Integration Page |1

Chapter 07 Integration
Integration:

The process of finding an anti-derivative or integral of a function is called integration. It is the

inverse process of differentiation. If f  x  be a function of x related with another function F  x  in
such a way that

d
 F  x    f  x  then  f  x  dx  F  x   c
dx 

which is called an indefinite integral of f  x  with respect to x , where f  x  , F  x  and c are called
integrand, integral and constant of integration respectively.
b
And,  f  x  dx  F b   F  a  , which is called the definite integral of f  x  from a to b , and ‘ a ’ is
a

called the lower limit and ‘ b ’ the upper limit of the definite integral.

Fundamental Properties:

1.   f  x   f  x   ... ... ... to nterms dx   f  x dx   f  x  dx  ... ... to nterms .

1 2 1 2

2.  cf  x dx  c  f  x dx , where c is a constant.

Integral Formula:

x n1 5.  sin xdx   cos x  c

1.  x dx 
n
c where  n   1
n 1
2.  dx  x  c
6.  cos xdx  sin x  c
7.  sec x tan xdx  sec x  c
dx
3.   2 x c
 du 
x 8.  uvdx  u  vdx    . vdx dx
dx  dx 
4.   ln x  c
x

Problem: Solve the following integrations,

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1 1 x 2  2x  1
(i)  (5 x 3  )dx (ii)  (  e 9 x )dx (iii) dx (iv)  ( x  2)( x  3) 2 dx
x 2 x x
(v)  sin 2 xdx (vi)  tan 2 xdx (vii)  1  sin xdx
Solution:
1 1
(i) Given that,  (5 x3  ) dx (ii) Given that,  (  e9 x ) dx
x 2 x
1 1
Let, I   (5 x3  ) dx Let, I   (  e9 x ) dx
x 2 x
1 1
  5x3 dx   dx  dx   e9 x dx
x 2 x
4
x 5 e9 x e9 x
 5  ln x  c  x 4  ln x  c (Ans.)  x c  x  c
4 4 d 9
(9 x)
dx
(Ans.)
x 2  2x  1
(iii) Given that, dx (iv) Given that,  ( x  2)( x  3) 2 dx
x
x2  2x 1 Let, I   ( x  2)( x  3)2 dx
Let, I   dx
x   ( x  2)( x 2  6 x  9) dx
x2 x 1
 ( 2  ) dx   ( x3  8x 2  21x  18) dx
x x x
3 1 1
 x 4 8 3 21 2
  x dx  2 x dx   x
2 2 2
dx   x  x  18 x  c (Ans.)
4 3 2
5 3 1
x2 x2 x2 where c is an integrating constant.
 5
2 3
 1
c
2 2 2

2 52 4 32 1
 x  x  2 x 2  c (Ans.)
5 3
where c is an integrating constant.

(v) Given that,  sin 2 xdx (vi) Given that,  tan

2
xdx
Let, I   sin 2 xdx Let, I   tan 2 xdx
   sec2 x  1dx
1

2  2sin 2 xdx

1   tan x  x   c. (Ans.)
  1  cos 2 x  dx (Ans.)
2 where c is an integrating constant.
1 sin 2 x 
 x c (Ans.)
2 2 
where c is an integrating constant.

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(vii) Given that,  1  sin xdx

Let, I   1  sin xdx
x x x
  1  sin 2( ) dx   1  2sin( ) cos( ) dx
2 2 2

x x x x
  sin 2 ( )  cos 2 ( )  2sin( ) cos( ) dx
2 2 2 2
2
  x  x 
 sin    cos    dx
 2  2 

x x
  {sin( )  cos( )} dx
2 2
x x
 2cos( )  2sin( )  c
2 2
x x
 2{sin( )  cos( )}  c (Ans.)
2 2
where c is an integrating constant.

Practice: Solve the following integrations,

dx
(i)  1  sin 2xdx (ii)  1  sin x

Method of Substitution:

Sometimes, the integration of given integral  f  x  dx is relatively difficult. In this case, we

can replace x by   z  and dx by  '  z  dz for integrating easily. This process is known as method
of substitution.

sin 1 x dx
Problem: Solve the following integrations, (i)  1 x 2
dx (ii)  1 e x

Solution:

sin 1 x dx
(i) Given that,  dx (ii) Given that,  1 e x
1  x2
dx
sin 1 x Let, I  
Let, I   dx 1  ex
1  x2

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dz 1 dx
Now, put z  sin 1 x   
dx 1  x2 1 
e x  x  1
e 
dx
 dz  e x
1 x  dx
 e x  1
2

Now I   zdz  e x
  dx
 e x  1
 sin x 
1 2
z2
 c  c  I  ln  e x  1  c
2 2
where c is an integrating constant.
where c is an integrating constant.

