TruePath

Automated Stress Path System for

Triaxial Testing
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................1
2. TruePathTM System Hardware Setup..................................................................................................2
2.1. Unpacking:......................................................................................................................................2
2.2. Sigma-1 Load Frame Setup: ...........................................................................................................5
2.3. GeoJac Load Frame Setup: .............................................................................................................7
2.4. TruePath System Setup:..................................................................................................................8
2.4.1. Computer: ..............................................................................................................................10
2.4.2. Network Module:...................................................................................................................11
2.4.3. Precision Variable Power Supply:.........................................................................................13
2.4.4. Load Frame Modules:............................................................................................................14
2.4.5. DigiFlow Modules:................................................................................................................19
2.5. TruePath System Power Up..........................................................................................................22
3. TruePath System Software - Installation and Configuration............................................................22
3.1. Installation ....................................................................................................................................22
3.2. Starting TruePath ..........................................................................................................................24
3.3. TruePath Status Panel ...................................................................................................................27
3.4. TruePath Menu Items....................................................................................................................28
3.4.1. Setup Menu Items..................................................................................................................29
3.4.1.1. TestNet ...........................................................................................................................29
3.4.1.2. Sensors ...........................................................................................................................35
3.4.1.3. Actuators ........................................................................................................................41
3.4.1.4. Reading Schedules .........................................................................................................44
3.4.1.5. Preferences .....................................................................................................................47
3.4.1.6. Setup ‘Save’ ...................................................................................................................48
3.4.2. File Menu Items.....................................................................................................................48
3.4.3. Tools Menu Items..................................................................................................................49
3.4.3.1. Manual Mode - Load Frame..........................................................................................50
3.4.3.2. Manual Mode – Pumps ..................................................................................................52

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 i

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
 3.4.3.3. Uplift Calibration ...........................................................................................................55
3.4.3.4. Data Acquisition.............................................................................................................57
3.4.4. Help Menu Items ...................................................................................................................60
3.4.4.1. Help Topics ....................................................................................................................60
3.4.4.2. About TruePath ..............................................................................................................60
4. Pump Saturation ...............................................................................................................................61
4.1. Connections ..................................................................................................................................61
4.2. Fill Pump.......................................................................................................................................62
4.3. Saturate Pressure Sensor...............................................................................................................63
4.4. Pressure Test.................................................................................................................................64
4.5. Saturate Pressure Line ..................................................................................................................64
5. TruePath System Software – Performing a Test ..............................................................................65
5.1. Creating a Specimen and Test Data File.......................................................................................65
5.1.1. Seating ...................................................................................................................................67
5.1.2. Back Pressure ........................................................................................................................67
5.1.3. Consolidation.........................................................................................................................67
5.1.4. Shear. .....................................................................................................................................68
5.2. Seating Tab ...................................................................................................................................68
5.2.1. Seat Piston .............................................................................................................................69
5.2.2. Adjust External Load.............................................................................................................69
5.2.3. Fill Cell..................................................................................................................................70
5.2.4. Select Cell Pressure ...............................................................................................................71
5.2.5. Flush Drain Lines and Attach Pore Pressure Sensor.............................................................72
5.2.6. Maintain Volume...................................................................................................................74
5.3. Back Pressure Tab ........................................................................................................................76
5.3.1. Start Backpressure .................................................................................................................77
5.3.2. ‘B’ Check...............................................................................................................................78
5.4. Consolidation Tab.........................................................................................................................79
5.4.1. Isotropic Consolidation .........................................................................................................79
5.4.2. Anisotropic Consolidation.....................................................................................................81

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 ii

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
 5.4.3. K0 Consolidation ...................................................................................................................82
5.5. Shear Tab ......................................................................................................................................83
5.5.1. CU – Undrained Shear...........................................................................................................83
5.5.2. CD – Drained Shear...............................................................................................................85
5.6. Test Tear Down ............................................................................................................................86
6. APPENDIX 1. Data File Format .....................................................................................................87
7. APPENDIX 2. Plot Controls ...........................................................................................................89
8. APPENDIX 3. Calibration Factor (CF) for GEOTAC Systems .....................................................93
9. APPENDIX 4. GEOTAC Sensor Cable Wiring Diagram...............................................................96

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 iii

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
1. Introduction

GEOTAC is proud to present the TruePath automated stress path system, a system designed
specifically for geotechnical testing laboratories. The result of an extensive research and
development effort, the TruePath system incorporates recent advancements in electronics and
software to make automated testing more affordable than ever. More importantly, these
advances have simplified automated testing systems while making them more robust.
Advantages for geotechnical testing include the capability to perform deformation, load, or
pressure controlled ‘closed loop’ testing. Also the immediate feed back provided by real time
plots allows the user to make critical decisions and adjustments during the course of testing.

The ‘back bone’ of the TruePath system is GEOTAC’s TestNet system that provides
automation through data acquisition and control. A TestNet system is a series of interconnected
modules that in turn are connected to a computer via a serial (COM) port.

TestNet employs Distributed Data Acquisition and Control (DDAC), a new concept that offers
significant advantages over conventional methods used for data collection and test control. A
typical data acquisition system consists of a centrally located data logger/controller to which
sensors throughout the laboratory connect. This requires long bulky cables to carry analog
signals between the data logger and sensors. Long cable runs can result in signal degradation
and contamination from electrical noise. With DDAC, data conversion hardware is placed very
close to sensor locations where analog signals are converted to digital signals. Digital signals,
which easily transmit over long distances, are sent to and from a centrally located PC compatible
computer over a single cable, which can be connected to multiple test stations to form a network.
Compared to conventional systems, DDAC is flexible, robust, and offers improved signal quality
over a longer distance with less cable clutter.

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 1

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
A single TestNet setup can include up to 32 modules connected together in a daisy chain
fashion. Each module on the network is automatically assigned a unique address by the
computer at power-up eliminating the need for hardware address settings (dip-switches) required
in some systems. The computer exchanges information (commands and data) with each module
using a full duplex (two way) binary packet protocol with parity checking to ensure reliable
transmission at speeds as high as 115200 bits/sec. TestNet modules can be located in different
rooms, even on different floors as long as total length of the network is limited to approximately
2000 feet. More detailed descriptions of TestNet components are presented in later sections.

The TruePath system ships complete. All sensors, cables, and software for performing triaxial
testing are included. A detailed discussion of the system components is presented below.

2. TruePathTM System Hardware Setup

2.1. Unpacking:
Upon taking delivery of a TruePathTM System, inspect crates and cartons for signs of
visible damage, then unpack (see below) all components and inspect for any concealed
damage. Report any damage found immediately to the shipper. The sooner a claim is
filed, the better the chances of restitution being made.

The load frame shipped with the system is either a SIGMA-1TM model (5K, 10K, or 40K
pound capacity) or a GeoJacTM.

The GeoJacTM is shipped in a carton. The SIGMA-1TM is shipped in a wooden crate

and should be unpacked as follows:
A). Stand crate on end such that the shipping label, on the crate front, is oriented right
side up.

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 2

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
 B). Locate screws holding the upper brace in place. A pair of these screws is located on
the crate front, in the center, approximately 15 inches from the top. Remove these
screws, as well as, the pair on the back located opposite from the front pair.
C). Locate screws holding the lower brace in place. A pair of these screws is located on
the crate side, in the center, approximately 20 inches from the bottom. Remove these
screws as well as the pair on the opposite side.
D). Lay the crate down, label side up, and remove the screws holding the front in place.
E). Carefully stand the crate upright and remove the load frame.

