Journal of Advanced Research in Applied Sciences and Engineering Technology 53, Issue 1 (2025) 186-196

Journal of Advanced Research in Applied

Sciences and Engineering Technology
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ISSN: 2462-1943

Experimental Investigation of Energy Harvesting by Employing

Piezoelectric Element and Metallic Cantilever Beam
Mohanad Mubdir Kadhim1, Ahmed Kareem Abdullah1, Emad Kamil Hussein1,*, Faris Mohammed
Al-Juaifry2
1
Al-Mussaib Technical College TCM, Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University ATU, P.O. Box 51006, Al-Mussaib, Babil, Iraq
2
Department of Communication Engineering Technical Collage /Al-Najaf, Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University (ATU), Najaf, Iraq

ABSTRACT

In this paper, in response to the worldwide energy crisis, a piezoelectric element

(0.2*35*50) mounted on a host metallic cantilever beam (0.8*37*220) will be
presented as a unique contribution to power generation via the micro-electrical
mechanical system. It's made out of aluminium and low carbon steel, both of which
have a Young modulus of elasticity of 6.8 and 196 GPa, respectively. In order to take
advantage of the engine's vibration as an exciting external force to collect energy in
the aforementioned piezoelectric device, the whole rig has been coupled to a diesel
engine 5kw 3000 rpm (50 Hz). The average power generated by the aluminium beam
was 943 microWatts, while the power generated by the low carbon steel beam was
335 microWatts, an increase of 256%. In addition, for both scenarios, (45) mm from
the cantilever beam's fixed point was where the engaged piezoelectric element
Keywords: performed best. The used two metals have different stiffnesses, and this accounts for
Piezoelectric element; energy harvesting; the obtained difference between the induced powers; increasing the stiffness will
cantilever beam; fourth-order PDE result in relatively more power created, and vice versa.

1. Introduction

In the last decade highly an increase in research on energy harvesting (EH), it can be classified
into two terms macro-scale and micro-scale; each one has many types of energy harvesting; as
Figure 1, EH is the extraction of small amounts of energy from one or more energy sources.
Conserving them for future use, piezoelectric energy harvesting (PEH), converting the wasted
mechanical vibration energy into valuable electrical energy, depends on the piezoelectric effect, [1]
with increasing IoT applications and microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) that work on
independent power sources like a battery where it should be replaced at the end of battery life
ends. In some cases of operation, it's difficult or costly and PEH with cantilever module promising
solution for self-power application [2].

*
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: [email protected]

https://doi.org/10.37934/araset.53.1.186196

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Fig. 1. Energy harvesting classification

The proliferation of "smart" cities, "wearable" electronics, and "in-car" electronics has
skyrocketed in recent years. However, the growth of long-lasting, integrated, and miniaturised
wireless sensor network nodes as well as portable electronic gadgets poses new issues to their
energy supply units. Energy supply units now need to meet stricter criteria due to the additional
issues that have arisen. These criteria include, but are not limited to, being compact, having a long
lifespan, having a high output power density, being easy to integrate monolithically, and being
failsafe under extreme conditions. Reliable and long-lasting power for work nodes and portable
electronic devices can be provided by harvesting energy from the surrounding microenvironment.
They are constantly converting the kinetic energy of vibrations in the surrounding medium into
electrical power. This vitality is essentially ubiquitous. Energy harvesting technology has shifted its
research focus to concentrate on developing this technology due to its obvious benefits, such as the
lack of electromagnetic interference, good MEMS process compatibility, high output power density,
high reliability, and mass manufacturing. There has been a lot of research done recently on the
theoretical models, materials, and structures of MEMS PVEHs.
There are two main categories that can be used to categorise the theoretical models: those
with lumped parameters (LP) and those with distributed parameters (DP) [3, 4]. Substrate materials
by Pourashraf et al., [5], doping optimisation by Yao et al., [6], alteration and innovative
piezoelectric materials by Lim et al., [7] and He et al, [8] are currently the key areas of focus in the
field of material research. Doping modification of the aluminium nitride (AlN) piezoelectric film has
become a focus of research because of its importance as an energy-trapping film for the
microelectromechanical systems piezoelectric energy harvester (MEMS PVEH) [9]. The structural
design is mostly focused on enhancing the functionality of existing structures while also offering
proposals for new ones. Cantilever designs are the most popular and have garnered the most study.
Based on the previous studies, stress optimisation by Safaei et al, [10], geometric form optimisation
by Serhane et al., [11], electrode optimisation by Abdullah et al., [12], topology optimisation by
Hassan et al., [13], and frequency band expansion by Arifin et al., [14] are among the primary areas
of research for cantilever beam-based PVEHs. These research focuses exclusively on the rectangular
cantilever beam despite the tremendous advancement of MEMS PVEHs in theoretical models,
materials, and designs. The bending stress on a rectangular cantilever beam is highest at the fixed
end and decreases to zero at the free end due to the linear distribution of the bending force
throughout the beam's length. This can lead to problems with the rectangular cantilever beam