1
em tan x
Exercise: Solve the following integrations, (i)  dx
1  x2

Integration by Parts:
The formula for the integration of a product of two functions is referred to as integration by
parts. that is,

 du 
  uv  dx  u  vdx    dx  vdx  dx
While applying the above rule for integration by parts to the product of two functions, care should be
taken to choose properly the first function, that is, the function not to be integrated.
Problem: Solve the following integrations,

ln  ln x 
 xe dx 
x
(i) (ii) dx
x
Solution:

(i) Given that,  xe dx

x
ln  ln x 
(ii) Given that,  dx
Let, I   xe x dx x
ln  ln x 
 dx  Let, I   dx
 x  e x dx     e x dx dx x
 dx  dz 1 dx
Now, put z  ln x    dz 
dx x x
 xe x   1.e x dx
Now I   ln( z ) dz   ln( z ) 1dz
 xe x  e x  c
d 
where c is an integrating constant.  ln( z )  1 dz    ln( z ) 1dz  dz
 dz 

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1 
 ln( z )  z     z  dz  ln( z )  z   1 dz
z 
 ln( z)  z  z  c  ln(ln x)  ln x  ln x  c

x
2
Exercise: Solve the following integrations, (i) cos xdx

Definite Integration

The definite integral defined in a bounded interval is a finite number. In this section we are going to
concentrate on the definite integral and its properties.

Definite integral:

If f ( x) is a continuous function defined in the interval  a , b then the definite integral with
respect to x is defined as,

Fundamental Theorem of Integral Calculus:

If f  x  be a bounded and continuous function defined in the interval  a, b where, b >a and
there exists a function   x  such that  '  x   f  x  , then

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 Integration Page |6

 f  x dx    b     a 
a

This is called the fundamental theorem of integral calculus.

Integration as the limit of a sum:

Let, f  x  be a bounded and continuous function defined in the interval  a, b where a, b are
finite quantities and b  a .

If the interval  a, b  be divided into n equal sub-intervals, each of length h, by the points
a  h, a  2h, a   n  1 h so that nh  b  a then the area enclosed by f  x  is defined as

lim hf  a   hf  a  h   hf  a  2h    hf a   n  1 h

h0

n 1
 lim h f  a  rh  where, nh  b  a
h 0
r 0

which is also defined as the definite integral of f  x  with respect to x between the limits a and b , and
b
is denoted by the symbol,  f  x dx where, a is called the lower limit and b is called the upper limit.
a

b n 1
Therefore,  f  x dx  lim h f  a  rh  where, nh  b  a
h 0
a r 0

General Properties of the Definite Integral:

f x  dx   f t  dt
b b
1.  a a

 f x dx    f x dx
b a
2.
a b

 f x dx   f x dx   f x dx where c is any point in the interval  a , b .

b c b
3.
a a c

 f x dx   f a  x dx
a a
4.
0 0

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 Integration Page |7

Example: Solve the following problems,


1 log 2 x 3 2
e
(i)  (6 x  5x  2) dx
2
(ii)  dx (iii)  (2sin   5cos  ) d (iv)  ( x ln x) dx
3 0
1  ex 0 1

Solution:
1

 (6 x  5 x  2) dx
2
(i) Given that,
3

1 1

 (6 x  5 x  2) dx   (6 x 2  5 x  2) dx
2

3 3

x3 x2
 [6  5  2 x]13
3 2

12 (3)2
 (2 1  5  2 1)  (2  (3)  5
3 3
 2  (3))
2 2
5 135 3 15
 (2   2)  (54   6)  
2 2 2 2
1
12
  (6 x  5 x  2) dx  
2

3
2

log 2
ex
(ii) Given that, 
0
1  ex
dx

f ( x)
log 2
ex
 
log 2
dx  log(1  e x )  [ dx  ln f ( x) ]
0
1 e x 0 f ( x)
 {log(1  elog 2 )  log(1  e0 )} Note: We should be careful about the use of the
 {log(1  2)  log(1  1)} mathematical operators log and ln. The operator
 (log3  log 2) ln is used specially for expression and log is used
 (log3  log 2) for numerical value. But in case of expression we
log 2 have to consider log as ln.
ex 3
 
0
1 e x
dx  log
2

3
(iii) Given that,  (2sin   5cos  ) d
0

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 Integration Page |8


3 

 (2sin   5cos ) d  [2cos   5sin  ]03

0

 
 (2cos  5sin )  (2cos 0  5sin 0)
3 3

1 3 5 3
 (2  5 )  (2 1  0)  1  2
2 2 2

3
5
  (2sin   5cos  ) d  1  3
0
2
2
(iv) Given that,  ( x ln x) dx
1

2 2 2
d
 ( x ln x) dx  ln x x dx  (
1 1 1
dx
ln x  x dx)dx

x2 x2 2
 [ln x   ]1
2 4

4 4 1 1
 (ln 2   )  (ln1  )
2 4 2 4

1 1
 2ln 2  1   (8ln 2  3)
4 4
2
1
  ( x ln x) dx  (8ln 2  3)
1
4

Finding Definite Integration By Using Gamma Beta Function:

Beta Function or First Eulerian Integral: A function of the form,

1

 x 1  x 
m 1 n 1
dx ; m, n  0
0

is called Beta function or first Eulerian integral and it is denoted by,   m, n  .

