths. They store data in one direction, typically horizontally.
Ø Data Capacity: Limited to a small amount of information, usually a sequence of
numbers or letters.
Ø 1D barcodes are the traditional form of barcodes, using a series of parallel lines of
varying widths and spaces to encode information. They can be read using laser scanners
and CCD readers.
Here are some common types of 1D barcodes:
v UPC (Universal Product Code):

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  Structure: A 12-digit code with specific numbers
representing the manufacturer and product. It consists of
guard bars (start, middle, and end) and two sets of six
digits.
 Usage: Most commonly used in retail to identify products for checkout and inventory
management.
 Features:
 Data Capacity: Can encode 12 numeric digits.
 Global Standard: Widely used in the United States and Canada.

v EAN (European Article Number):

 Structure: Similar to UPC but can have 13 or 8 digits (EAN-13 and EAN-8). The
first three digits indicate the country of the manufacturer.
 Usage: Used globally, especially in retail to identify
products.
 Features:
 Data Capacity: Can encode 13 or 8 numeric digits.
 International Compatibility: Designed for international use.

v CODE 39:
 Structure: Encodes alphanumeric characters using a combination of nine bars and
spaces. It includes a start/stop character (*) for orientation.
 Usage: Common in non-retail industries like automotive,
government, and defense for tracking equipment and parts.
 Features:
 Data Capacity: Can encode numbers, uppercase letters, and a few special
characters.
 Flexibility: Can encode up to 43 characters, making it versatile for industrial
use.

v CODE 128:

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  Structure: Encodes all 128 ASCII characters, using a variable-length format with
three different character sets (A, B, and C).
 Usage: Used in logistics, shipping, and packaging due to its high data capacity.
 Features:
 Data Capacity: Can encode a large amount of data, including alphanumeric
and special characters.
 Efficiency: High-density encoding makes it suitable for complex tracking
systems.

o .

v INTERLEAVED 2 OF 5 (ITF):
 Structure: Encodes pairs of digits, with the first digit represented by bars and the
second by spaces.
 Usage: Used in packaging and distribution for encoding
information on cartons.
 Features: Compact format suitable for encoding numeric
data in limited space.

v CODE 93:
 Structure: An improved version of Code 39, using a compact format with higher
density and two check characters for error detection.
 Usage: Used in the logistics and automotive industries.
 Features:
 Encodes up to 47 characters.
 More secure and compact than Code 39.

v CODABAR:
 Structure: Uses a combination of four bars and three spaces to encode characters,
with specific start and stop characters (A, B, C, D).
 Usage: Commonly used in libraries, blood banks, and air
parcels.
 Features:

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  Allows encoding of numbers and a few special characters.
 Suitable for environments where simplicity is key.

v DATABAR:
 Structure: Can encode more information than a standard UPC, such as expiration
dates, weights, and batch numbers.
 Usage: Used in retail for perishable goods and
healthcare for tracking medical devices.
 Features:
 Can be linear or stacked.
 Suitable for small items where space is limited.

v MSI PLESSEY:
 Structure: A numeric-only barcode with a self-checking mechanism, often using a
Mod 10 check digit.
 Usage: Used in inventory management and marking storage
containers.
 Features: Variable-length barcode used mainly for internal purposes, like inventory
control.

1D Barcodes are simple and commonly used for tracking items like retail products.

2. 2D BARCODES:
Ø Description: Unlike 1D barcodes, 2D barcodes store information both horizontally and
vertically. They can hold more data, including numeric, alphanumeric, and even binary
data.
Ø Data Capacity: Can store much larger amounts of information compared to 1D
barcodes, including URLs, images, and more.
Ø 2D barcodes encode information both horizontally and vertically, allowing them to store
more data in a smaller space.