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PVEH, such as fatigue and stress accumulation at the fixed end and subpar performance from the
piezoelectric material surrounding the free tip. In recent years, researchers have started
investigating into piezoelectric energy harvesters that are based on variable cross-section cantilever
beams (VCSCB). Jin et al., [15] reported that by linearly adjusting the beam's cross-section along its
length, the energy harvesters' output power density can be increased by as much as 30%.
The output energy from this type is affected by many factors, such as the geometry dimension
of the cantilever, fundamentals frequency, vibration displacement, and materials specification. A
comparison of different EH was made by Liu et al., [16] where they discovered that piezoelectric
transduction is the most efficient mode of EH. A review of EH from vibrations utilizing piezoelectric
materials is discussed by Kamaruzzaman et al., [17]. The capacity of piezoelectric materials to
convert mechanical energy into electric energy via a piezoelectric effect, such as sensors, and vice
versa by an inverse piezoelectric effect, such as electric actuators, is their distinguishing feature.
Sharaf et al., [18] studied the impact of geometry parameter of rectangular shape cantilever with
PEH to harvest mechanical vibration energy from ambient and effect of fundamental natural
frequency, arbitrary shape beam [19]. This paper focuses on PEH generated from vibration of one
piston four stock engine5kw speed 3000 rpm; an attempt is made to increase the charge created by
using a piezoelectric cantilever-based energy harvester. Two types of metallic cantilever beams
(aluminium and low carbon steel) were selected as host beams to make experimental validation.

2. Methodology
2.1 Coupling Equations for Piezoelectric Generator

When piezoelectric materials are affected by mechanical action like compressive, vibration or
force, they produce electrical energy by direct piezoelectric effect anther ward act as a sensor,
while if electric current applied on the terminal of the piezoelectric element, it have mechanical
displacement refers to the inverse piezoelectric effect [7] to harvest energy from engine vibration
as electrical energy, a cantilever beam mounted with piezoelectric material fixed on the engine
body. By using newton's second law of motion and Euler's theory for continuous system cantilever
beam vibration

�4 �(�. �) �2 �
�� =− ρ� � (1)
��4 ��2

Where E is Young modulus, I the second-moment inertia of area V is a sheer force along x- the
direction of the beam, ρ material density, � cross-section area

� �. � = � � � � . Using separation of variables yields

�� � � '''' � �
=− = �2� (2)
�� � � � �

Where �� is a natural frequency. Take the first part, the position analysis

�'''' �
= �4� (3)
� �

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4 ��
�� = ∗ �2� (4)
��

Apply boundary conditions on the cantilever beam as it continues the system at x= 0 and x= L
for Eq. (4) and solves the equation to find routs, yields

− cos Kn ∗ L − cosh Kn ∗ L
Xn x = C2 cos Kn ∗ X − cosh Kn ∗ X +
sin Kn ∗ L − sinh Kn ∗ L (5)
∗ sin Kn ∗ L − sinh Kn ∗ L }

�(�) = transceiver displacement of a vibration cantilever beam for (x = L); this term is essential
in calculating the energy harvesting equation.

∂x x . t (6)
Ux =− z
∂x

Ux is displacement along x – direction in the continence system, z is the initial position of the
node point in the z-direction, and the strain along the x-direction due to bending can be written as

∂ux ∂2 x
εx = =− Z (7)
∂x ∂x2

Refer to direct piezoelectric effect

Dz = e31 εx + e33 Ez (8)

�� �
�� =− = − (9)
�� ∇

e31 , e33 are dielectric constants in 31 and 33 directions Dz is the dielectric displacement in the
z-direction, Ez is an electric field in the z-direction, ∇ is the thickness of piezoelectric materials. �
voltage difference on poles the integration of area determinant of surface charge density
represents total charge Q and can be written as

�1 ℎ �2� �1
Q =− � e
�° 31
∗2∗ �� + � e
�° 33
�� �� (10)
��2

Q=
�ℎ e31
∅ �° − ∅ �1 −
�� e33 � (11)
2 ∇

�� �. �
Where ∅ � � = �� is the slop of beam ∅ �° ��� ∅(�1) specifies the beginning edge and
end edge of the piezoelectric strip, h thickness of the host cantilever beam, L is the length of the
piezoelectric element,b width of the piezoelectric element. The current flow from electrodes can be
written as

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�
� = ��. Also � = . The time average output power is calculated as
�

�� �� 1
�= ∗ = �2 �2 ℎ2 �231 �2 � ∗ 2
2 2 �� (12)
4 1 + ��e33
∇

Where A = X(x) at x = L, � vibration frequency rad/sec depend on speed of engine, R

piezoelectric resistance, � length of piezoelectric element.