1
i.e,   m, n    x m1 1  x 
n 1
dx ; m, n  0 .
0

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Gamma Function or Second Eulerian Integral: A function of the form,



e
x
x n 1dx ; n0
0

is called Gamma function or second Eulerian integral and it is denoted by, (n) .

i.e, (n)   e x x n 1dx ; n 0.
0

Properties of Beta and Gamma functions: The properties are given below:

1. (1)  1
2. (n  1)  n(n) ; n  0
(m)(n)
3.   m, n  
 ( m  n)
4. ( 1 )   .
2
 p 1 q 1
2
5.  sin p x cos q x dx  2 2 .
0 pq2
2
2

2

 cos
7
Problem-01: Evaluate x dx
0

2
  sin 0 x cos7 x dx
0

0 1 7 1 1 8
 2 2  2 2
072 9
2 2
2 2
1
4
 2
9
2
2
1
3  2 1
 2
7 5 3 1 1
2 . . . .
2 2 2 2 2

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3.2.1 16
  (Ans.)
7 5 3 1 35
2 . . .
2 2 2 2

2

 sin
6
Problem-02: Evaluate x dx
0

2
Solution: Solution: Let, I   sin 6 x dx
0

2
  sin 6 x cos0 x dx
0

6 1 0 1
 2 2
602
2
2
7 1
 2 2
8
2
2
7 1
 2 2
2 4
5 3 1 1 1
. . . .
 2 2 2 2 2
2. 3.2.1
5 3 1
. . . . 
5.
 2 2 2  (Ans.)
2. 3.2.1 32

2

 sin
4
Problem-03: Evaluate x cos3 x dx
0

2
Solution: Let, I   sin 4 x cos3 x dx
0

4 1 3 1
 2 2
43 2
2
2

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5 4 3 1 1
. .
2
 2 2  2 2 2  (Ans.)
9 7 5 3 1 1 35
2 2. . . .
2 2 2 2 2 2

2

 sin
6
Exercise: Solve this integration, x cos8 xdx .
0

Double and Triple Integration

Problem: Solve the following Multiple Integrations,
2 2y

   4 x  2 y  dxdy
3 4
(𝑖) ∫1 ∫2 40 − 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 (ii)
1 y2
4 3 2
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) ∫1 ∫−1 ∫0 3𝑥𝑦 3 𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
Answer:
(𝑖) Given that the double integration is, (ii) Given that the double integration is,
2 2y
3 4
∫1 ∫2 40 − 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
3 4
   4 x  2 y  dxdy
1 y2
= ∫ [∫ 40 − 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦] 𝑑𝑥 2y
1 2  x2
2

3
𝑦 2 4    4.  2 yx  dy
1   y2
= ∫ [40𝑦 − 2𝑥. ] 𝑑𝑥 2
1 2 2 2 2y
3
   2 x  2 yx  dy
2
= ∫ [(40 ∙ 4 − 𝑥 ∙ 42 ) − (40 ∙ 2 − 𝑥
1 1 y2
2
∙ 2 )] 𝑑𝑥 2 2y
3
 2  x 2  yx  dy
= ∫ (160 − 16𝑥 − 80 + 4𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 1 y2
1
3 2

= ∫ (80 − 12𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 
 2 4 y 2  2 y 2  y 4  y 3 dy 
1 1
3
12𝑥 2 2
= [80𝑥 −
2 1
] 
 2 2y 2  y 4  y 3 dy 
1
= (80 ∙ 3 − 6 ∙ 32 ) − (80 ∙ 1 − 6 ∙ 12 )  y3 y5 y 4 
2

= 112  2  2.   
 3 5 4 1
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) Given that the triple integration is,
 8 32 16 2 1 1 
4 3 2
∫1 ∫−1 ∫0 3𝑥𝑦 3 𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦  2  2.      
2
 3 5 4 3 5 4
4 3
𝑧3 3  16 32 16 2 1 1 
= 3 ∫ ∫ [𝑥𝑦 ] 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦  2      
3 0
1 −1
4 3
 3 5 4 3 5 4
= ∫ ∫ 8𝑥𝑦 3 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦  2
133 133
 (Answer)
1 −1 60 30

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 Integration P a g e | 12

4 3
𝑥2
= 8 ∫ [ 𝑦 3 ] 𝑑𝑦
1 2 −1
4
= 4 ∫ 9𝑦 3 − 𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦
1
4
= 4 ∫ 8𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦
1
4
8𝑦 3
= 4[ ]
4 1
= 8. 44 − 8.1 = 2040

2 3 1
Exercise: (𝑖) ∫1 ∫−1 ∫2 𝑥𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