Assignments in Mathematics Class X (Term I)

2. POLYNOMIALS

ImPORTANT TERMS, DEFINITIONS AND RESULTS

l An expression of the form b −constant term
− =
2 n a coefficient of x
p(x) = a a + a1 x + a2 x + ....an x ,
where ax 2 + bx + c, is called a polynomial in x l If α and β are the zeroes of a quadratic poly-
of degree n.
nomial p(x) = ax2 + bx + c, a ≠ 0,, then
Here, a o , a1 , a2 ,...an , are real numbers and each
power of x is a non-negative integer. b − coefficient of x
α+β = − = ,
l The exponent of the highest degree term in a a coefficient of x 2
polynomial is known as its degree. A polynomial c constant term

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of degree 0 is called a constant polynomial. αβ = =
a coefficient of x 2
l A polynomial of degree 1 is called a linear

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polynomial. A linear polynomial is of the form l If α , β and γ are the zeroes of a cubic poly-

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p(x) = ax + b, where a ≠ 0,. nomial p(x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d, a ≠ 0, then
l A polynomial of degree 2 is called a quadratic −b coefficient of x 2
polynomial. A quadratic polynomial is of the α + β +γ ==−

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a coefficient of x 3
form p(x) = ax 2 + bx + c, where a ≠ 0,.

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c coefficient of x
l A polynomial of degree 3 is called a cubic poly- αβ + βγ + γα = =

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a coefficient of x 3
nomial. A cubic polynomial is of the form
p(x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d, where a ≠ 0,. PR d
αβγ = − = −
constant term
l A polynomial of degree 4 is called a biquadratic
a coefficient of x3
polynomial. A biquadratic polynomial is of the
l A quadratic polynomial whose zeroes are α , β
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form p(x) = ax4 + bx3 + cx2 + dx + e, where
is given by
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a ≠ 0,.
p(x) = x2 – (α + β ) x + αβ = x2 – (sum of the
l If p(x) is a polynomial in x and if α is any
real number, then the value obtained by putting zeroes) x + product of the zeroes.
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l A cubic polynomial whose zeroes are α , β , γ is

x = α in p(x) is called the value of p(x) at x
= α . The value of p(x) at x = α is denoted by given by
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p(α ). p ( x) = x 3 − (α + β + γ ) x 2 + (αβ + βγ + γα ) x − αβγ

A real number α is called a zero of the polyno- = x3 – (sum of the zeroes)x2
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l
+ (sum of the products
mial p(x), if p(α ) = 0.
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of the zeroes taken two at a time)x

l A polynomial of degree n can have at most n real – product of the zeroes.
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zeroes. l The division algorithm states that given any poly-

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l Geometrically the zeroes of a polynomial p(x) are nomial p(x) and any non-zero polynomial g(x),
the x-coordinates of the points, where the graph there are polynomial q(x) and r(x) such that p(x)
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of p(α ) = 0. intersects x-axis. = g(x)q(x) + r(x), where r(x) = 0 or degree r(x)

< degree g(x).
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l Zero of the linear polynomial ax + b is

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS [1 Mark]

A. Important Questions
1. Which of the following is a polynomial? 2. If p(x) = 2x2 – 3x + 5, then p(–1) is equal to :
1 (a) 7 (b) 8 (c) 9 (d) 10
(a) x 2 − 6 x + 2 (b) x +
x 3. The zero of the polynomial 3x + 2 is :
5 2 2 3 3
(c) 2 (d) none of these (a) − (b) (c) (d) −
x − 3x + 1 3 3 2 2