2.2 Experimental Proposed Harvesting Model

Block diagram Figure 2 shows the utilization of piezoelectric element as E.H. to convert
mechanical vibration into electrical energy and storage in the accumulator (battery or
supercapacitor).

Fig. 2. Block diagram of energy harvesting

2.3 Host Beam at a Glance

Figure 3 shows the suggested dimension of the beam for two metallic (aluminium and low
carbon steel) [8].

Fig. 3. Dimension of (aluminium and low carbon steel) beam

2.4 Piezoelectric Elements at a Glance

Piezoelectric element (PZT5A) and terminals of electric connections are shown in Figure 4,
together with their corresponding dimensions and technical characteristics, which can be found in
Table 1 [9, 10]. One of the connecting wires had been soldered on the outer surface layer of the
piezoelectric as a terminal, and the other had been connected on the substrate layer as a ground.
Soldering had been reinforced with covering silicone, and high adhesive epoxy was used to mount
the piezoelectric element on the host beam. During this process, the cantilever at the shifted
location was cleaned by removing old epoxy, and the piezoelectric element was re-instilled in the
next position.

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Fig. 4. Piezoelectric element dimension

Table 1
Piezoelectric element material properties from piezo system
No Parameter Values
1 Young modulus (Gpa) 50
2 Poisson ratio 0.3
3 Density(kg/�3 ) 7500
4 D33 680
5 Coupling coefficient 0.65
6 Thickness*width*length(mm) 0.2*35*50

2.5 Assembly of the piezoelectric element and host beam

The piezoelectric element and the cantilever beam are shown assembled in Figure 5, which is an
illustration of the process.

Fig. 5. Piezoelectric Element and the Host Beam

2.6 The Suggested Rig

Assembly models have been connected to the body of the diesel engine as in Figure 6, which
converts mechanical vibration into electric energy and acts as MEMS; the technical specification of
the engine is shown in Table 2.

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Fig. 6. Suggested rig

Table 2
Technical specification of the engine
Engine model KM186FA
Rated rotation speed(rpm) 3000
Engine type Single cylinder, 4-stroke, direct injection
Rated output power [Kw/rpm] 5/3000
3. Results and discussion
3.1 Aluminium Host Beam Experimental

Figure 7 depicts the placement of the piezoelectric element L_0, which represents the distance
from the fixed point to the commencing edge. This experimental test was performed twice to
determine the variation reading for both models. As can be seen in Table 3, there are several
parameters whose values remain the same across all the different experimental runs. These involve
the computation of electrical power by monitoring changes in voltage and current.

Fig. 7. Schematic representation of

piezoelectric energy harvesting model

Table 3
Constant parameter of experimenters
Parameter Value Unit
Length of host beam (�� ) 220 mm
Width of host beam (b) 37 mm
thickness of host beam (h) 0.8 mm
viberation frequency (�) 296 rad/sec
Young modules aluminium (E) 6.8 Gpa
Young modules low carbon steel (E) 196 Gpa
1.5786*
Second area moment (I) �4
10−12

The experimental portion of this paper demonstrated, as shown in Table 4 and Figure 8, that
the maximum output power is 2500 uW when the cantilever is positioned 45 mm away from a fixed
point, and the minimum value is 36 uW when the cantilever is positioned 3 mm away. This variation
is associated by a curvature that depends on the mode of vibration in other ward related by the
modulus of elasticity of metallic of the beam. In other words, this variation is related by the
modulus of elasticity of metallic.

Table 4
Experimental attempts result for aluminium host beam

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Item L0 First attempt Second attempt Average

L1
(m) Volt Amp Power Volt Amp Power Power
(m)
(V) (mA) (uW) (V) (mA) (uW) (uW)
1 0.145 0.195 2.75 0.295 811 2.79 0.312 870 840
2 0.095 0.145 2 0.208 416 1.8 0.209 376 396
3 0.045 0.095 4.8 0.51 2448 4.9 0.522 2550 2500
4 0.003 0.053 2 0.022 44 1.8 0.016 28 36

Fig. 8. First attempt for aluminium

3.2 Low Carbon Steel Host Beam Experimental

The results of the experiments presented in Table 5 and Figure 9 showed that the maximum
output power is 10000 uW when measured from a fixed point on the cantilever at 45 mm, while the
minimum value measured at 3 mm is 96 uW. This indicates a considerable variance in the amount
of power generated owing to variations in the modulus of elasticity.