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 Ø Scanner used: They can be scanned by camera-based scanners and smartphones.
Here are some common types of 2D barcodes:

v QR CODE (QUICK RESPONSE CODE):

 Structure: Consists of black squares arranged on a white
background in a square grid, with position markers in three
corners. It can hold various types of data, including URLs,
text, and contact information.
 Usage: Used widely in marketing, mobile payments, ticketing, and product
packaging.
 Features:
 Data Capacity: Can encode up to 7,089 numeric characters or 4,296
alphanumeric characters.
 Error Correction: Incorporates error correction, allowing the code to be
scanned even if partially damaged.
 Fast Scanning: Designed for quick scanning by smartphones and cameras.

v DATA MATRIX:
 Structure: A matrix of black and white cells arranged in a square
or rectangular pattern. It includes a border for orientation and a
unique layout to identify data cells.
 Usage: Common in manufacturing and logistics for marking
small items like electronic components and medical devices.
 Features:
 Data Capacity: Can encode up to 2,335 alphanumeric characters or 3,116
numeric characters.
 Small Size: Can be printed in very small sizes, making it ideal for tiny
products.
 High Density: Capable of encoding large amounts of data in a small area.

v PDF417:

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  Structure: A stacked linear barcode that consists of multiple rows and columns of
codewords. Each row has a start and stop pattern to
guide scanning.
 Usage: Used in applications requiring complex data
storage, like identification cards, airline boarding
passes, and shipping labels.
 Features:
 Data Capacity: Can encode over 1,800 characters of text or 2,700 digits.
 Versatility: Can store various data types, including text, numbers, and binary
data.
 Error Correction: Includes error correction to ensure data accuracy.

v AZTEC CODE:
 Structure: A square grid with a central "bullseye" pattern for orientation. It
uses a series of concentric squares and can be printed
with or without a quiet zone.
 Usage: Often used in transportation, such as on train
tickets and airline boarding passes.
 Features:
 Data Capacity: Can encode up to 3,832 numeric characters or 3,067
alphanumeric characters.
 No Quiet Zone Required: Can be scanned without a quiet zone,
making it useful for space-limited applications.
 High Error Tolerance: Robust scanning even if partially damaged or
distorted.

2D Barcodes can hold more complex information and are used in a variety of
applications, from payments to detailed product tracking.

BARCODE SCANNERS:
A barcode scanner is an electronic device that reads and decodes the information
contained in a barcode. It uses light to scan the pattern of black bars and white spaces, which

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represent data in a machine-readable format. Once scanned, the device translates the barcode
into a digital signal that can be processed by a computer system to retrieve information such
as product details, prices, or inventory levels.

HOW A BARCODE SCANNER WORKS:

Ø SCANNING:
The scanner emits light toward the barcode. When this light hits the barcode, it
reflects back to the scanner.

Ø DETECTION:
The scanner detects the reflected light. The black bars absorb more light and reflect
less, while the white spaces reflect more light.

Ø DECODING:
The scanner converts the light patterns into electrical signals. The decoder interprets
these signals based on the barcode's encoding format (e.g., UPC, Code 39).

Ø OUTPUT:
The decoded data is then transmitted to a computer system for processing, such as
looking up a product's price in a store's database.

TYPES OF BARCODE SCANNERS:

Barcode scanners come in several types, each suited for different applications and
environments.
The main types of barcode scanners are,

Ø LASER SCANNERS:

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  How They Work: Use a laser beam that sweeps across the
barcode in a straight line. The light reflects off the barcode into
a photodiode, which interprets the pattern of bars and spaces.
 Usage: Commonly used in retail settings for scanning 1D
barcodes like UPCs.
 Range: Can read barcodes from a few inches to several feet
away.
 Advantages: Accurate and fast at reading barcodes even at a
distance.

Ø CCD (CHARGE-COUPLED DEVICE) SCANNERS:

 How They Work: Use an array of hundreds of tiny light sensors lined up in a row.
The scanner captures the light pattern from the barcode and converts it into an
electrical signal.
 Usage: Suitable for short-range scanning, often found in retail and point-of-sale
systems.
 Range: Typically limited to close range (a few inches).
 Advantages: Durable and can withstand rough handling.

Ø IMAGER SCANNERS (CAMERA-BASED SCANNERS):

 How They Work: Use a camera to capture an image of the
barcode. The scanner’s software processes the image to
decode the barcode.
 Types:
 1D Imagers: Read 1D barcodes.
 2D Imagers: Read both 1D and 2D barcodes like
QR codes.
 Usage: Used in various settings, including retail,
warehouses, and healthcare.
 Range: Can read barcodes from various distances, including those on screens (e.g.,
mobile phones).
 Advantages: Can read damaged or poorly printed barcodes and scan in multiple
orientations.

