1

landforms on continents
high landforms with steep sides,
MOUNTAINS
and altitude higher than 600 m
MOUNTAIN
groups of mountains
RANGE\CHAIN

VALLEY:
PLAIN:
-

area of low land between low, flat area of land

mountains, where rivers at less than 200 m
used to flow

PLATEAU: BASIN:
elevated, flat area of land
more than 200 m natural depression,
·

·
sunken areas of land
2/ COASTAL BEACH: flat coastal areas CLIFF: coastal area with
RELIEF where there is sand or steep rock formations
pebbles (small stones)

ÓÀïæï.
ISTHMUS: piece of land that
PENINSULA: area of connects a peninsula to a continent
land surrounded by
water on all sides
except one

GULF: large area of a sea

partially enclosed by land

ISLAND: an area of land BAY: a small gulf

surrounded by water on all sides

ARCHIPELAGO: a group CAPE: a piece of the coast

of islands which extends into the sea

FIORD: flooded valley formed

ESTUARY: flooded valley formed by the sea entering the last
by the sea entering the last section of a glacier
section of a river
 3/ RELIEF OR LANDFORMS
UNDER OCEANS

2
1
4
3
continental shelf: S
large plateau that I

surrounds a continent B 4
abyssal plain: it is the sea floor; vast plateaus oceanic ridge: underwater
at a depth of 4000 - 5000 m under oceans mountain chain
S

oceanic
trench:
long, deep
crack in the
ocean floor

continental
slope:
abrupt slope
or ramp
between the
continental
shelf and the
sea floor
 THEORY OF PLATE TECTONICS
The Earth's crust is made up of tectonic plates of different sizes that
are just a few kilometres thick.
They are constantly moving due to the Earth's internal forces, like
pieces of a puzzle. As they move, the plates move apart, slide over
, materials from inside
each other or collide with each other.
the Earth are expelled
All| of this influences the formation and changes of relief.

⑬
S
 GASES, SMOKE FOLDS AND FAULTS
ASHES
LAPILLI When the Earth's internal forces act on
VOLCANOES, materials that are not very rigid, they undulate
BOMBS
EARTHQUAKES and form folds.

AND TSUNAMIS

E
CRATER
LAVA

VOLCANIC CONE SIDE VENT

concave shape or
Earthquakes are violent movements of syncline

the Earth's crust. They usually occur MAIN VENT

along the boundaries of tectonic plates, When the Earth's internal forces act
on very rigid materials, they crack
where the plates slide against each
and fracture into blocks. These
other. fractures are called faults.
The magnitude of an earthquake is
measured with a seismograph and
quantified on the Richter scale.
MAGMA
CHAMBER

TSUNAMI
EPICENTRE
OR TIDAL WAVE
Point of the Earth’s surface above
the hypocentre. is a series of huge waves caused by an earthquake
or volcanic eruption on the ocean floor.

HYPOCENTRE
Point in the Earths
⑧
interior where the
earthquake begins.

SEISMIC WAVES