Table 5
Experimental attempts results for low carbon steel host beam
Item L0 L1 First attempt Second attempt Average
(m) (m) Volt Amp Power Volt Amp Power Power
(V) (m A) (uW) (V) (m A) (uW) (uW)
1 0.145 0.195 4.9 0.495 2425 5 0.515 2575 2500
2 0.095 0.145 3.2 0.250 800 3 0.294 880 840
3 0.045 0.095 7.7 1.33 10241 8 1.22 9760 10000
4 0.003 0.053 1.1 0.085 93 1.2 0.083 99 96

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(a) (b)

Fig. 9. (a) First attempt for low carbon steel (b) Second attempt for low carbon steel

3.3 Overall Results of Host Beams

When compared, the results produced as an average reading of output electric power for both
beams can be seen to be the low carbon steel cantilever beam has a high ability to transfer the
mechanical vibration into piezoelectric as transient displacement, which yields significant
harvesting energy via piezoelectric element Figure 10, the behaver of variation values of power
produced along the beam is similar for both host beams. That belong to the similarity mode
vibration in which the frequency is in the low range (50 Hz) at the rate, the first mode of vibration
generated on beam, also the vibration frequency is a function of engine speed in which
experimentally the rotational speed was measured by tachometer, and the reading was 296 rad/sec.

Fig. 10. Piezoelectric element average output

power with (aluminium low carbon teel) host beam

As it is well-known, each experimental investigation has its own percentage error ratio, that is
depending on many factors related to the nature and procedure of the practical part, so in this
paper, the situation is a little bit complex, where a mixture of electrical and mechanical parts has
been adopted to achieve the expected results. In the other ward, the deviation in the gained results
will be attributed to the electric part and the other one related to the mechanical assembly, with a

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different ratio for each part. The following paragraphs explain in detail each one. There is no doubt
that the employed piezoelectric element is facing fatigue stress due to the cyclic repetition of the
applied periodic load, which means it will lose some of its accuracy, precision and resolution and
consequently will give variation in the induced electric power as the time going on. The second
main factor is how much the electrical power loose in the connection and soldering wires as a result
of its internal electrical resistance, especially that the harvesting energy in terms of micro-Watt;
therefore, it is better to use an excellent electric wire with minimum resistance to the electric
current, supported by soldering connection to avoid bad contact between any two matting poles.

4. Conclusions

In conclusion, it has been discovered that when the modulus of elasticity (E) grows, the
generated power will also dramatically increase, but only up to a certain point before reaching a
limit. It is possible to consider that the energy harvesting is a function of the modulus of elasticity
but to some specified limit, whereas the modulus of elasticity is in a continuous increment, this will
transform the employed cantilever beam into a very efficient energy harvester. In other words, in
the case of the aluminium cantilever beam (E = 6.8 GPa), the associated power generated was 943
Watt as a mean value. Meanwhile, the induced power was 3. In this study, the percentage increase
in the amount of power that was created was 256 percent higher for the beam made of low carbon
steel compared to the beam made of aluminium. The second primary concern is the question of
where along the entire length of the host beam the piezoelectric element should be attached.
Because there is no connection between the geometry of the cantilever beam and the metal used
in its construction, the position of the beam must remain unchanged regardless of whether it is
made of aluminium, low carbon, or some other sort of metal. The results of practical investigations
showed that the maximum power generated was 2,500 and 10,000 Watt for aluminium and low
carbon steel, respectively, at a distance of 45/220 mm from the fixed point along the whole length
of the cantilever beam. Considering that the other values of the generated power with the other
distances from the fixed point were less than the peak point value, it is abundantly clear that at that
distinguished point the curvature of the cantilever beam was maximum in comparison with the
other points also it is possible to say that the best power harvesting will occur by increasing the
modulus of elasticity of the employed cantilever beam but with a definite limit and attaching the
piezoelectric element at a distance of about 20% of the total length of the cantilever beam starting
from the fixed point regardless of the metal type of the cantilever beam. This is true regardless of
the fact that increasing the modulus of elasticity of the employed cantilever beam will result in the
best power harvesting.

Acknowledgement
This research was not funded by any grant.

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