Computer Networks-II

SUMITA TYAGI
 TCP/IP(Transmission Control Protocol/Internet
Protocol)
• TCP/IP, or Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol, is a suite of
communication protocols used to interconnect network devices on the internet. TCP/IP
can also be used as a communications protocol in a private computer network (an
intranet or extranet).
• The TCP/IP protocol suite functions as an abstraction layer between internet applications
and the routing/switching fabric.
• TCP defines how applications can create channels of communication across a network. It
also manages how a message is assembled into smaller packets before they are then
transmitted over the internet and reassembled in the right order at the destination
address.
• IP defines how to address and route each packet to make sure it reaches the right
destination. Each gateway computer on the network checks the IP address to determine
where to forward the message.
• HTTP,FTP,HTTPS are some protocols that use TCP/IP
 FTP(File Transfer Protocol)
• File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a standard Internet protocols for transmitting
files between computers on the Internet over TCP/IP connections.
• FTP is a client-server protocol where a client will ask for a file, and a local
or remote server will provide it.
• FTP is a client-server protocol that relies on two communications channels
between client and server: a command channel for controlling the
conversation and a data channel for transmitting file content.
• Clients initiate conversations with servers by requesting to download a file.
Using FTP, a client can upload, download, delete, rename, move and copy
files on a server.
• A user typically needs to log on to the FTP server, although some servers
make some or all of their content available without login, known
as anonymous FTP
• PORT NO:20(Data connection) and 21(Control Connection)
 HTTP(Hyper Text Transfer Protocol)
• Basically, HTTP is a TCP/IP based communication protocol, that is used to
deliver data (HTML files, image files, query results, etc.) on the World
Wide Web.
• The default port is TCP 80.
• HTTP functions as a request-response protocol in the client–server
computing model.
• A web browser, for example, may be the client and an application running
on a computer hosting a website may be the server. The client submits an
HTTP request message to the server.
• The server, which provides resources such as HTML files and other
content, or performs other functions on behalf of the client, returns
a response message to the client. The response contains completion status
information about the request and may also contain requested content in
its message body.
 SMTP(Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)
• SMTP stands for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol.
• It is a TCP protocol used for sending messages to other computer users based on
e-mail addresses.
• It provides a mail exchange between users on the same or different computers,
and it also supports:
• It can send a single message to one or more recipients.
• Sending message can include text, voice, video or graphics.
• It can also send the messages on networks outside the internet.
• The main purpose of SMTP is used to set up communication rules between
servers. The servers have a way of identifying themselves and announcing what
kind of communication they are trying to perform.
• They also have a way of handling the errors such as incorrect email address. For
example, if the recipient address is wrong, then receiving server reply with an
error message of some kind.
• PORT NO:25
 POP(Post Office Protocol)
• Post Office Protocol (POP) is a type of computer networking and
Internet standard protocol that extracts and retrieves email from a
remote mail server for access by the host machine.
• POP uses the TCP/IP protocol stack for network connection and works
with Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) for end-to-end email
communication, where POP pulls messages and SMTP pushes them
to the server.
• POP is a protocol used to retrieve e-mail from a mail server. Most e-
mail applications (sometimes called an e-mail client) use the POP
protocol, although some can use the newer IMAP.
• PORT NO:110 or 995
 IMAP(Internet Message Access Protocol)
• IMAP is the better option - and the recommended option - when you
need to check your emails from multiple devices, such as a work
laptop, a home computer, or a tablet, smartphone, or other mobile
device. Tap into your synced (updated) account from any device with
IMAP.

• POP3 downloads email from a server to a single computer, then

deletes it from the server. Because your messages get downloaded to
a single computer or device and then deleted from the server, it can
appear that mail is missing or disappearing from your Inbox if you try
to check your mail from a different computer.
SMTP and POP3/IMAP
 Telnet
• It is an internet utility that lets you login to a remote computer system.
• To run a telnet session, you first have to run Telnet client and then connect
to the desired Telnet site.
1. Run Telnet Client: Click at Start->Run command and then type Telnet.
2. Connect to telnet site: Once you have telnet client running on your
system, you need to connect to telnet site. Click on Connect->Remote
System in telnet window and then by specifying the telnet site address in
which Host Name Box and then by clicking at Connect Button.
3. Start Browsing: Now you’ll see default menu of telnet site alongwith
directions to use. Just type what you want to search in the search box.
4. Then after using Disconnect.
Wireless Computing and Mobile Computing
Wireless Computing Mobile Computing