Unpack the remaining cartons and use the following list and figures below to check that
all items are present:

ITEM ACCESSORIES
Sigma-1 Load Frame Power cord
Load Cell Bolt
Load Cell Bottom Adapter
Deformation Sensor
Bracket
Strain Rods
Or
GeoJac Load Frame Power cord
Power Brick
AD-IO module (4 ch.)
Serial cables (2)
DC power cable
Load Cell piston adapter
Load Cell bottom Adapter
Deformation Sensor
Bracket and post

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 3

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
 ITEM ACCESSORIES
DigiFlow Flow Pumps Serial Cables (2)
(2) DC power cable (2)

Computer (optional) Power cord

Keyboard
Mouse
Serial Cable
Monitor (optional) Power cord
Variable DC Power Power cord
Supply DC power cable
Network Module Serial Cable
Sensors External Load Cell
Internal load cell and cable
assembly (optional)
Deformation Sensor
Pressure Sensor (3)

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 4

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
 2.2. Sigma-1 Load Frame Setup:

Refer to the figure above. Place load frame on a support bench or table that is sturdy,
leveled, and make sure that the area is dry, temperature controlled, and vibration free.
The area should also have minimal electrical noise, away from compressors, generators,
air conditioning units, etc. Complete the setup as follows:
A) Level Load Frame. Place a level on the platen and adjust the leveling feet to
achieve level. Rotate the level 90 degrees and adjust the leveling feet again to
achieve level. Repeat this process until level is achieved in both directions.

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 5

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
 B) Remove Deformation Sensor Bracket. Loosen thumbscrews on deformation
sensor bracket and slide bracket up and off strain rods.
C) Attach Load Cell. Insert load cell bolt through center hole in cross head. Align
bolt hole on top of load cell with bolt protruding from bottom of cross head. Turn
bolt clockwise and screw into load cell. Snug bolt to draw load cell against
bottom of cross head. Screw load cell button into bottom of load cell.
D) Adjust Cross Head Position. Loosen cross head nuts and either raise or lower
cross head to accommodate the type of testing to be performed. Re tighten cross
head nuts.
E) Attach Deformation Sensor. Slide deformation sensor into center hole in
deformation sensor bracket. Snug sensor thumbscrew to hold sensor in place with
approximately ½ inch of the sensor protruding from the bottom of the bracket. Do
not over tighten. Slide bracket and sensor back on strain rods and lower until
deformation sensor spindle rests on top of load cell bolt. Sung thumbscrew to fix
bracket position on strain rods. Do not over tighten. Note: The deformation
sensor travels the same direction and distance as the platen. Be sure there is a
large enough gap between the sensor and the load cell bolt to accommodate
downward travel of the platen.
F) Connect Sensors. (see below)
G) Connect Power Cord. (see below).

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 6

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
 2.3. GeoJac Load Frame Setup:

Refer to the figure above. Place the GeoJac on a support bench or table that is sturdy,
leveled, and make sure that the area is dry, temperature controlled, and vibration free.
The area should also have minimal electrical noise, away from compressors, generators,
air conditioning units, etc. Complete the setup as follows:
A. Level Load Frame. Place base on a level surface.
B. Attach Deformation Sensor Post and Bracket. Screw post into one of the tapped
holes on the GeoJac top plate. Slide bracket on to post and tighten clamping knob to
hold bracket in place.

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 7

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
 C. Attach Deformation Sensor. Slide deformation sensor into the deformation sensor
bracket. Snug knob to hold sensor in place with approximately 1 inch of the sensor
body protruding from the bottom of the bracket. Do not over tighten. Loosen
clamping knob on post end of bracket and slide bracket and sensor on post until
deformation sensor spindle rests on top the reference knob. Snug clamping knob to
fix bracket on post. Do not over tighten. Note: The deformation sensor spindle
travels the same direction and distance as the piston. Be sure there is a large enough
gap between the sensor and the reference knob to accommodate upward travel of the
piston.
D. Attach Load Cell. Screw the load cell piston adapter into the piston bottom.
Attach the load cell to the load cell piston adapter. Attach load cell bottom adapter
to the load cell.
E. Adjust Cross Head Position. Loosen crosshead nuts and either raise or lower
crosshead to accommodate the type of testing to be performed. Use a measuring
scale to check that the crosshead is level by measuring the distance between the base
platen and crosshead lower edge at both uprights. Re tighten cross head nuts.
F. Connect Sensors. (see below)
G. Connect Power Cord. (see below).

2.4. TruePath System Setup:

TruePath System components can be set up quickly using the figures and the
instructions below. Be sure to read the instructions important information concerning
use and care of the system is given. Note, do not power up the system until the last step.

The setup when using a Sigma-1 load frame is as follows:

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 8

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
 If a GeoJac is being used, the setup is as follows:

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 9

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
 2.4.1. Computer:

The minimal specifications for the TruePath system computer are as follows:
IBM PC compatible, with a Pentium CPU running at 120 MHz or faster,
Windows 95® operating system, minimum 16 MB RAM, 3.5 inch floppy drive,
1.2 GB hard drive, and a Super VGA card with a monitor offering 800x600 or
higher resolution. The computer should also have at least one free serial (COM)

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 10

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
 port working properly. Note that setting up serial ports is not a trivial task. Note:
If GEOTAC supplied the computer, all the necessary software installations and
setups have been performed. It is only necessary to make the physical hardware
connections.

Place computer near load frame. Attach the AC power cord, keyboard, and
mouse. Place monitor near computer and attach power cord to monitor and
connect cable from monitor to computer. Attach female end of one serial cable
to the 9 pin serial port on the rear of the computer (next to the 25 pin male
connector). Plug AC power cord from monitor and computer into an AC outlet.

2.4.2. Network Module:

The Network module is the first of seven TestNet modules incorporated in the
TruePath system. The Network module regulates the flow of commands and
data between the computer and the load frame. The front panel is shown below.
An ‘OFF/ON’ switch on the front regulates the power to the TestNet network
and can be used to reset the network. A red LED lights up when network power
is on. Two green on the front panel indicate communication status (TX =
transmit, RX = receive).

The rear panel is shown below. It has two serial ports and one power port.

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 11

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
 Cables connect to the rear panel as shown below,

One serial cable connects the module to the computer. The male end of this
serial cable connects to the female D-sub connector labeled ‘TestNet In’. The
second serial cable connects the Network module to load frame. The female end
of this cable connects to the male sub-D connector labeled ‘TestNet Out’. The
DC power cord from the Power Supply connects to the Network module at the
connector labeled “MODULE POWER”. The power cord is terminated with 3-
pin DIN connectors. NOTE: Do not connect this cable to the Network module
until the power supply is set up properly (see below). Also, switch the Network
module to ‘off’ before connecting or disconnecting this cable.

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 12

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
 2.4.3. Precision Variable Power Supply:

A linear regulated DC power supply, shown above, provides logic power for the
TestNet module circuitry and sensor excitation. An AC power cord terminated
with a standard 3-prong plug connects the power supply to an AC outlet (110
VAC, 60 Hz). Plug in the power supply, allow five minutes for warm up, and
then check the voltage reading on the front panel. The power supply was set to
14.9, +/- 0.1 current before shipping. If this setting has changed, insert a small
flat bladed screwdriver through the fine adjustment hole in the front panel and
into the slot of the adjustment post. Increase setting by turning the screwdriver
clockwise. NOTE: TestNet modules can be permanently damaged if the DC
power input exceeds the 15V limit. A safe practice is to turn the Network
module off when making adjustments to the power supply settings. The current
reading should be zero if nothing is connected to the front panel.

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 13

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
 A DC power cord terminated with a 3-pin DIN connectors connects between the
front panel of the power supply and the rear panel of the Network module. One
end attaches to any of the three outlets on the power supply front panel. The
other end connects to the back of the Network module. Be sure the power
supply has been set properly and the Network module is switched to ‘off’ before
making the connection.

Additional information about the power supply can be found in the

manufacture’s literature provided with the unit.

2.4.4. Load Frame Modules:

Two additional TestNet modules, an ADIO module and a Servo module, are
associated with the load frame. On the Sigma-1 load frame, the modules are
attached to the rear panel of the load frame as shown below.

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 14

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
 Both modules are similar in size to the Network module and are attached to the
rear of the panel shown above. The Servo module controls the load frame motor.
It is the second module on the SIGMA-1 TestNet network and connects to the
Network module at the 9-pnin sub-D connector labeled ‘TestNet In’. The
module also has two LED’s, the red one indicates network power, and the yellow
indicates motor power.