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Ø PEN-TYPE OR WAND SCANNERS:
 How They Work: The user manually drags the pen or
wand across the barcode. A photodiode detects the
reflected light and decodes the barcode.
 Usage: Used in low-volume applications where
portability and simplicity are needed.
 Range: Direct contact with the barcode is required.
 Advantages: Compact and inexpensive, suitable for
small-scale use.

Ø OMNIDIRECTIONAL SCANNERS:
 How They Work: Use multiple laser beams in various
directions to read barcodes from any angle. They create a
crosshatch or starburst pattern to capture barcode data.
 Usage: Ideal for retail environments where fast and
accurate scanning is required, like supermarket
checkouts.
 Range: Can scan from various angles and distances.
 Advantages: Speedy and convenient for scanning barcodes in different orientations.

Ø 2D Barcode Scanners:
 How They Work: Specifically designed to read 2D barcodes like QR codes, Data
Matrix, and PDF417. Use image capture and processing to decode the barcode.
 Usage: Used in logistics, healthcare, and mobile payment systems.
 Range: Can scan at various distances, including scanning from screens.
 Advantages: Capable of reading a larger amount of data than 1D scanners.

Ø RFID Scanners (Not traditional barcode scanners but often

mentioned together):
 How They Work: Use radio frequency to scan RFID tags, which
contain data similar to barcodes but are embedded in chips.
 Usage: Used in inventory management, asset tracking, and
access control.
 Range: Can scan from a distance, even through obstacles.
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  Advantages: Can read multiple tags simultaneously without direct line-of-sight.

BARCODE IN LIBRARY:
Barcodes have become an indispensable part of modern library systems, transforming
how libraries manage their collections and serve patrons. The evolution of barcode
technology has made it possible for libraries to enhance efficiency, reduce errors, and provide
better user experiences. From the early days of manually tracking books to the adoption of
barcode systems, libraries have embraced this technology to streamline various operations,
ranging from inventory management to user services. Barcodes are used in libraries to
efficiently manage and track books, resources, and other inventory and ensure that library
users have a smooth experience.

EVOLUTION OF BARCODE IN LIBRARY:

The evolution of barcode technology in library systems has significantly transformed
how libraries manage their collections, streamline operations, and improve user services. The
overview of this evolution are as follows.
Ø Manual Tracking: Before barcodes, libraries relied on manual systems like card catalogs
and handwritten records to track books and other materials. This method was time-
consuming, prone to errors, and required significant labour, making inventory
management and checkout processes cumbersome.
Ø Early Adoption: Libraries began adopting barcode technology in the 1980s, inspired by
its successful use in retail and logistics. Barcodes were initially used to tag books and
other materials. Each item received a unique barcode that encoded its catalogue
information, enabling easy identification and tracking. Barcodes were also added to
library cards, allowing quick identification of patrons and efficient management of user
accounts.
Ø Integration with Library Management Systems: With the development of Integrated
Library Systems (ILS), barcodes became a vital component of library automation. ILS
software could read barcodes to automate cataloguing, circulation, and inventory
management. Barcode scanners were installed at circulation desks, speeding up the
checkout and return process. This automation reduced human errors and improved the
accuracy of inventory records. The use of barcodes facilitated the introduction of self-
checkout kiosks, allowing patrons to borrow and return items independently.

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Ø Advanced Library Operations:
 Inventory Management: Barcodes enabled efficient inventory management by
allowing staff to quickly scan items during inventory audits and shelf-reading.
 Automated Sorting: Larger libraries started using automated book sorting systems
that rely on barcodes to direct returned items to their appropriate locations,
streamlining the reshelving process.
Ø RFID Introduction: In recent years, some libraries have started transitioning from
barcodes to RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) systems, which offer faster scanning
and more data storage capacity.

