7/13/2023

What is it that makes human

different than all other animals? SPEECH

13th July 2023

Dr. Narayan Khurde

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Dr. Narayan Khurde

What is the problem with

SPEECH
today’s generation?

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Speech has two components:

PHYSIOLOGY OF SPEECH
Dr. Narayan Khurde Dr. Narayan Khurde

 When a sound is produced verbally  Talking a) Receiving b) Expressing

▪ Sensory part: Vision and hearing ▪ Motor part: Speaking and writing
 If it is expressed by visual symbols  Writing
▪ Understands (interprets) the visual ▪ Synthesis of the words
 If visual symbols expressed verbally  Reading and auditory information ▪ What to say?

Speech is defined as
the expression of thoughts
by producing articulate sounds,
bearing a definite meaning 143
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Speech Areas Draw a diagram of cerebral cortex

Dr. Narayan Khurde Dr. Narayan Khurde

Motor speech area Sensory speech area

Broca’s Wernicke
area area
Frontal Lobe Temporal Lobe

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Mechanism of speech Cerebral cortex has 2 areas for speech

Primary Primary
Dr. Narayan Khurde Dr. Narayan Khurde
Motor Cortex Sensory Cortex
Movts of tongue,
lips & larynx
Precentral
gyrus
Postcentral
gyrus
Wernicke’s Area Broca’s Area
✓ Sensory area ✓ Motor area
✓ Receives information ✓ Expression of thoughts
from Vision and hearing ✓ Speaking and writing
✓ Temporal lobe ✓ Frontal lobe
✓ Understands (interprets) ✓ Synthesis of the words:
B the visual and auditory develop a pattern of
W
information motor activities
Broca’s area ✓ Then it sends this info to ✓ Sends this info to Motor
(produces speech) Broca’s area cortex (for movts of
tongue, lips, larynx)
Wernicke’s area
(understands speech)
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Mechanism of speech
Dr. Narayan Khurde Dr. Narayan Khurde

Aphasia Dysarthria

Dysphonia Dyslexia
Reading a word Speaking a word

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Language difficulty disorders Disorders of speech

Dr. Narayan Khurde

a) Aphasias
✓ Inability to understand the words
✓ Does not know what to say

b) Dysarthria
✓ Though, he knows what to say,
✓ Difficulty in uttering the words
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Aphasia Sensory Aphasia = Wernicke’s aphasia

Dr. Narayan Khurde Dr. Narayan Khurde

✓ Lesions in Wernicke’s area

“An impairment of speech due to brain damage”
(area for understanding)
✓ Can not understand the
 Acquired disorder CAUSES
spoken words
 Not due to muscle paralysis • Stroke
✓ Does not know what is
 Damage of speech centers • Head injury being said
 impairs the expression and • Cerebral tumors ✓ But he can speak fluently
understanding of spoken words • Brain infections ✓ Hearing & Vision are normal
 Also affects reading and writing • Degenerative d ✓ He just can not understand
the words
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Effects of Wernicke aphasia Motor Aphasia

Dr. Narayan Khurde Dr. Narayan Khurde
✓ Receptive aphasia: Unable to
understand words Hey, I think, ✓ Lesion in Broca’s area (area 44).
I have Broca’s Aphasia… ✓ Expressive aphasia
✓ Speak long sentences but without
any meaning ✓ Non-fluent speech
✓ Characterized by fluent speech ✓ Does not complete his sentences
(inability to construct sentences)
✓ “Speech without any meaning”
✓ Talk in short phrases
✓ Speaks incorrect, non-existent ✓ Omits words like ‘and’, ‘is’, ‘for’
words (jargon speech)
✓ Has to make great efforts even to
✓ Gibberish, non-sensical syllables just initiate speech.
✓ Unaware of their own mistakes ✓ But can understand spoken words
while speaking.
✓ A/w paralysis of right arm or leg
✓ Often, mistaken as psychiatric pt Bcoz, I can not express in
✓ Not a/w muscle paralysis words how much I love u
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Sensory aphasia
Dr. Narayan Khurde Dr. Narayan Khurde

 Inability to understand words or symbols

Lesion in left Wernicke’s Meaningless

temporal lobe Auditory aphasia Visual aphasia
aphasia speech

• Inability to understand the • Inability to understand

spoken words written symbols
• word deafness • difficulty in reading
Lesion in • Lesion in secondary auditory • word blindness or DYSLEXIA
Broca’s Non-fluent
left frontal area. • Lesion in secondary visual
aphasia speech area
lobe

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Dyslexia Dyslexia
Dr. Narayan Khurde Dr. Narayan Khurde
 A learning difficulty that impairs a
person’s ability to read and write
 The exact reason is unclear
 affects word recognition, spelling,
and the ability to match letters to
sounds.
 While it is a neurological
condition, dyslexia has NO
relation to intelligence
 Finds it hard to concentrate
 After struggling to read or write,
they feel mentally exhausted.
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DYSARTHRIA APHASIA DYSARTHRIA

Dr. Narayan Khurde Dr. Narayan Khurde

 Disturbed articulation; inability to speak  Disturbance in  Paralysis of muscles of

 “Difficulty or inability to speak because of intellectual function articulation
paralysis or ataxia of muscles involved in  Difficulty in  No difficulty in
articulation”
comprehension of comprehension of
 Psychic aspect of speech is not affected. written/ spoken words written/spoken speech
 Spoken & written words are understood
 Not a/w difficulty in  A/w some difficulty in
 Caused by damage to brain or the nerves that swallowing swallowing
control the muscles involved in speech.
 Occurs in stroke, brain injury, degenerative
disease like Parkinson & Huntington d

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DYSPHONIA
Dr. Narayan Khurde

is a voice disorder

 Hoarseness
Thank you
 Sore or a dry throat. Causes of Dysphonia
 Difficulty in producing 1. Trauma to vocal cords
sound 2. Paralysis of vocal cords
 Difficulty change the 3. Nodules on vocal cords
pitch or loudness of voice
4. Inflammation of larynx
 The voice may be weak,
breathy, scratchy or 5. Hypothyroidism
husky 6. Stress (psychological)
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Question Bank
Dr. Narayan Khurde Dr. Narayan Khurde

 Broca’s area
 Wernicke’s area
 Diagram of cerebral cortex showing speech areas
 Mechanism of speech in humans
 Broca’s aphasia
 Wernicke’s aphasia
 Dyslexia
 Dysarthria

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Question Bank
Dr. Narayan Khurde

 Two types of memory with suitable examples

 Mechanism of formation long-term memory
 Physiological basis of the two types of memory
 habituation and sensitization

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