The AD-IO module provides four channels of analog data acquisition. State-of-
the-art analog-to-digital (A/D) conversion technology is used to achieve 22-bit
resolution at 80 readings per second data rate on a single channel. Conversion
rates as high as 250 readings per second can be achieved without significant loss
in resolution. The four input signal ranges, +/- 10V, +/- 1V, +/- 0.1V, and +/-
0.01V, can be independently set for individual channels. This allows ADIO
modules to handle low level (mV) signals from strain gage type sensors along
side with high level signals without any signal conditioning.

Sensors are connected to ADIO modules at the four 6-pin miniature DIN
(MDIN) sockets labeled ‘CH 1’ through ‘CH 4’. The ADIO modules can
provide either 5 VDC or 10 VDC for sensor excitation. Excitation voltage is
determined by how a sensor connector is wired and can be different for different
channels. Sensors should not draw more than 500mA from each ADIO module
and the total power consumption by all sensors should not exceed 3A for the
entire network. Sensor excitation power is stepped down from 15 VDC network

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 15

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
 power using precision regulators. Proper sensor cable shielding is necessary to
protect signals from RF noise. The shield drain wire should be connected to the
shield pin of the DIN connector but it should be left unconnected at the sensor
end.

The load frame rear panel with all the proper cables connected is shown below.

An AC power cable connects to the socket on the left. This socket also contains
an off/on switch for AC power. Four sensor cables are shown connected to the
ADIO module. The external load cell is connected to CH1, internal load cell (if
present) is connected to CH2, the deformation sensor is connected to CH3, and
the temperature sensor (if present) is connected to CH4. The male end of the
serial cable coming from the Network is shown connected to the 9 pin sub-D
connector on the Servo module labeled ‘TestNet In’. The female end of the
serial cable going to the Cell pump is shown connected to the 9 pin sub-D
connector on the AD-IO module labeled ‘TestNet Out’.

If a GeoJac is being used, the Servo module is attached to the GeoJac side panel.
The AD-IO module is external. The GeoJac Side panel, with and without
connections is shown below.

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 16

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
 The 24 VDC cable from the Power Brick is attached to the connector labeled
‘Power Input’. The male end of the serial cable coming from the Network is
shown connected to the 9 pin sub-D connector on the Servo module labeled
‘TestNet In’. The female end of the serial cable going to the AD-IO module is
shown connected to the 9 pin sub-D connector labeled ‘TestNet Out’.

The both ends of the external AD-IO module are shown below.

The serial cable from the GeoJac connects to

the 9 pin sub-D connector labeled ‘Data Net
In’. The 6 pin minim-Din connector can be
used for checking the excitation voltage. The
‘Offset – Trim’ screw is used for adjusting
the zero offset. The 25 pin sub D connector
is for the IO lines.

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 17

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
 The serial cable to the Cell pump connects to
the 9 pin sub-D connector labeled ‘Data Net
Out’. Four 6 pin mini-Din connectors are
provided for connecting sensors. The
‘Termination’ dipswitches should be in the
off position. The red LED indicates that the
module has power

The AD-IO module with cables connected is shown below.

The serial cable from the GeoJac is shown

connected to the 9 pin sub-D connector labeled
‘Data Net In’.

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 18

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
 Four sensor cables are shown connected to the
ADIO module. The external load cell is
connected to CH1, internal load cell (if present)
is connected to CH2, the deformation sensor is
connected to CH3, and the temperature sensor (if
present) is connected to CH4. The female end of
the serial cable going to the Cell Pump is shown
connected to the 9 pin sub-D connector labeled
‘DataNet Out’.

2.4.5. DigiFlow Modules:

Each DigiFlow pump has two TestNet modules, an ADIO module and a Servo
module . These modules are attached to the pump rear panel as shown below.

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 19

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
 The Servo module controls the pump motor. The cell pump Servo module is the
fourth module on the TruePath TestNet network and connects to the Sigma-1
load frame ADIO module at the 9-pnin sub-D connector labeled ‘TestNet Out’.
The cell pump Servo module also has two LED’s, the red one indicates network
power, and the yellow indicates motor power.

The cell pump ADIO module provides four channels of analog data.

The TestNet network is completed by connecting serial cables between the

ADIO module on the cell pump and the Servo module of the pore pump. The
female end of the serial cable connects to the ADIO module connector labeled
‘TestNet Out’, The male end connects to the Servo connector labeled ‘TestNet’
in.

Each DigiFlow pump requires 24 VDC power to operate the motor. The Sigma-
1 load frame at the two right most connectors labeled ‘POWER OUT’ supplies
this power. If a GeoJac is being used, 24 VDC is supplied by the Power Brick.

Two DC power cables have been supplied. Plug one end of each cable into the
load frame, then plug the other end into on of the DigiFlow pumps.

The DigiFlow cell pump rear panel with all the proper cables connected is
shown below.

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 20

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
 One sensor cable is shown connected to the ADIO module. The pressure sensor
is connected to CH1. The male end of the serial cable coming from the load
frame is shown connected to the 9 pin sub-D connector on the Servo module
labeled ‘TestNet In’. The female end of the serial cable leading to the pore
pump is shown connected to the 9 pin sub-D connector labeled ‘TestNet Out’ on
the ADIO module. A DC power cable is shown connected to the 5 pin Din
connector on the Servo module labeled ‘24 VDC’.

All modules except the Network module contain termination DIP switches (red
block of tiny switches). The purpose of termination is to minimize signal
reflections in the cable and to designate the last module on the network. The
switches must be set to ‘OFF’ on all but the last module on the network. They
must be set to ‘ON’ for the last module, which in this case is the ADIO module
on the pore pump. Servo module DIP switches have been set to ‘OFF’

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 21

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
 2.5. TruePath System Power Up
Check that all components and cables have been attached as described above. The power
supply should be on and the voltage reading should be 14.9, +/- 0.1VDC. Power up the
system as follows:
1. Turn the computer and monitor on.
2. Turn the Network module Power to ‘ON’. Check that the red LED
power light is on for the Network, Servo, and ADIO modules.
3. Turn the AC power switch on the load frame rear panel to ‘on’. Check
that the yellow LED labeled ‘motor’ in the Servo section of the load
frame rear panel or the GeoJac side panel is on.

Once a successful power up has been achieved, proceed to the next section for
instruction on installing the system software.

3. TruePath System Software - Installation and Configuration

TruePath Software allows for operation of the load frame and pumps and provides acquisition
and control for stress path triaxial testing. It is a Windows based true 32-bit program offering
benefits such as familiar graphical user interface and robust preemptive multitasking that allows
other applications to run in the background.

3.1. Installation

The program is distributed on CD. Please make sure to read the ‘Readme.txt’ file
included on CD for the latest information and instructions.

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 22

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
 A) Insert CD in drive and using Windows Explorer locate ‘TruePath.msi’ file, double
click it to launch program installer. The installation program uses ‘Windows
Installer’ service a program that is normally incorporated into Windows 9X, 2000,
NT, and XP operating systems. However, ‘Windows Installer’ may not be present
on older computers. If your computer is not able to start the installation when you
double click on ‘TruePath.msi’ file then you need to first install ‘Windows
Installer’ service. It is included on the TruePath CD. This has to be done only
once. ‘Windows Installer’ setup program for Windows 95/98 is located under
‘M:\Windows Installer\Win9X’ folder where ‘M’ is the drive letter for CD-ROM.
If you are using Windows NT, use installer setup program located under
‘M:\Windows Installer\WinNT’.

B) After you install ‘Windows Installer’ and reboot the system, double click
‘TruePath.msi’ and follow instructions provided by the installation program.

C) The installation program copies program files under directory ’C:\ Program Files
\ TruePath ’on the hard disk (unless another path is specified) and creates a
program folder named ‘Geotac’ under Start | Programs menu and places a
shortcut to TruePath. It will also place a shortcut to TruePath.exe on the desktop.

Upon installation, two files, ‘TruePath.exe’ (Application file) and ‘TruePath.ini’

(Configuration Settings file) are created in the TruePath Program Folder.