TYPES OF BARCODE USED IN LIBRARY:

In libraries, several types of barcodes are used to manage their collections, facilitate
transactions, and improve inventory control. The choice of barcode type depends on factors
such as the library's specific needs, the level of information required, and the scanning
equipment available. Here are the main types of barcodes commonly used in libraries.

v CODE 39:
 Description: Code 39 is one of the most widely used barcodes in libraries. It is an
alphanumeric barcode that can encode both numbers and letters.
 Usage in Libraries:
 Used for cataloging library items such as books, journals, and other
materials.
 Often printed on library cards for patron identification.
 Easily scanned by most barcode readers, making it ideal for the check-in and
check-out process.
 Benefits:
 Simple to print and easy to implement.
 Compatible with a wide range of barcode scanners.
 Example: A book in the library may have a Code 39 barcode label that represents its
unique identifier, allowing it to be scanned during borrowing and returning.

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v CODE 128:
 Description: Code 128 is a high-density barcode that can encode the full ASCII
character set, including numbers, uppercase and lowercase letters, and special
characters.
 Usage in Libraries:
 Used when more information needs to be encoded in a compact barcode, such
as detailed identification numbers or longer sequences.
 Suitable for library membership cards to store more complex patron data.
 Benefits:
 Compact and can encode a larger amount of data.
 Suitable for complex cataloging requirements.
 Example: Libraries might use Code 128 barcodes on interlibrary loan materials,
where detailed identification is needed.

v CODABAR:
 Description: Codabar is a simple numeric-only barcode with the ability to encode a
limited set of special characters.
 Usage in Libraries:
 Traditionally used in library systems, especially in older libraries.
 Applied to books, magazines, and library cards to identify items and patrons.
 Benefits:
 Easy to print and use with a variety of printing methods.
 Can be printed using older technology like dot-matrix printers.
 Example: Some libraries still use Codabar barcodes for quick cataloging and
circulation, especially if they haven't transitioned to more modern barcode systems.

v EAN (European Article Number):

 Description: EAN barcodes, specifically EAN-13, are used globally to identify retail
products. They are numeric-only barcodes.
 Usage in Libraries:
 Commonly found on commercially published books, as they include the
book's ISBN within the barcode.
 Helps libraries to easily catalog commercially available books and materials.
 Benefits:
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  Universally recognized and used in book retail and publishing.
 Simplifies the cataloging process for new books.
 Example: A book with an ISBN will have an EAN-13 barcode printed on its back
cover, which libraries can use to quickly add the book to their catalog.

v QR CODE (Quick Response Code):

Ø Structure: A 2D barcode that can store alphanumeric characters, URLs, and other
complex data.
Ø Usage in Libraries:
 While not traditionally used for cataloging books, QR codes are increasingly used
in libraries for providing quick access to online resources, digital catalogs, and
event information.
 Placed on book jackets, posters, or library cards to direct patrons to additional
information or resources via their smartphones.
Ø Benefits:
 Can store a large amount of information, including URLs, making it versatile for
linking physical items to digital content.
 Easily scanned by mobile devices, enhancing user interaction with library
services.

v DATA MATRIX:
Ø Structure: A 2D barcode consisting of a grid of black and white cells that can encode
large amounts of alphanumeric data.
Ø Usage in Libraries:
 Used for labeling small items, such as electronic components, microfilm, or
special collection items, where space is limited.
 Suitable for internal library use where compact and high-density barcodes are
needed.
Ø Benefits:
 Can store a significant amount of data in a small space.
 Error correction capabilities make it reliable, even if the barcode is partially
damaged.

NEED OF BARCODE IN LIBRARY:

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 Barcodes are crucial in libraries for managing large collections, improving accuracy,
and streamlining various operations. Without barcodes, libraries would struggle with slow,
error-prone processes, especially given the vast number of items they handle. The following
points highlight the specific needs that barcodes address in a library setting:

Ø EFFICIENT AND ERROR-FREE TRANSACTIONS:

Libraries manage a high volume of transactions, including checkouts, returns,
renewals, and reservations. Manually recording these transactions is not only time-
consuming but also prone to human error, such as mistyping book titles or patron IDs.
Example: Imagine a public library where hundreds of patrons visit daily. Without
barcodes, staff would need to manually record each book's details, which could result in
long lines and frustrated patrons. Mistakes like incorrect book titles or missed entries
could lead to confusion and inaccurate records of who borrowed what. Barcodes
eliminate this problem by allowing quick, accurate scanning, ensuring each transaction is
recorded correctly.