Wireless communication is simply data Mobile computing describes a computing device that
communication without the use of wires. It refers to is not restricted to a desktop.
method of transferring information between devices

Examples:
A stationary Computer: Neither wireless nor mobile.
Notebook in a hotel: Mobile but not wireless.
Wireless LANs: Wireless but not mobile.
PDA(Personal Digital Assistant),Smart Phones, Pagers:
Both wireless and mobile
 GSM(Global System for Mobile
Communication)
• It is a standard protocol for mobile communication.
• It uses TDMA(Time Division Multiple Access) which allows eight
simultaneous calls on the same frequency. TDMA divides frequency
channel into various time slots and then allocates these slots to
multiple users. In this way, a single frequency can be used to support
multiple, simultaneous data channels.
• GSM uses SIM(Subscriber Identification Module) to identify each user
uniquely.
 CDMA(Code Division Multiple Access)
• CDMA uses a spread spectrum technique where data is sent in small
pieces over a number of discrete frequencies. Each user’s signal is
spread over the entire bandwidth using a unique spreading code. At
the receiver end, the same unique code is used to recover the signal.
• In this system basically user has access to whole bandwidth for entire
duration and to distinguish among users it uses different CDMA code.
Not like TDMA where frequency id divided in time slots and users use
channel based on these particular time intervals.
• It allows 61 concurrent users in a 1.2MHz channel
 WLL(Wireless in Local Loop)
• Local loop is a circuit line from a subscriber’s phone to the local central office (LCO). But the
implementation of local loop of wires is risky for the operators, especially in rural and remote
areas due to less number of users and increased cost of installation. Hence, the solution for it is
the usage of wireless local loop (WLL) which uses wireless links rather than copper wires to
connect subscribers to the local central office.

• PSTN: Public Switched Telephone Network.

• WANU: Wireless Access Network Unit.
• AM HLR: Access Manager Home Location Register.
• WASU: Wireless Access Subscriber Unit
 WLL(Wireless in Local Loop)

• Advantages of WLL:
• It eliminates the first mile or last mile construction of the network connection.
• Low cost due to no use of conventional copper wires.
• Much more secure due to digital encryption techniques used in wireless
communication.
• Highly scalable as it doesn’t require the installation of more wires for scaling it.
• Features of WLL:
• Internet connection via modem
• Data service
• Voice service
• Fax service
 GPRS(General Packet Radio Service)
• GPRS is a technology for radio transmission of small packets of data
between mobile devices and internet.
• With this service you can access Internet, send emails, large data,
watch real time News, movies and download games.
• Uses high speed data transfer typically between 56Kbits per second to
110Kbits.
1G/2G/3G/4G and 5G Networks
 SMS, CHAT and Video Conferencing
• SMS-Short Message Service-The character limit for a single SMS
message is 160 characters, however most modern phones and
networks support concatenation and segment and rebuild
messages up to 1600 characters.
• CHAT-It uses IRC(Internet Relay Service) to send messages
instantly and talk to the receiver.
• Video Conferencing: It allows users to interact with each other
face to face over internet. It allows audio and video to be sent
over network. Protocol used is SIP(Session Initiation Protocol)
 CONNECTING WIRELESSLY TO INTERNET
WIFI WIMAX
WiMax is defined under IEEE 802.16y
Wifi is defined under IEEE 802.11x standards
standards where y stands for various WiMax
where x stands for various WiFi versions.
versions.
WiFi is for LAN (Local Area Network) WiMax is for MAN (Metropolitan Area
applications. Network) applications.
WiFi does not guarantee any Quality of Service
WiMax guarantee Quality of Service (Qos).
(Qos).
WiFi network range is around 100 meters. WiMax network can reach about 50-90 km.
WiFi MAC layer uses CSMA/CA protocol which
WiMax is connection oriented in nature.
is not connection oriented.
WiFi is short range technology. WiMax is long range technology.

WiFi connection can transmit up to 54 mbps. WiMax connection can transmit up to 70 mbps.