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 23

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
 TruePath.ini contains set up information the user enters, such as calibration
factors and load and pressure limits. Later, upon using the program, two
additional files will appear in the program folder. A ‘Graph.ini’ file is created
the first time a ‘Graph’ button is clicked, and an ‘Error Log.txt’ file is created
that logs and errors or alarm conditions (reaching a travel limit or exceeding load
and pressure limits).

3.2. Starting TruePath

You can start TruePath by either double clicking the program icon in ‘Program Files \
TruePath’ folder or selecting TruePath the the Start | Programs | Geotac menu. The
more common way of starting the program though would be to double click the short cut
icon on the desktop. Upon startup, the ‘TruePath ’ main user interface window appears
as shown in below.

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 24

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
 If the program is being launched for the first time, a series of messages starting with the
following.

Click ‘OK’ and the first of a series of windows will pop up prompting the user to enter
configuration file information. Refer to the three-ring binder supplied with the system
for entry information. This information can be entered as the windows pop up, or the
windows can be dismissed (click either ‘Done’ or ‘OK’) and the information entered
later through ‘Setup’ on the menu bar. As the configuration windows pop up, refer to the
section below on the menu bar item ‘Setup’ for instructions on entering configuration
information.

The first window to pop up after clicking ‘OK’ requires the selection of a serial port.

Use the drop down box to select a serial port then click ‘Done’. If the program has not
been activated, the following message appears:

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 25

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
 Click ‘Yes’ and follow the instructions to obtain necessary activation code.

Enter the activation code then click ‘Activate’. If the correct COM port was selected, the
remaining set up widows will pop up. If the wrong COM port is chosen, the following
message will appear.

Click ‘OK’ and to allow the remaining setup windows to appear. When finished with
these windows, return to ‘Setup | TestNet’ menu item and choose another serial port.
Repeat this process until the correct serial port is chosen. Refer to the section below
concerning the menu item Setup for additional details on identifying the correct serial
port.

Once the program is launched, you can exit the program by clicking on the [X] button in
the far right corner of the title bar or by selecting Close (Alt. + F4) from the system
menu. TruePath starts with ‘C:\ Program Files \ TruePath ’ as the default path. That
means any data files created by the program will be placed in directory ‘C:\ Program

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 26

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
 Files \ TruePath ’, unless another directory is chosen. It is best to choose another folder
for storing test data. The procedure for selecting another folder is described in a later
section on selecting ‘Preferences’.

The user interface has three components: Status Panel, Menu Bar and Tab Panels. Each
of these is discussed in the sections below:

3.3. TruePath Status Panel

The appearance of the status panel varies depending on whether a Sigma-1 load frame or
GeoJac has been selected under ‘Setup – Actuators’ (see below). Both Status windows
are shown below.

The Status Panel occupies the left half of the screen and is visible throughout the test. It
is a graphical representation of a stress path test setup that includes important status
information. A quick look at the status panel allows the operator to assess overall status
of the system any time during the test. Rectangular numeric display fields are used for
displaying sensor readings, platen displacement, and platen deformation rate.

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 27

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
 When a sensor reading exceeds its minimum or maximum limits (set by the user), the
corresponding display field turns red and a beeping sound is used to get the user’s
attention. The load frame will stop moving if the load cell minimum or maximum is
exceeded. Also, pumps will stop moving if their associated pressure sensor
maximum or minimum is exceeded.

Platen or piston displacement direction is indicated by simulated LED’s. A blinking

LED indicates that the platen or piston has reached a travel limit. The display field
labeled ‘Position’ tracks platen movement. The ‘Position” field contains the distance the
platen has moved away from a user selectable reference point, usually the lower travel
limit. This display is useful for directing the platen or piston to move to known positions
within the platen travel range. The reference point is usually not changed.

The Speed and Position display fields and the load frame and Flow and Volume display
fields on the pumps contain values computed based on a built in encoder, not from a
deformation sensor. This is a safety measure in that encoder information is always
available for calculations while the deformation sensor information may be out of range
if not properly set by the user. Deformation sensor readings however are available for
data reduction if needed.

3.4. TruePath Menu Items

A standard Window style menu is located at the top of the main user interface window.
Using menu commands the operator can enter and edit test parameters, sensor calibration
information, reading schedules, and hardware settings and constants. This information is
stored in the ‘Configuration File’. Menu commands are also used and for testing the
A/D converter and servo (motor controller). The various menu options are shown and
discussed below.

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 28

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
 3.4.1. Setup Menu Items.
Select ‘Setup’ on the menu list and the following options are displayed. Details
for each option are discussed below.

3.4.1.1. TestNet
Serial Port, Baud Rate, and module settings are all entered through the
‘Setup |TestNet’ option. Select TestNet and the ‘TestNet Setup’ window
will appear.

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 29

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
 Two pull-down boxes allow for setting the serial port and baud rate. A
baud rate of 19200 is adequate for most setups. Information on ADIO
modules connected to the network is shown in the module list box.
Command buttons on the right side of the window allow for adding,
removing, editing, and testing modules. These commands can also be
accessed through a pop-up menu by right clicking on a module name in
the list box.

Name order in the module list coincides with the module location on the
network; first module (top of list) is closest to the computer, last module
(bottom of list) is last on the network (with address = 1). Modules are
automatically assigned addresses by the program according the order of
this list, so it is important that new module being added to the network
are placed at the proper location in the list.

All modules (a total of six) needed for a TruePath system are already
stored in the configuration file and shown on the ‘Module List’. These
modules cannot be removed. If for some reason additional modules need
to be added to the TruePath system TestNet network, use the following
procedure.

To add an ADIO module, click on the module name (to highlight is

t) that will immediately precede the new module and then click Add
Module button. The program will insert new module immediately under
the highlighted module.

After clicking Add Module the ‘Add TestNet Module’ window will
appear.

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 30

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
 Click in the ‘Name’ text box and type in a unique name for the module
being added. Use the pull down box to select the module type, and then
click ‘OK’. The module will be added to the list shown in the ‘TestNet
Setup’ window.

Note: It is necessary to check all ADIO modules settings before using

any actuators. Check the ADIO settings as follows. Select an ADIO
module on the ‘TestNet Setup’ window list, and then click Edit. The
‘Edit <actuator> ADIO’ window will appear. Note that the module name
cannot be edited. To rename a module, remove it from the list using the
Remove command button and then add it back to the list with the new
name.

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 31

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
 Select a ‘Data Rate’. This is the rate at which readings are converted. A
value of 80 readings per second is adequate for most geotechnical
testing.

Next, enter values for ‘Gain Factor’, ‘10V Excitation’, and ‘5V
Excitation’. For older ADIO modules, these values are contained on the
calibration sheet supplied with each module in the three ring binder and
need to be entered manually. For modules with serial numbers greater
than 1400, these settings are entered automatically. These modules
contain a non-volatile memory programmed with the calibration
information.

Next, select an ‘Input Range’ for each channel. The input range for any
channel should be selected to accommodate the maximum output voltage
from the sensor connected to that channel. For best resolution, use the
smallest input range available. The 0.1 V range will be suitable for most

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 32

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
 strain gauge based sensors. The 10.0 V range is suitable for most
DCDT’s or variable reluctance type sensors. Note that if a sensor will
only be excited in the low end of its range, a smaller input range can be
selected to increase resolution. For example, if a 10,000 pound load cell
that outputs 0.035 V at full scale is used in a test where the maximum
load will not exceed 1,000 pounds, then the output at 1,000 pounds
would be approximately .0035 V, so the 0.01V range can be selected. If
a reduced range is being used and the input exceeds the value selected,
the maximum value will be stored in the data file for all readings in
which the range has been exceeded. For example, if the load cell
described above was excited by a 5,000 pound load while using the 0.01
V range, the corresponding reading stored in the data file would be 0.010
V.

When finished entering module data, click OK to close the ‘Edit

<actuator> ADIO’ window.

Perform this procedure for the Load frame ADIO and both DigiFlow
pump ADIO modules.

Once all the ADIO modules settings have been checked, make sure all
cables are connected properly, network power is turned on, and
termination switches are in ON position only for the last module on the
network. Next, click Done to close the ‘TestNet Setup’ window. A
prompt will appear requiring the network to be reset.

