1.

Digital-to-Digital Conversion

1.1 Line Coding Basics

1. What is the purpose of line coding in digital transmission?

o A) To convert digital data to digital signals

o B) To convert analog data to digital signals

o C) To scramble the data for security purposes

o D) To add error-correction codes

o Answer: A

2. In digital-to-digital conversion, a data element is:

o A) The smallest unit of data, usually a bit

o B) The representation of voltage levels

o C) The clock signal used for synchronization

o D) A part of analog signal transmission

o Answer: A

3. A signal element in digital transmission represents:

o A) A single unit of the transmitted signal

o B) An entire data file

o C) A group of binary digits

o D) A complete data frame

o Answer: A

4. In line coding, the ratio rrr (data elements per signal element) is used to describe:

o A) The data rate in bps

o B) The efficiency of encoding schemes

o C) The relationship between data and signal elements

o D) The voltage level of signal elements

o Answer: C
1.2 Data Rate and Signal Rate

5. The unit for measuring data rate is:

o A) Hertz (Hz)

o B) Baud

o C) Bits per second (bps)

o D) Kilobytes per second (KBps)

o Answer: C

6. The signal rate is often referred to as:

o A) Bit rate

o B) Pulse rate

o C) Clock rate

o D) Sampling rate

o Answer: B

7. In digital transmission, increasing the data rate without increasing the signal rate:

o A) Reduces error rate

o B) Requires more bandwidth

o C) Increases the bandwidth efficiency

o D) Requires advanced modulation

o Answer: C

8. The average case relationship between data rate NNN and signal rate SSS can be
represented as:

o A) S=NS = NS=N

o B) S=N×rS = N \times rS=N×r

o C) S=N/rS = N / rS=N/r

o D) S=N+rS = N + rS=N+r

o Answer: C
1.3 Bandwidth in Digital Transmission

9. The effective bandwidth of a digital signal is:

o A) Infinite

o B) A finite range around the main signal frequencies

o C) The range required to capture all possible frequencies

o D) Always twice the data rate

o Answer: B

10. Which of the following factors affects the bandwidth of a digital signal?

o A) Baud rate

o B) Signal amplitude

o C) Data content type

o D) Transmission medium

o Answer: A

11. The minimum bandwidth for a digital signal with baud rate SSS and ratio rrr can be
expressed as:

o A) B=S/rB = S / rB=S/r

o B) B=SB = SB=S

o C) B=S×rB = S \times rB=S×r

o D) B=S×NB = S \times NB=S×N

o Answer: A

1.4 Common Line Coding Techniques

12. A Unipolar NRZ scheme:

o A) Uses two voltage levels for 0s and 1s

o B) Uses a single positive voltage level for 1 and zero voltage for 0

o C) Inverts the voltage with each new bit

o D) Returns to zero between each bit

13. Polar NRZ encoding includes NRZ-L and NRZ-I variations. In NRZ-I:

o A) The level of voltage indicates the bit

o B) A voltage inversion indicates a 0

o C) A voltage inversion indicates a 1

o D) The signal returns to zero between bits

o Answer: C

14. Which line coding technique uses a transition in the middle of each bit for
synchronization?

o A) NRZ-I

o B) RZ

o C) Manchester

o D) Unipolar NRZ

o Answer: C

15. Baseline wandering is an issue in which of the following encoding schemes?

o A) Polar NRZ-L

o B) Differential Manchester

o C) RZ

o D) Manchester

o Answer: A

16. Bipolar AMI encoding uses three levels: positive, zero, and negative. Which of the
following is true about this scheme?

o A) It has a DC component problem

o B) It requires twice the bandwidth of NRZ schemes

o C) It alternates the voltage for each bit value

o D) It avoids DC component issues by alternating polarity for 1s

o Answer: D
 17. A key benefit of using Manchester encoding over NRZ-L is:

o A) Lower bandwidth usage

o B) Built-in synchronization

o C) Reduced error rate

o D) Compatibility with analog transmission

o Answer: B

1.5 Block Coding and Scrambling

18. The primary purpose of block coding (e.g., 4B/5B coding) is to:

o A) Reduce the signal rate

o B) Remove redundant bits

o C) Add redundancy for error detection and synchronization

o D) Enhance signal amplitude

o Answer: C

19. In 4B/5B encoding, how many bits are used to represent each 4-bit data block?

o A) 5 bits

o B) 4 bits

o C) 6 bits

o D) 8 bits

o Answer: A

20. The scrambling technique used in North America for digital transmission is:

o A) HDB3

o B) 8B6T

o C) B8ZS

o D) Differential Manchester

o Answer: C

21. The HDB3 scrambling technique replaces four consecutive zeros with:
 o A) 000VB0VB

o B) 0000V or B00V depending on pulse count

o C) Alternating polarities

o D) A DC-balanced pattern

o Answer: B

2. Analog-to-Digital Conversion

2.1 Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)

22. In PCM, the process that converts an analog signal to a sequence of samples is
called:

o A) Encoding

o B) Sampling

o C) Quantization

o D) Block coding

o Answer: B

23. Nyquist’s theorem states that to accurately sample an analog signal, the sampling
rate must be at least:

o A) Equal to the highest frequency in the signal

o B) Twice the highest frequency in the signal

o C) Half the signal frequency

o D) One-fourth the signal frequency

o Answer: B

24. Quantization in PCM involves:

o A) Slicing the analog signal into multiple voltage levels

o B) Converting digital signals back to analog signals

o C) Adding error correction codes

o D) Adjusting the sampling rate

2.2 Delta Modulation (DM)

25. In delta modulation, a "1" indicates:

o A) A negative change in the signal amplitude

o B) No change in the signal amplitude

o C) A positive change in the signal amplitude

o D) An error in transmission

o Answer: C

3. Transmission Modes

3.1 Parallel vs. Serial Transmission

26. Which transmission mode sends multiple bits simultaneously?

o A) Parallel transmission

o B) Serial transmission

o C) Isochronous transmission

o D) Half-duplex transmission

o Answer: A

27. In asynchronous transmission, the start and end of data frames are indicated by:

o A) Clock signals

o B) Parity bits

o C) Start and stop bits

o D) Synchronization bytes

o Answer: C