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1B - Trigonometry, Vectors

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1B - Trigonometry, Vectors

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apolloquiver
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Units,

Trigonometry,
and Vectors
SUBTOPICS
● Coordinate Systems
● Trigonometry Review
● Vectors
● Components of A Vector
COORDINATE SYSTEMS
The coordinate system we
commonly use is called the
Cartesian system, after the
French mathematician René
Descartes (1596-1650), who
developed it in the 17th
century.
RECTANGULAR COORDINATE SYSTEM
POLAR COORDINATE SYSTEM
A point is then
specified by the
distance 𝑟 from the
origin to the point and
by the angle
𝜃 between the
reference line and a
line drawn from the
origin to the point.
CONVERSION
RECTANGULAR TO POLAR:
𝑟 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
𝑦
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
𝑥
POLAR TO RECTANGULAR:
𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
SAMPLE PROBLEM #1
The Cartesian coordinates of a point
in the xy-plane are (x, y) = (3.50 m,
2.50 m).
a. Find the polar coordinates of this
point.
b. Convert (r, θ) = (5.00 m, 37.0°) to
rectangular coordinates.
TRIGONOMETRY REVIEW
𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝜃 𝑦
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = =
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑟

𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝜃 𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = =
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑟

𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝜃 𝑦
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = =
𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝜃 𝑥
TRIGONOMETRY REVIEW
The Pythagorean theorem is an
important relationship between
the lengths of the sides of a
right triangle:
𝑟2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2

where 𝑟 is the hypotenuse of the


triangle and 𝑥 and 𝑦 are the
other two sides.
SAMPLE PROBLEM #2
In a certain right triangle, the
two sides that are
perpendicular to each other
are 5.00 m and 7.00 m long.
What is the length of the third
side of the triangle?
VECTORS AND SCALARS
SCALAR QUANTITIES
quantities having magnitude only

ex: mass, temperature, volume

VECTOR QUANTITIES
quantities having both magnitude and
direction

ex: weight, velocity, force


VECTOR REPRESENTATION
head/tip (terminal point)

length of the vector


is the magnitude

tail (initial point)


ADDITION OF VECTORS
● When two or more vectors are added,
they must all have the same units.
● Vectors can be added geometrically or
algebraically.
ADDING VECTORS GEOMETRICALLY
1. Choose a scale and indicate it on a sheet of paper. The
best choice of scale is one that will result in a diagram that
is as large as possible, yet fits on the sheet of paper. Label
the magnitude and direction of the scale on the diagram
(example, scale: 1 cm = 20 m).
ADDING VECTORS GEOMETRICALLY
2. Pick a starting location and draw the first vector to
scale in the indicated direction.

3. Starting from where the head of the first vector ends,


draw the second vector to scale in the indicated direction.
Label the magnitude and direction of this vector on the
diagram.
ADDING VECTORS GEOMETRICALLY
4. Repeat step 3 for all vectors that are to be added.

5. Draw the resultant from the tail of the first vector to the
head of the last vector. Label this vector as Resultant or
simply 𝑅.
ADDING VECTORS GEOMETRICALLY
6. Using a ruler, measure the length of the resultant and
determine its magnitude by converting to real units using
the scale.

7. Measure the direction of the resultant using the


counterclockwise convention.
COMMUTATIVE LAW OF ADDITION
When two vectors are
added, their sum is
independent of the
order of the addition:
𝐴Ԧ + 𝐵 = 𝐵 + 𝐴.
Ԧ
This is called the
commutative law of
addition.
ADDING VECTORS ALGEBRAICALLY
Most of the time vectors are added
algebraically in terms of their components.
Suppose 𝑅 = 𝐴Ԧ + 𝐵 . Then the components of
the resultant vector 𝑅 are given by:

𝑅𝑥 = 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥
𝑅𝑦 = 𝐴𝑦 + 𝐵𝑦
COMPONENTS OF A VECTOR
One method of adding
vectors makes use of the
projections of a vector along the
axes of a rectangular coordinate
system. These projections are
called components.
COMPONENTS OF A VECTOR
x-component: 𝐴𝑥 = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
y-component: 𝐴𝑦 = 𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

magnitude: 𝐴= 𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐴𝑦 2
𝐴𝑦
direction: 𝜃= 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1
𝐴𝑥
SAMPLE PROBLEM #3
A car travels 20.0 km due north and
then 35.0 km in a direction 60.0°
west of north. Using a graph, find the
magnitude and direction of the car’s
resultant displacement. (Scale: 4 km
= 1 cm)
SAMPLE PROBLEM #4
A commuter airplane starts from an airport
and takes a route. The plane first flies to
Springfield, located 175 km away in a
direction 30.0° north of east. Next, it flies for
150 km 20.0° west of north, to Bedrock.
Finally, the plane flies 190 km due west, to
South Town. Find the location of South Town
relative to the location of the starting point.
(Scale: 50 km = 1 cm)
ACTIVITY #2
Find the resultant vector.

1. 40 m due north and 30 m due east.


2. 6 m due south, 10 m due east, and 5 m
due north.
3. 20 m to the west, 5 m to the south,
and 10 m to the east
4. A boy walked from his house to the
park using the following path: 100 m to
the East, 20 m to the North, 200 m to the
West, and 20 m to the South.

5. A bird flew from the ground to a


branch of a tree by taking the following
route. She went 10 m upward, then 5 m
to the right, then 5 m downward, then 2
m upward, and lastly 5 m to the left.

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