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 33

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
 Do this by turning the network power off and on (using OFF/ON switch
on the Network module). Click OK and the system will undergo an
initialization sequence and issue appropriate warnings if it cannot
complete the process. A quick check that the network is operating
properly is to watch the communication status LED’s on the Network
module during initialization process. If neither transmit (TX) nor
receive (RX) LED blinks, it indicates that the serial (COM) port is not
working. If the transmit LED blinks but receive LED does not, it usually
means that the modules are not connected properly or a module reset has
failed. If this happens, quit TruePath, check all connections, cycle
network power one more time (turn the switch on the Network module
OFF and ON), and restart the program. If initialization is successful, the
program creates Configuration file named “TruePath.ini” in the default
directory.

Once TestNet modules are initialized properly, data acquisition can be

performed. Before that however, a quick check to see that the ADIO
modules are working properly is recommended. To do this, select
‘Setup | TestNet’ and the ‘TestNet Setup’ window will appear. Select an
ADIO module and click Test and the ‘Test <name> ADIO’ window will
appear. Clicking Start in the ‘Channel Scan’ section continuously
displays the current reading for each channel. Clicking Start in the
‘Statistics’ section causes the program to take 100 readings from the
selected channel. Statistical analysis of these readings is then performed
to obtain the average and the standard deviation. This window is useful
for checking that the sensors are responding properly, that calibrations
are correct, and for determining noise levels.

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 34

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
 3.4.1.2.Sensors

To view sensor information contained in the Configuration file, select

‘Setup | Sensors’ and the ‘Sensor List’ window appears.

The list box in this window contains a summary of the sensor

information that TruePath automatically stores in the Configuration file
upon the initial startup of the program. These are the sensors that the
TruePath program needs to operate properly. These sensors cannot be
removed. However, it is possible to add additional sensors if channel
positions are available. Note: Dummy parameters are created for built-in

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 35

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
 sensors upon initial startup. These values must be changed to the correct
numbers otherwise system may not function correctly and can be severly
damaged.

Command buttons along the window bottom allow for adding, removing,
editing, or testing sensors. These commands can also be invoked by
right clicking on a sensor name in the list box or choosing the ‘Sensor’
menu item.

The other menu item, ‘Database’, shown below,

is a program feature that links the sensor list to a separate data base that
can be created and can contain information on all sensors that may be
used with TruePath or any other GeoTAC program. This makes it
possible to switch out sensors (e.g. switching load cells to accommodate
a different load range) without having to reenter all the calibration data.
Instructions for this feature are contained in a separate document.

It is possible to sort sensors by name, ID, location, etc. by clicking on

corresponding column header. Clicking once sorts sensors in
descending order while clicking the same column header twice reverses
the order.

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 36

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
 Enter appropriate sensor parameters by first clicking on a sensor name
and then clicking ‘Edit’. The ‘Edit <sensor name>’ will window appear.

Check the sensor information included in the three ring binder and enter
it as needed based on the item descriptions below. Note that some of the
information cannot be changed (e.g. sensor name) and that some of the
dummy information loaded at initial startup is correct and does not need
to be changed.

‘Name’: The names of sensors included in the sensor list

upon initial startup of TruePath cannot be
changed. These are sensors that TruePath needs
to operate properly.
‘ID’: Enter a unique sensor ID. This is usually a
number found on the sensor, such as a serial
number. Sensor ID shall include at least one
non-numerical character (any character other
than 0-9).

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 37

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
 ‘ADIO Module’: select the ADIO module that the sensor is
attached to.
‘Unit’: Enter the units corresponding to the calibration
factor, e.g. psi
‘Channel’: Select the channel number the sensor is attached
to.
‘Calibration Factor’: Note: this factor need to be entered before the
system is operated. This is particularly true for
load cells and pressure sensors. These sensors
are used to check for overloading or over
pressurization. Sever damage can occur if the
system is operated with incorrect calibration
factors.
Enter the calibration factor in units/V/V. See
Appendix for a discussion concerning the
calibration factor. Sensor calibration factors are
included in the three ring binder.
‘Excitation (V)’: Click the appropriate excitation for the sensor.
If the senor is powered through TestNet, the
option is either 5 or 10 Volts, depending on how
the sensor is wired. If the sensor was supplied
by GeoTAC, an orange band on the sensor cable
means it has been wired for 10 volt excitation, a
green band signifies 5 volt excitation. Clicking
the 5 or 10 Volt option assigns the value entered
when setting up the module (see 3.4.1). If an
external source is used to excite the sensor, click
‘External’ and enter the appropriate value.
‘Maximum’: Enter the maximum value (in units) that the
sensor is rated for. This value is critical for laod

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 38

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
 cells and pressure sensors. This value is used to
detect overloading or over pressurization. (See
note below)
‘Minimum’: Enter the minimum value (in units) that the
sensor is rated for.
‘Zero’: Enter the sensor output in volts when there is no
physical excitation. This value can be entered
manually on this window or it will be filled in
automatically when the ‘Take Zero’ button is
clicked in the ‘Test Sensor’ window (see
below).

Click OK. Sensor information appears in the list box in the ‘Sensor
List’ window. If any sensor information is incorrect, click the sensor
name and then Edit or right click the sensor name and select Edit from
the pop-up menu. The ‘Edit <sensor name>’ window will appear.
Make required changes and click OK. Note that sensor ID cannot be
edited. If this is entered incorrectly, remove the sensor from the
database and reenter the correct information.

If the network is successfully initialized then the Test command button

on ‘Sensor List’ window will be enabled. To check that a sensor is
working properly, click its name and then Test. The ‘Test <sensor
name>’ window will appear.

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 39

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
 It displays sensor output in volts, along with the converted reading with
appropriate units, and the zero reading in volts. Clicking Take Zero
command button causes the program to average 10 consecutive readings
and record the average as the zero reading in the sensor database. When
all sensor information has been entered, click Done to dismiss ‘Sensor
List’ window.

Note: Sensors that have a maximum output equal to the selected

‘Input Voltage’ range (check the ‘Edit <device> ADIO’ window which
can be opened through the ‘Setup | TestNet’ window) requires special
attention. If the channel range is set to 0.1V, the maximum it can read is
100 mV. Consequently, a 0-300 psi sensor that has a maximum output
of 100 mV cannot be used to measure pressures larger than 300 psi
(assuming perfect sensor zero (0.0 mV)). However, if the zero is slightly
positive (say 0.3 mV) the maximum pressure that can be measured is
reduced because the positive zero uses up some of the voltage range.
will be less that 300 psi (it will be 299.1). Thus, if you set maximum
pressure to be same as transducer capacity, the program, under certain
circumstances, can never detect an over pressure condition. Therefore, it
is recommend that the maximum pressure be set about 10 psi lower than
sensor range (290 psi in this case).

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 40

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
 Additional sensors can be added to the TruePath sensor list. To add a
sensor, first click on a sensor name in the existing list, and then click
Add. The “Add New Sensor” window will appear.

The new sensor is placed directly after the sensor name highlighted
when Add is clicked. Note that for new sensors, the user can enter a
‘Name’. Enter the appropriate sensor information and then click ‘OK’.
If any sensor information is incorrect, click the sensor name and then
Edit or right click the sensor name and select Edit from the pop-up
menu. The ‘Edit <sensor name>’ window will appear. Make required
changes and click OK. Note that sensor ID cannot be edited. If this is
entered incorrectly, remove the sensor from the database and reenter the
correct information.

3.4.1.3.Actuators
Load frame and pump information is added to the Configuration file by
selecting ‘Setup | Actuator’. The ‘Actuator Setup’ window shown below
should appear. It contains a tab for each actuator. The first tab is for the
cell pump.

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 41

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
 The calibration factor is for the built in encoder and gives the number of
counts per cubic centimeter of flow. Check the enclosed calibration
sheet for the correct factor. A label on the pump also lists the calibration
factor. Enter the remaining values listed above. The next tab is for the
pore pump. Click on it and enter the appropriate values.