Ø STREAMLINED INVENTORY MANAGEMENT:

Libraries need an effective way to keep track of their collection, ensuring that
items are not lost, misplaced, or damaged. Regular inventory audits are necessary to
identify missing or misfiled books and ensure that the catalogue reflects the actual items
on the shelves.
Example: A university library holds over 100,000 books and periodicals.
Conducting an inventory check without barcodes would require staff to manually cross-
check each item against a printed list or database entry, a task that could take weeks. By
using barcodes, staff can simply scan each item on the shelves. The system instantly
updates the inventory, showing which items are present, which are missing, and which are
misplaced.

Ø FACILITATING SELF-SERVICE:
Modern libraries aim to provide self-service options to enhance patron experience
and reduce the workload on staff. Patrons often prefer the convenience of checking out
and returning items themselves without waiting in line for assistance.
Example: In a city library, barcodes enable the use of self-service kiosks. Patrons can
scan their library card and the book's barcode to complete the checkout process
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 independently. This not only speeds up the process for patrons but also allows staff to
focus on other tasks like assisting with research queries, organizing programs, or
managing the library's collection.

Ø ENHANCED SECURITY:
Libraries need to protect their collections from theft and unintentional removal of
items. Implementing security measures is essential to prevent loss and ensure that
borrowed items are properly recorded and returned.
Example: A library integrates barcodes with a security system that includes gates at the
exits. If a book is taken out without being checked out properly, the gate system detects
the book's active barcode and triggers an alarm. This setup helps reduce theft and ensures
that every item leaving the library has been processed through the proper checkout
procedure.

Ø ACCURATE AND EFFICIENT HOLDS AND RESERVATIONS:

Libraries often receive requests from patrons to place holds on popular or newly
released items. Managing these requests requires precise tracking to ensure the right item
is reserved for the correct patron once it becomes available.
Example: A patron requests a hold on a bestselling novel currently checked out. Once the
book is returned, the library's barcode system automatically updates its status. The system
then alerts staff to set the book aside for the patron who placed the hold, ensuring that it
doesn't get checked out by someone else by mistake.

Thus, barcodes are needed in libraries to handle the large volume of transactions
efficiently, maintain accurate inventory records, offer self-service options, enhance security,
and accurately track holds and reservations. They provide a structured and automated
approach to managing library resources, reducing manual labour and errors.

BARCODES AND USER ACCOUNTS IN LIBRARIES:

v USE OF BARCODES ON LIBRARY CARDS:
Ø IDENTIFICATION AND MANAGEMENT:
Barcodes are commonly printed on library cards, each encoding a unique
number that corresponds to a patron's account in the library management system.

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 When the barcode is scanned, it quickly retrieves the user's information, allowing
staff to manage accounts efficiently.
Ø SECURITY AND PRIVACY:
Since barcodes store a unique identifier rather than personal information, they
help maintain the security and privacy of patron data while enabling quick access to
account details.

v SIMPLIFYING USER REGISTRATION AND BORROWING:

Ø QUICK REGISTRATION:
When a new user registers for a library card, the barcode is scanned and linked
to their account in the system. This makes the registration process quick and error-
free.
Ø EFFICIENT BORROWING:
During checkouts, scanning the barcode on the library card instantly pulls up
the patron's account, allowing the staff to easily add borrowed items to their record.
This speeds up the borrowing process and reduces the potential for manual errors.
Ø SELF-SERVICE:
Barcodes on library cards also facilitate self-checkout systems, where patrons
can scan their cards and the barcodes on books to borrow items without staff
assistance, enhancing convenience and reducing wait times.

BARCODE USAGE FOR LIBRARY INVENTORY MANAGEMENT:

Ø EFFICIENT TRACKING:
Barcodes are assigned to each library item, such as books, magazines, and DVDs,
allowing for quick and accurate identification.

Ø STREAMLINED INVENTORY AUDITS:

 Staff can use barcode scanners during inventory checks to systematically scan items,
ensuring that the library's records are up-to-date.
 The process is much faster than manual audits, significantly reducing the time and
effort required.

Ø REDUCED ERRORS:

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  Barcodes minimize manual data entry, reducing the risk of human error in tracking
and cataloging items.
 Ensures that inventory records accurately reflect the library's holdings.

