Basic Electrical Engineering
ES103
Module 1: DC Circuits and Network
Theorems
Lecture 3: Source Transformation and Loop
Analysis
Dr. R K Viral, Ph.D.
EEE Department
Amity School of Engineering and
Technology
Linear Circuit
• A linear circuit is one whose output is linearly related (or
directly proportional) to its input
I0
V0 v
2
Linear Circuit Contd.
• Linear circuit consist of R= 5 Ohms
vs = 10V → i = 2A
– linear elements vs = 1V → i = 0.2A
– linear dependent sources
vs = 5mV i =1mA
– independent sources
2
v
p =i R =
2
: nonlinear
R
3
Types of sources
Independent Sources
1. Voltage Source
2. Current Source
Dependent Sources
1. Voltage Dependent Voltage Source
2. Current Dependent Voltage Source
3. Voltage Dependent Current Source
4. Current Dependent Current Source 4
Source Transformation
A source transformation is the process of replacing
a voltage source vs in series with a resistor R by a
current source is in parallel with a resistor R, or vice
versa
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Voltage to Current Source And Vice Versa
vs
vs = is R or is =
R
6
Equivalent Circuits
i i
+ +
v = iR + vs
v v vs v
i= −
R R
- -
v
vs
-is
7
Important Points about Sources
• Arrow of the current source
positive terminal of voltage source
• Impossible source Transformation
– ideal voltage source (R = 0)
– ideal current source (R=)
8
Example#1
Use source transformation to find Vo in the circuit shown in
Fig.
9
Example#1
10
Example#1
we use current division in Fig.(c) to get
2
i= ( 2 ) = 0 .4 A
2+8
and vo = 8i = 8(0.4) = 3.2V
11
Primary Formal Circuit Analysis Methods
MESH or LOOP ANALYSIS NODAL ANALYSIS
(“Mesh-Current Method”) (“Node-Voltage Method”)
1) Select M independent mesh currents such 0) Choose a reference node
that at least one mesh current passes
1) Define unknown node voltages
through each branch*
M = #branches - #nodes + 1 2) Apply KCL to each unknown
node, expressing current in
2) Apply KVL to each mesh, terms of the node voltages
expressing voltages in terms of
=> N equations for
mesh currents
N unknown node voltages
=> M equations for
M unknown mesh currents 3) Solve for node voltages
=> determine branch currents
3) Solve for mesh currents
=> determine node voltages
*Simple method for planar circuits
A mesh current is not necessarily identified with a branch current.
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Mesh Analysis: Example #1
1. Select M mesh currents.
2. Apply KVL to each mesh.
3. Solve for mesh currents.
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Example #1
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Questions
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Module 1: Quiz 1
To play the quiz:
1. Use any device to open
and type
joinmyquiz.com
2. Enter game code
appearing on the screen of
instructor
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