Scribd
Upload
29 views4 pages

ENCV3FB Main Exam 2023a

Uploaded by

Khethukuthula Zulu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
29 views4 pages

ENCV3FB Main Exam 2023a

Uploaded by

Khethukuthula Zulu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 4

UNIVERSITY OF KWAZULU-NATAL

MAIN EXAMINATION NOVEMBER 2023

ENCV3FB: FLUIDS 3
BScEng (Civil)
DURATION: 3 HOURS TOTAL
MARKS: 100

INTERNAL EXAMINERS
Prof M Kumarasamy, Dr J Adu, Dr J Pringle

INDEPENDENT MODERATOR:
Ms Katelyn Johnson

INSTRUCTIONS:

ANSWER ALL THE QUESTIONS


EXPLAIN YOUR WORK, STATING YOUR ASSUMPTIONS CLEARLY

NOTES:

THIS IS CLOSED BOOK EXAM


THIS EXAM COUNTS 60% TOWARDS THE FINAL MARK FOR THIS MODULE

DATA:

MAKE REASONABLE ASSUMPTIONS FOR ANY MISSING INFORMATION


University of KwaZulu-Natal Main Examination November 2023
ENCV3FB: Fluids 3 BSc Eng (Civil)

QUESTION 1 Open channel flows [20


]

A wide rectangular channel consists of two long reaches. The upstream


reach has a bed slope of 0.01 and the downstream reach has a bed slope
of 0.0006. The flow per unit width in the channel is 7.5m 2/s. The
manning’s roughness, n for both reaches can be assumed as 0.015.

a) Sketch the possible water surface profiles that can occur and [10
determine which one actually does occur for the given flow rate. ]
Show depth lines, critical points and flow characteristics in each
reach.

b) Analyse the flow condition and check whether there will be a [10
hydraulic jump in the channel. If so, determine the position of the ]
hydraulic jump. Calculate energy loss due to hydraulic jump.

QUESTION 2 Open channel flows [20


]
[3]
a) The head over a rectangular sharp crested notch at the end of a
channel is 0.7m if an error of 1.5mm was noted in the
measurement of the head, then what is the percentage of error in
computing the discharge

b) A hydraulically efficient rectangular channel has a hydraulic radius [3]


as 1.25m, then what is its bottom width

c) Water in a rectangular channel has a velocity head equal to its [2]


flow depth. Is the flow sub-critical, critical or super-critical? Explain
your answer. [No mark for your answer without explanation]

d) For a particular specific energy, the discharge in an open channel [2]


corresponds to its critical flow depth is zero or minimum or
maximum or undefined. Explain your answer

e) A concrete lined (n=0.017) road drainage channel is designed as [10


shown in Figure. Calculate and check whether this channel ]
requires deeper excavation to carry the design flow of 0.5m 3/s at a
normal flow depth. Assume a bed slope of 0.4%. Would the flow be
supercritical at the normal flow depth? Explain your answer.

1
0.5m 2
0.3m

B=1m
University of KwaZulu-Natal Main Examination November 2023
ENCV3FB: Fluids 3 BSc Eng (Civil)

QUESTION 3 Hydrology [15


]
Derive and plot the Unit Hydrograph for a river which flows in a midsize [15
catchment of 120 km2. After a 2-hour storm, the following flow hydrograph ]
was recorded at the catchment outlet flow station. Assume a constant
base flow of 100 m3/s

Time(hour) 0 2 6 8 12 14 18 20 24 26 30
3
Q(m /s) 100 200 350 500 700 500 400 350 240 180 100

QUESTION 4 Hydrology [15


]
A 3- hour unit hydrograph has the following ordinates [15
]
Time(hour) 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
Q(m3/s) 0 30.8 49.4 86.4 98.8 74.1 49.4 37.0 24.7 12.3 0

Develop a unit hydrograph of 6-hour duration

QUESTION 5 Flood Routing [25


]
a) Assume the flood storage in a dam is given by S=A sh, where As is [5]
the surface area and h is the height above the spillway. If the
discharge from the spillway is given as Q=C d(2gh)0.5hL, where L =
5m is the spillway width and C d=0.6. Estimate the required As and
hmax to attenuate a hydrograph of I peak=3m3/s, time to peak 1hr, and
total duration of 3hrs by 50%.

b) Use the Muskingum model (with X=0) to route the flood wave [20
through the dam. Plot the full inflow and outflow hydrographs at 30- ]
minute intervals for times 0 < t < 6hrs. Find the maximum storage,
Opeak and hmax
[hint: for X=0, the Muskingum model gives S=KQ. Use S max and Qmax
to estimate K]

QUESTION 6 Hydrological modeling/Coastal Engineering [5]


Explain using a simple labelled sketch, why you would experience a semi- [5]
diurnal tide at Durban along with a daily inequality in contrast to a diurnal
tide at Anartica or the North Pole?
University of KwaZulu-Natal Main Examination November 2023
ENCV3FB: Fluids 3 BSc Eng (Civil)

FORMULA SHEET
OPEN CHANNEL FLOWS

HYDROLOGY

Risk & Probability


Annual exceedance p(Q >= QT) = 1/T
Risk in d yrs = Rd = 1 – (1 – 1/T)d
Reliability in d yrs = 1 – Rd = (1 – 1/T)d
Cunane T = (n + 0.2)/(m – 0.4) [where n is sample size and m is the rank]
Weibull T = (n+1)/m [where n is sample size and m is the rank]
Growth curve: QT = Qmean + KT Qsdev
Gumbell (EV1) : yT = -ln[ln(T/(T-1)] ; KT = 0.45 yT – 0.56

Flood Routing
Continuity: dS/dt = I – Q
Level pool: (2S/t + Q)t+1 = (2S/t – Q)t + (It + It+1)
Muskingum: Qt+1 = C0 It+1 + C1 It + C2 Qt
C0 = (t – 2XK)/D; C1 = (t + 2XK)/D; D = t + 2(1-X)K; C2 = 1 – C0 – C1
Muskingum-Cunge: K = L/c; X = ½ [1 – Q/(B. c. S 0. L)]; c = dQ/dA

Flood estimation
Rational method: Qpeak = C. i. A
Time of concentration (in min): T c = 0.019 L0.77 S-0.385

You might also like