Ø REAL-TIME DATABASE UPDATES:

 Scanning barcodes during inventory updates the library’s database in real-time.
 This allows the library to quickly identify missing or misplaced items.

Example: During an inventory audit, a library can scan hundreds of books and media items
in a short period, instantly updating their status and location in the system. This helps
maintain an accurate and organized collection.

USES OF BARCODE IN LIBRARY:

Barcodes are used in libraries for quick check-ins/check-outs, automated inventory
management, facilitating self-service kiosks, enhancing cataloging and organization,
accurately tracking interlibrary loans, improving security, and collecting data for analysis.
Barcodes provide a tangible solution to the needs of a library by automating processes,
improving accuracy, and enhancing the patron experience. The barcodes are used in specific
scenarios are as follows.

Ø QUICK CHECK-IN AND CHECK-OUT:

Barcodes allow librarians and patrons to quickly scan items during check-in and
check-out processes, drastically reducing the time it takes to complete each transaction.
Example: During peak hours at a library, a patron brings a stack of 10 books to the
counter. Without barcodes, staff would manually enter each book's information into the
system, taking several minutes per patron. With barcodes, the librarian or patron can scan
each book's barcode in seconds. This instantly updates the library's database to reflect the
current status of each item, whether checked out or returned, making the process fast and
hassle-free.

Ø AUTOMATED INVENTORY MANAGEMENT:

Barcodes streamline the inventory process, allowing staff to quickly scan and
account for all items in the library's collection.

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 Example: During an annual inventory audit, staff use handheld barcode scanners to scan
every item on the shelves. The scanner's data is uploaded to the library management
system, which cross-references the scanned items with the catalog. Any discrepancies,
such as missing or misplaced books, are flagged, enabling staff to address inventory
issues promptly.

Ø SELF-SERVICE KIOSKS:
Barcodes enable libraries to provide self-service kiosks, allowing patrons to check
out and return items independently.
Example: A library installs self-checkout kiosks at multiple locations. Patrons scan their
library card barcode to access their account and then scan the barcodes of the items they
wish to borrow. The system automatically records the transaction, providing a receipt
with the due date. This reduces wait times and allows patrons to use the library's services
even when staff are busy or during off-hours.

Ø ENHANCED CATALOGUING AND ORGANIZATION:

Barcodes serve as unique identifiers for each item, facilitating efficient cataloging
and organization within the library.
Example: When adding new books to the collection, each book is assigned a unique
barcode. This barcode is linked to the book's detailed record in the library management
system, including its title, author, subject, and location. Staff can quickly locate items by
scanning the barcode, and patrons can use the catalog to search for and locate specific
books in the library.

Ø ACCURATE TRACKING OF INTERLIBRARY LOANS:

Barcodes track items borrowed from or lent to other libraries, ensuring accurate
records of interlibrary loan transactions.
Example: A patron requests a book that is not available in their local library but is part of
the interlibrary loan network. The lending library scans the book's barcode before sending
it. The borrowing library scans it upon arrival, adding it to their temporary collection. The
barcode ensures that the item is tracked throughout the loan period and returned to the
lending library correctly.

Ø SECURITY AND LOSS PREVENTION:

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 Barcodes, integrated with security systems, help prevent unauthorized removal of
library materials.
Example: A library uses a system where every book has an RFID tag linked to its
barcode. If someone tries to leave the library without checking out a book, the system
detects the active RFID tag and triggers an alarm. This integration helps prevent theft and
unauthorized removal, protecting the library's collection.

Ø DATA COLLECTION FOR ANALYSIS:

Barcodes collect data on borrowing patterns, providing insights into how the
library's resources are used.
Example: Over time, the library collects data on which books are borrowed most
frequently by scanning the barcodes during checkouts. The library uses this data to
analyse trends, such as the popularity of certain genres, and to make informed decisions
about purchasing new materials or organizing events around popular topics.

These uses directly address the needs of libraries, enhancing operational efficiency,
accuracy, and the overall experience for both staff and patrons.