The next tab is for the load frame.

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 42

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
 Click on the ‘Model’ list box and select the appropriate load frame. The
corresponding factors for ‘Total Stroke’, ‘Maximum Speed’, and
‘Default Stiffness’ will be entered automatically. Click ‘OK’ when
finished.

Note: If the load frame is not a standard GeoTAC model, such as older
load frames that GeoTAC converted, check the three ring binder or call
GeoTAC for the appropriate ‘Load Frame’ parameters. Severe damage
can occur if the incorrect values are used.

The status panel displayed on the main window is determined by which

load frame ‘Model’ is selected. All Sigma-1 load frames share the same
status panel. The GeoJac however has a different status panel. When
changing from a Sigma-1 to a GeoJac load frame (or visa versa) for the
first time, the following message will be displayed.

If ‘Yes’ is selected, the following message appears.

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 43

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
 Click ‘OK’ and then restart the program. The new Status panel will
appear on the main screen.

Click the ‘x’ in the upper right hand corner to dismiss the ‘Actuator
Setup’ window when all the tabs have been selected and the appropriate
entries have been made.

3.4.1.4.Reading Schedules
Click ‘Reading Schedules’ and the following window will appear.

‘Reading Schedule’ is a program feature that provides a convenient

means for storing and recalling various sets of reading schedules used
for different stages of a triaxial test. Schedules can be time or strain
based. A ‘Reading Schedule’ consists of two columns or pairs of

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 44

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
 numbers. The first column contains the number of readings that are to
be taken at the interval specified in the second column. Below are two
examples of ‘Reading Schedules’ typically used in triaxial testing
.
Example 1. Back Pressure or Consolidation Stage

# of Interval
Readings (min)
1 0
20 .5
40 1
40 5

Example 2. Shear Stage

# of Interval
Readings (strain)
1 0
40 0.025
40 .1
40 .25

Example 1. is a time based schedule, 20 readings will be taken 30

seconds apart, followed by 40 readings taken 1 minute apart, and finally
40 readings taken 5 minutes apart. The total number of readings listed is
121. If more than 121 readings are taken, these subsequent readings will
also be taken every 5 minutes, the last interval on the list.

Example 2. is a strain based schedule, 40 readings will be taken in the

first 1% strain, 40 readings between 1% and 5% stain, and 40 readings
between 5% and 16% strain. The total number of readings listed is 121.

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 45

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
 If more than 121 readings are taken, these subsequent readings will also
be taken every 0.5% strain, the last interval on the list.

To create a ‘Reading Schedule’, select either ‘time’ or ‘strain’ from the

pull down menu and then click Add. The ‘Add Reading Schedule’
window for ‘time’ or ‘strain’ should appear.

Type in a unique name for a ‘Schedule Name’. Type in the number of

readings and an interval for those readings in the appropriate boxes.
Note that all new reading schedules have the first row automatically
filled in. This first row reflects the zero reading that is recorded for all
data files. This reading is also included in the total number of readings.
A running tally of the total number of readings and times is displayed in
the lower two boxes. Click ‘Add’ to add the second point to the
‘Reading Schedule’. The number of readings and interval should appear
in the list box. Type in the number of readings and interval for the next
point in the ‘Reading Schedule’. Continue adding points until the
schedule is complete and then click ‘Finish’.

Reading Schedules cannot be edited. Changes and corrections are made

by first removing a schedule and then recreating it just as if it was a new
group. You can remove a ‘Reading Schedule’ by first selecting it with
the pull down arrow in the ‘Schedule Name’ box, and then clicking
‘Remove’.

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 46

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
 Create additional Reading Schedules by repeating the above procedure.
When Reading Schedule Add/Removing is finished, close the window
by clicking ‘Done’. Note that any changes made with respect to Reading
Schedules are not saved until you quit TruePath. If the program
terminates prematurely, changes will be lost. Therefore, it is good
practice to save through ‘Setup | Save’ immediately after changes have
been made.

3.4.1.5. Preferences

Click ‘Preferences’ and the following window will appear.

Use the ‘Browse’ button to choose a default data folder. TruePath

starts with ‘C:\ Program Files \ TruePath ’ as the default path. This
means any data files created by the program will be placed in directory
‘C:\ Program Files \ TruePath’, unless another directory is chosen. It
is best to choose a folder other than a program folder for storing test
data. As a suggestion, create a folder named ‘TruePath Data’ on the

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 47

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
 hard drive. Then click ‘Browse’ and select this folder. Any test files
created within TruePath will be stored in ‘TruePath Data’.

The window also contains entry boxes for specimen diameter and height.
Enter the most commonly used values. These values will appear in data
entry boxes in the ‘Specimen Data’ window eliminating the need to type
them in.

If an internal load cell is present, the piston diameter and friction are
irrelevant. If an internal load is not being used. ‘Piston Friction’ and
‘Diameter’ are used to adjust the calculated the vertical load applied to
the specimen.

3.4.1.6.Setup ‘Save’
Note that any changes made using any Setup Menu item are not saved
until you quit TruePath. If the program terminates prematurely,
changes will be lost. Therefore, it is good practice to save through
Setup | Save immediately after any changes have been made.

3.4.2. File Menu Items

Click on the ‘File’ menu and the followoing choices appear:

When Test Data is selected, the ‘Test Data Setup’ window appears

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 48

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
 When Specimen Data is selected, the ‘Specimen Data Setup’ window
appears

Both of these windows are used to create a data file. Details are
discussed in a later section.

3.4.3. Tools Menu Items

When the Tools menu item is clicked, the following options become available.

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 49

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
 These menu items can be used to operate the pumps and load frame in manual
mode, determine piston uplift, and collect data. All are discussed below.

3.4.3.1.Manual Mode - Load Frame

When Manual Mode menu item is selected, the ‘Manual Mode’ window
appears. The window consists of tab panels, one for each actuator. Click
the ‘Load Frame’ tab and note the two options available on the lower
tab.

In ‘Displacement Control’, the user can control the displacement of the

platen or piston. It can be set at full speed and maximum displacement
by choosing the top or bottom arrows then clicking ‘Start’. The platen

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 50

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
 or piston will continue in motion until an upper or lower limit is reached
or until ‘Stop’ is clicked. Motion can also be stopped and started by
pressing the space bar.

The entry boxes can be used to move the platen or piston at a desired
speed and distance. Once entries are made, click one of the inner arrows
then ‘Start’. The platen or piston will move the specified distance, at the
entered speed, in the direction selected of the selected arrow. The space
bar can be used to start and stop platen movement. Note that the
distance the platen or piston will travel is reset each time the ‘Stop’ and
‘Start’ button is clicked (or space bar). In other words, it will not
complete an interrupted move; it will start a new one.

Clicking the ‘Reset’ button sets the position display box in the load
frame shown in the Status Panel to zero

In the ‘Load Control’ option, a load is entered along with a time. Upon
clicking ‘Start’, the load will ramp to the desired load in the time
entered. Alternatively, the constant load option can be selected in which
case the load frame will move as quickly as possible to achieve the
desired load Start’ (the ‘Constant Load’ option should be used with
caution to avoid over loading).

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 51

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
 The selected load can be based on the internal or external load cell.
Also, the direction of loading can be limited by selecting options in the
‘Direction’ box. This option is useful in trying to minimize load
fluctuations. For instance, in consolidating a specimen, one can choose
the ‘Load’ option and the load frame will stop moving if the desired load
is ever exceeded. The load frame will move again once the load has
fallen below the desired value due to specimen consolidation.

3.4.3.2.Manual Mode – Pumps

Click either the ‘Cell Pressure’ or ‘Pore Pressure’ tab and note the
following two options available on the lower tabs.

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 52

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
 In ‘Volume Control’, the user can select a flow rate, volume, and
direction to move the pump piston. It can be set at full speed and
maximum volume by choosing the top or bottom arrows then clicking
‘Start’. The piston will continue in motion until an upper or lower limit
is reached or until ‘Stop’ is clicked. Motion can also be stopped and
started by pressing the space bar after the ‘Start’ button is clicked.

