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Tutorial-7 Solutions

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Tutorial-7 Solutions

Uploaded by

aarushbhattofficial
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© © All Rights Reserved
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56 3.

SOLUTIONS

3.7. Tutorial sheet 7


∂F ∂F ∂F
(1) (∇F ) (1, −1, 3) = ( (1, −1, 3), (1, −1, 3), (1, −1, 3)) = (0, 4, 6).
∂x ∂y ∂z
The tangent plane to the surface F (x, y, z) = 7 at the point (1, −1, 3) is
given by 0 × (x − 1) + 4 × (y + 1) + 6 × (z − 3) = 0, i.e.,2y + 3z = 7.
The normal line to the surface F (x, y, z) = 7 at the point (1, −1, 3) is given
by
x = 1, 3y − 2z + 9 = 0. 
(2, 2, 1) 2 2 1
(2) u = √ = , ,
22 + 22 + 12 3 3 3
and
(∇F ) (2, 2, 1) = (3, −5, 2).
Therefore,
6 10 2 2
(Du F ) (2, 2, 1) = (∇F )(2, 2, 1) · u = − + =− .
3 3 3 3
(3) Given that sin (x + y) + sin (y + z) = 1 (with cos(y + z) ̸= 0).
(It may be assumed that z is a sufficiently smooth function of x and y).
Differentiating w.r.t. x while keeping y fixed, we get
∂z
cos (x + y) + cos (y + z) ∂x = 0. (∗)
Similarly, differentiatingw.r.t.y 
while keeping x fixed, we get
∂z
cos (x + y) + cos (y + z) 1 + ∂y = 0. (∗∗)
Differentiating (*) w.r.t y we have
∂z ∂z ∂2z
− sin (x + y) − sin (y + z) 1 + ∂y ∂x + cos (y + z) ∂x∂y = 0.
Thus, using (*) and (**), we have
∂2z
∂x∂y
   
1 ∂z ∂z
= sin (x + y) + sin (y + z). 1 +
cos (y + z) ∂y ∂x
   
1 cos (x + y) cos (x + y)
= sin (x + y) + sin (y + z) − −
cos (y + z) cos (y + z) cos (y + z)

sin (x + y) cos2 (x + y)
= + tan (y + z) 2 .
cos (y + z) cos (y + z)
(4) We have
fx (0, k) − fx (0, 0)
fxy (0, 0) = lim ,
k→0 k
where (noting that k ̸= 0)
f (h, k) − f (0, k) f (h, 0) − f (0, 0)
fx (0, k) = lim = −kand fx (0, 0) = lim = 0.
h→0 h h→0 h
Therefore,
−k − 0
fxy (0, 0) = lim = −1; similarlyfyx (0, 0) = 1.
k→0 k
Thus
fxy (0, 0) ̸= fyx (0, 0).
3.7. TUTORIAL SHEET 7 57

By directly computing fxy , fyx for (x, y) ̸= (0, 0), one observes that these are not
continuous at (0, 0).
(In the following Hf (a, b) denotes the Hessian matrix of a sufficiently smooth
function f at the point (a, b)).
(5) (i) We have
 
12 0
fx (−1, 2) = 0 = fy (−1, 2); Hf (−1, 2) =  .
0 48
D = 12 × 48 > 0, fxx (−1, 2) = 12 > 0 ⇒ (−1, 2) is a point of local minimum of f .
(ii) We have
 
6 −2
fx (0, 0) = 0 = fy (0, 0); Hf (0, 0) =  .
−2 10
D = 60 − 4 > 0, fxx (0, 0) = 6 > 0 ⇒ (0, 0) is a point of local minimum of f .
(x2 +y 2 ) (x2 +y 2 )
(i) fx = e− 2 2x − x3 + xy 2 , fy = e− 2
 
(6) −2y + y 3 − x2 y .
√ √
Critical points are (0, 0), (± 2, 0), (0, ± 2).
 
2 0
Hf (0, 0) = ⇒ (0, 0)is a saddle point of f .
0 −2
√ √
 4 
−e 0
Hf (± 2, 0) = 4 ⇒ (± 2, 0)is a point of local maximum of f .
0 −e
√ √
 4 
0
Hf (0, ± 2) = e 4 ⇒ (0, ± 2)is a point of local minimum of f .
0 e

(ii) fx = 3x2 −3y 2 and fy = −6xy imply that (0, 0) is the only critical point of f.
Now,
 
0 0
Hf (0, 0) = .
0 0
Thus, the standard derivative test fails.
However, f (±ϵ, 0) = ±ϵ3 for any ϵ so that (0, 0) is a saddle point of f.
(7) From f (x, y) = (x2 − 4x) cos y (1 ≤ x ≤ 3, −π/4 ≤ y ≤ π/4), we have
fx = (2x − 4) cos y and fy = −(x2 − 4x) sin y.
Thus the only critical point of f is P = (2, 0); note that f (P ) = −4.
2
Next, g± (x) ≡ f (x, ± π4 ) = (x √−4x)
2
(1 ≤ x ≤ 3) has x = 2 as the only critical
−4
point so that we consider P± = (2, ± π4 ); note that f (P± ) = √ 2
.
π
We also need to check g± (1) = f (1, ± 4 ) (≡ f (Q± )) and g± (3) = f (3, ± π4 ) (≡
−3 −3
f (S± )); note that f (Q± ) = √2
, f (S± ) = − √ 2
.
Next, consider h(y) ≡ f (1, y) = −3 cos y (−π/4 ≤ y ≤ π/4). The only critical
point of h is y = 0; note that h(0) = f (1, 0) (≡ f (M )) = −3. (h(±π/4) is just
f (Q± )).
Finally, consider k(y) ≡ f (3, y) = −3 cos y (−π/4 ≤ y ≤ π/4). The only critical
point of k is y = 0; note that k(0) = f (3, 0) (≡ f (T )) = −3. (k(±π/4) is just
f (S± )).
Summarizing, we have the following table:
58 3. SOLUTIONS

Points P+ P− Q+ Q− S+ S− T P M
Values − √42 − √42 − √32 − √32 − √32 − √32 -3 -4 -3
By inspection one finds that

fmin = −4 is attained at P = (2, 0) and


fmax = − √32 at Q± = (1, ±π/4) and at S± = (3, ±π/4).

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