BENEFITS OF BARCODE SYSTEMS IN LIBRARIES

v IMPROVED EFFICIENCY:
Ø Streamlines checkouts and returns, reducing processing time.
Ø Speeds up inventory audits, ensuring more accurate record-keeping.
v ENHANCED SECURITY:
Ø Helps reduce book theft and loss by integrating with library security systems to
detect unauthorized removals.
v BETTER USER EXPERIENCE:
Ø Offers faster checkouts for patrons and facilitates services like self-checkout kiosks.
Ø Simplifies access to library materials, improving overall patron satisfaction.

CHALLENGES AND LIMITATIONS OF BARCODE SYSTEM IN LIBRARIES:

v WEAR AND TEAR:
Barcodes can become damaged or worn out, especially on frequently handled
items, requiring periodic re-labeling.

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v TRANSITIONING OLDER COLLECTIONS:
Libraries with older collections may face difficulties in implementing barcode
systems, as each item must be tagged and the catalog updated.

v LINE OF SIGHT REQUIREMENT:

Barcode scanners need a direct line of sight to read the code, limiting their
effectiveness compared to newer technologies like RFID.

FUTURE OF BARCODES IN LIBRARIES:

The future of barcodes in libraries may see further advancements, such as integration with
mobile apps for enhanced user interaction. Libraries are exploring ways to use barcodes in
digital libraries, linking physical materials with digital content. For instance, scanning a
book's barcode with a mobile app could provide patrons with additional resources, such as
related e-books or audio content. Barcodes will continue to play a vital role in libraries,
particularly as they adapt to the changing landscape of information access and management.
The following are the key aspects of future of barcode in library.
Ø Mobile Apps and Digital Access: Modern libraries are developing mobile apps that
allow patrons to interact with library resources digitally. Barcodes can be integrated into
these apps, allowing users to scan barcodes with their smartphones to check out books,
access e-books, or get additional information about a title. This enhances user
convenience and streamlines the borrowing process.
Ø QR Codes for Enhanced Services: Libraries are increasingly using QR codes (a type of
2D barcode) to provide interactive services. QR codes can link to book summaries,
reviews, digital resources, or instructional guides. For example, scanning a QR code on a
book's cover might direct a user to an online database for more information about the
book's subject.
Ø Global Standards: Future barcode systems in libraries may adopt more standardized
practices, making it easier for libraries worldwide to share resources and integrate their
catalogs. For example, global barcode standards could facilitate smoother interlibrary
loans and resource sharing among libraries, academic institutions, and other
organizations.
Ø Enhanced Accessibility: Barcodes could be integrated with assistive technologies to
make library resources more accessible to users with disabilities. For instance, barcodes
could be linked to audio descriptions or large-print versions of a book's information.
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Ø Digital Transformation: As libraries increasingly adopt digital services, the traditional
role of barcodes may evolve. While physical barcodes will still be essential for physical
items, their role may shift towards facilitating access to digital content and services.

Ø Security and Privacy: With more data being collected through barcode systems, libraries
will need to address privacy concerns and ensure that patron data is protected. Future
barcode systems will likely include more robust security measures to safeguard user
information.

CONCLUSION:
By implementing barcodes, libraries can ensure that their collections are well-
managed, secure, and accessible, making them a vital tool in modern library management.
The future of barcodes in libraries will involve integration with digital technologies,
automation, and data analytics to enhance efficiency and user experience. While newer
technologies like RFID are becoming more prevalent, barcodes will continue to play a crucial
role in library operations. They will be part of a broader strategy that includes digital access,
improved inventory management, and enhanced services for library patrons. As libraries
continue to adapt to the digital age, barcodes will remain a valuable tool for connecting
physical and digital resources, improving access to information, and ensuring that libraries
meet the diverse needs of their communities.

REFERENCES:
v "Barcode Technology and Library Services," Journal of Library Automation
v Johnson, B. (2019). "Library Security Systems: Barcodes and RFID." Library
Management Journal, 12(3), 45-52.
v Lamont, M. (2009). "Library Barcode Technology: An Overview." Library and
Information Science Research.
v International Article Numbering Association. (n.d.). Country codes for barcodes.
v Casson, L. (2001). Libraries in the Ancient World. Yale University Press.
v Chanda, A. (2019). Barcode technology and its application in libraries. Library
Philosophy and Practice (e-journal). University of Nebraska - Lincoln.

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