The entry boxes can be used to move the piston at a desired rate and
volume. Once entries are made, click one of the inner arrows then
‘Start’. The piston will move the specified volume, at the entered rate,
in the direction selected of the selected arrow. The space bar can be
used to start and stop piston movement. Note that the volume expelled
or drawn in is reset each time the ‘Stop’ and ‘Start’ button is clicked (or
space bar). In other words, an interrupted move will not be completed; a
new move will be initiated instead.

Clicking the ‘Reset’ button sets the volume display box next to the pump
shown in the Status Panel to zero

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 53

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
 In the ‘Pressure Control’ option, a pressure is entered along with a time.
If ‘Constant Pressure’ option is selected, the piston will move as quickly
as possible to achieve the desired pressure upon clicking ‘Start’ (the
‘Constant Pressure’ option should be used with caution to avoid over
pressurization). Alternatively, if ‘Ramp Pressure’ is selected, the
pressure will ramp to the desired value in the time entered.

A third option, ‘Effective Stress’, is also available. When this option is

selected, the pumps operate in a ‘master - slave’ mode. ‘Effective
Stress’ can only be chosen on one pump at a time. The pump for which
‘Effective Stress’ is selected becomes the slave pump. The pressure
entered in the ‘Pressure’ entry box is the pressure difference (cell pump
pressure – pore pump pressure) that will be maintained between the two
pumps. It is not the pressure that the pump will ramp to. Once the
effective stress mode is activated, the slave pump will respond to any
changes in the master pump’s pressure by adjusting its own pressure to
maintain the desired pressure difference.

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 54

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
 3.4.3.3. Uplift Calibration
If an internal load cell is not used, a piston uplift calibration should be
performed. The load measured using an external load cell is the sum of
both the load on the specimen and the piston uplift load. TruePath
performs the uplift calibration automatically. The cell pressure is raised
at a slow rate and the uplift load is measured as a function of pressure.
The uplift values are stored in the ‘Configuration’ file and used to adjust
load measured during testing so only the load on the specimen is be used
for stress calculations.

The calibration is performed by first filling the cell with confining fluid
(water or silicone oil), placing it in the load frame, unlocking the piston,
and then applying a small cell pressure such that the piston raises and
makes contact with the external load cell.

Next, select ‘Tools | Uplift Calibration’.

The ‘Piston Uplift Calibration’ window will appear.

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 55

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
 Enter a pressure that covers the range to be used during testing and click
‘Start’. The calibration will start and the ‘Cancel’ button will appear.

A flashing message at the window bottom confirms that the calibration is

in progress. After five readings are taken, the current calculations for
piston diameter, weight, and regression coefficient will appear. These
values are updated until the ‘Target Cell Pressure’ is reached. Click
‘Cancel’ if necessary to stop the calibration progress. The following
conformation window will appear.

Click ‘Yes’ to cancel the calibration, click ‘No’ to continue. Once the
target pressure is reached, the ‘Done’ button becomes active.

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 56

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
 Click ‘Done’ to end the calibration, the following warning message will
appear.

Allow the cell pressure to reach its initial value before starting another
calibration or moving on to another procedure. Any subsequent piston
uplift calibrations will overwrite the previously stored calibration
factors.

3.4.3.4. Data Acquisition

In addition to data collection, which occurs automatically during testing,
TruePath provides a separate, independent means of collecting data that
can be initiated by the user through ‘Tools |Data Acquisition | New
Task’.

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 57

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
 This independent or manual means of data collection can be used at any
time during testing or when operating the system in the manual mode. In
fact, there is no need to be using the load frame or pumps. The sensors
could be used to monitor events completely unrelated to triaxial testing
while data is collected in the manual mode.

To initiate the data collection process, select Start data acquisition by

selecting ‘Tools |Data Acquisition | New Task’. A standard Windows
‘Save As’ window pops up. Enter the name of file to contain the
collected data. Click ‘Save’. The ‘Add New Task’ window will
appear.

Select a reading schedule, adjust the maximum number of readings,

enter a delay time if desired, select ‘Run’, then click ‘OK’. Data
collection will commence after the ‘Delay’ time has elapsed and
continue until ‘Maximum Readings’ has been obtained. If ‘Hold’ had
been selected, or if the task needs modifying select ‘Tools |Data
Acquisition | Edit Task’

and the ‘Edit Task’ window will appear.

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 58

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
 The user can switch from ‘Hold’ to ‘Run’; start the reading schedule
over from the beginning by selecting ‘Reset Schedule’ (used for non
uniform schedules such as those used for consolidation), or change
‘Maximum Readings’. Click ‘OK’ to apply the selected changes and
restart the data collection. New data will be appended to the open data
file. Note: If the reading schedule is reset, the reading count associated
with ‘Maximum Readings’ still includes the data already collected.
‘Maximum Readings’ may need to be increased to accommodate the new
data.

Note that data collection will enter the ‘hold’ mode when ‘Maximum
Readings’ is reached. The data file remains open and data collection can
be reinitiated by choosing ‘Tools |Data Acquisition | Edit Task’ and
entering a new set of data collection parameters. Subsequent data will
be appended to the open data file. Also note that no additional readings
will be taken unless ‘number of readings’ has been increased.
To end data collection, choose ‘Tools |Data Acquisition | Close’, the
following message will appear.

Click ‘Yes’, the data file will close, and data collection will terminate.
A new data collection task can be started at any time.

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 59

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
 3.4.4. Help Menu Items
When the Help menu item is clicked, the following selections become available.

3.4.4.1.Help Topics

(to be filled in later)

3.4.4.2.About TruePath

Click ‘About TruePath’ to obtain information about the program

including the version number as shown below.

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 60

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
4. Pump Saturation

Air trapped in the pumps, pressure sensor, tubing, or specimen drains can cause errors in system
volume calculations. These errors result when pump pressure is raised and air trapped in the
pump compresses and slowly dissolves in solution. The resulting volume change due to air
compression or dissolution is recorded as flow in or out of the specimen. Saturating the pumps
and associated tubing can minimize errors due to air volume change. A procedure for saturation
is outline below.

Note that this procedure involves operating the pump with the port valve closed. DigiFlow
pumps have a shutdown feature that turns off the pump motor if pressure exceeds ‘Maximum
Cutoff’ pressure entered on the ‘Edit <sensor name>’ window (accessed through ‘Setup | Sensors
| Edit’). This gives some degree of protection. However, caution is required. It takes some time
for the program to become aware of over an over pressure situation. The pressure sensor is read
only so often. If the system is very stiff (i.e. closed valve condition) pressure can exceed the
maximum sensor pressure before pump shuts down.

4.1. Connections
A typical pump setup is shown below.

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 61

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
 The pump valve has two ports. Ports are connected or opened to the pump cylinder by
rotating the valve handle so it points to the port. The vertical position is the ‘closed’
position. The pressure line port connects to the cell quick connect or a specimen drain
line valve. The refill/drain line port has a tube that terminates in a container filled with
pump fluid (usually water). A plastic flask with a one-hole stopper serves as a
convenient container.

4.2. Fill Pump

The first step in saturating the pump is to fill it with liquid. Switch the pump valve to the
refill/drain port. Open the ‘Manual’ window under ‘Tools’ on the menu bar and select
the appropriate pump. Select the flow control option and move the piston to the top of
its stroke (select top most arrow). Fill the container with fluid (leave some overflow
space at the top of the container) and move the piston to the bottom of its stroke. Water
will be drawn into the pump from the container as the piston moves down. When the
piston reaches the bottom limit, reverse the piston direction and move the piston to the
upper limit. Observe the top of the pump and stop the piston when water starts flowing
out the refill/drain line and all the air has been pushed out of the tube. (Note: it may take
several cycles of moving the piston up and down before water will reach a level that it

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 62

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
 will flow out the refill/drain line). Reverse the piston direction again and start the piston
moving down. Close the pump valve for several seconds and check the pressure sensor
reading on the status panel. A vacuum should build up which will cause air bubbles to
rise to the top of the pump. Open the valve to release the vacuum and repeat this process
as the piston moves down until air bubbles cease to raise to the top. Stop the pump,
reverse the piston direction, check that the pump valve is switched to the refill/drain line,
and start the piston moving up. The air in the top of the pump should flow out the
refill/drain tube. Stop the pump when all the air has been pushed out of the refill/drain
tube.

4.3. Saturate Pressure Sensor

Air trapped in the pressure sensor can cause the same volume change errors discussed
previously. The following procedure should be used to saturate the pressure sensor.
First, switch the pump drain valve to the closed position. Switch to pressure mode on the
‘Manual’ panel and ramp the pressure in 0.5 minutes to 100 psi. Click ‘Start’ and wait
for the pressure to build up. Click ‘Stop’ when after the pressure reaches 100 psi. Hold
a paper towel under the pressure sensor bleed port then loosen the setscrew.

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 63

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
 (Note: do not remove the set screw, just loosen it a couple turns so that water and air can
flow around it). Leave the setscrew loose, switch back to flow control on the ‘Manual’
window. Enter a flow rate of 2 ml/min. and a volume of 5 ml. Click the inner upper
arrow and click ‘Start’ to move the piston moving upward. Stop the piston when air
ceases to emerge from around the setscrew. Be sure the pump is stopped and tighten the
setscrew. Just snug the setscrew, do not over tighten.

4.4. Pressure Test

A pressure test should be performed to check for leaks or air in the pump or pressure
sensor. First, use a paper towel and wipe up any water drops left over from the filling
and saturation process. Be thorough and remove any visible water around all the fittings.
If all visible water is removed, then any water found later can be attributed to a leak.
Next, switch the pump valve to the refill/drain line and use the ‘Manual’ window move
the piston to the lower limit. Reverse the piston direction and move the piston up off the
lower limit by approximately 1 inch. Switch the pump valve to the closed position, click
the ‘reset’ box in the ‘Manual’ flow control window, switch to pressure mode, and ramp
the pressure in 0.5 minutes to 100 psi. Monitor volume in the display box for the pump
in the status panel. The volume reading should stabilize after a few seconds and should
not read more than a couple of tenths of an ml. Larger readings indicate there is still air
in the pump or pressure sensor. Repeat the saturation process if necessary and then
perform another pressure test.

If the volume reading slowly increases with time and does not stabilize, there is most
likely a leak. Check all connections and snug any fittings where water is found.
Click ‘Stop’ at the end of the pressure test, enter zero for pressure, and then click ‘Start’.
Click ‘Stop’ when the pump pressure reaches zero.

4.5. Saturate Pressure Line

Before connecting the pressure line to a specimen drain valve, it should be saturated.
Switch the pump valve to the pressure line, select flow control in the ‘Manual’ window,

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 64

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
 select ‘In’ for the piston direction, and then click ‘Start’. Click ‘Stop’ when all the air
has been flushed out of the pressure

5. TruePath System Software – Performing a Test

A stress path triaxial test using TruePath software consists of four stages: Seating, Back
Pressure, Consolidation, and Shear. Tabs on the right-hand side of the screen represent each
stage. Tabs become active after creating a ‘Specimen’ and ‘Test’ data file under the ‘File’ menu
bar item. Each stage has a series of instructions that guide the user through a test. A detailed
discussion of each stage along with instructions for creating a data file and test file is given
below.

5.1. Creating a Specimen and Test Data File

Choose ‘Specimen Data’ under the ‘File’ menu item

and the following window appears:

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 65

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
 Click in each box and fill in the appropriate information. Be sure to enter the correct
height and diameter as these values are used to control loads and pressures.

Next choose ‘Test Data’ under the ‘Edit’ menu and the following widow will appear:

This window provides a convenient means for entering test control parameters in one
place. Most of these parameters appear on the tab panels and can be changed at a later
time. If a series of tests is being performed with all or mostly the same parameters, they
can be saved using the ‘Default’ menu item

.
Once saved, they will automatically appear in the entry boxes the next time this window
is opened. A description of the entry boxes is given below.

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 66

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
 5.1.1. Seating
Select a ‘Reading Schedule’. ‘Seating Pressure’ is the nominal cell pressure
applied to the specimen just after filling the cell. ‘Maximum Cell Pressure’ is
the maximum confining pressure that should be applied during the seating stage.

5.1.2. Back Pressure

Select a ‘Reading Schedule’ and a target pressure for which the first ‘B’
coefficient measurement is made.

5.1.3. Consolidation.
Three types of consolidation can
be selected. If ‘Anisotropic’ is
selected, ‘Target K’ must be
entered. ‘Vertical Stress’ is the
target value for consolidation,
while ‘Strain Rate’ controls the
rate of loading. The initial
movement of the load frame is
controlled by the ‘Direction’
option.

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 67

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
 5.1.4. Shear.
Drainage conditions can be
specified as ‘CU’’ (undrained) or
‘CD’ drained. ‘Loading’ can be
either ‘compression’ or
‘extension’. Shear is terminated
when either the ‘Maximum
Vertical Stress’ or ‘Maximum
Strain’ is reached. The rate of
shear is controlled by the entry in
the ‘Strain Rate’ box.

A data file for the tests is created after the ‘Save’ button has been clicked on either the
‘Specimen Data’ or ‘Test Data’ windows. A standard Window “Save As’ window will
appear. The file is written to the hard disk when the ‘Save’ button from the remaining
window is clicked. Once the data file is written to the hard disk, the type of
consolidation and drain conditions cannot be changed. Also note that calibration
information cannot be changed once the data file is saved on the hard disk. Therefore,
all sensors should be zeroed before the data file is created.

Once the data file has been saved to the hard disk, the ‘Seating” tab becomes active.

5.2. Seating Tab

The seating process involves filling the cell, applying seating confining pressure,
specimen drain line flushing, and cell pressure adjustment to maintain the initial
specimen volume. The steps involved in this process are listed on the ‘Seating’ tab. A
green arrow marks the current step. A set of instructions is listed in the text box for each
step. The arrow is advanced by clicking ‘Next’ or by clicking on the step title. A
detailed description of each step is given below.

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 68

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
 5.2.1. Seat Piston
Once the test specimen has been placed in the cell the next step place the cell in
the load frame and seat the cell piston to the load cell bottom adapter.

Start by lowering the piston until

contact is made with the top cap. Lock
the piston and place the cell in the load
frame and center it beneath the load
cell. Use the manual controls to
minimize the gap between the piston top
and load cell button. Click ‘Start’.

, choose ‘up’ and

the platen will move until contact is
made. Connect the piston coupler if
present. Click ‘Done’ and move to the
next step.

5.2.2. Adjust External Load

The seat piston process will result in a 4 to 8 pound load being applied to the
piston. This load can be adjusted (normally reduced) by following the next
steps.

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 69

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
 Click ‘Start’ and the following window

will pop up.

Select ‘up’ or ‘down’ then click ‘Start’.

Click ‘Done’ when the desired load is
obtained. Unlock the piston and move
to the next step

5.2.3. Fill Cell

The next step is to fill the cell with water. The source can be the building supply
water or an elevated or pressurized container. Water that has been deaired is
preferred. Follow the steps outlined below to fill the cell.

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 70

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
 The cell is filled by connecting a water
source to the bottom quick connect.
The top must be vented to allow cell air
to escape as it is pushed upward by the
entering water. Slow the filling rate as
the water level reaches cell top so that
cell air can be directed to the vent port.
When water flows out the vent port shut
the water supply first to avoid
subjecting the specimen to the supply

Pressure, then remove the quick connect from the top port. Click the ‘Next’ button
to move to the next stage.

5.2.4. Select Cell Pressure

The next step is to apply a small cell pressure needed keep the membrane
pressed against the specimen during drain line flushing. A pressure of 2 to 5 psi
is generally used. The softer the specimen, the smaller the pressure.

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 71

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
 Connect the cell pump pressure line to
the cell bottom quick connect. Open
any valves between the pump and cell.
Switch the cell pump valve to the
pressure port. Click ‘Start’ to open the
‘Select Cell Pressure Window’ shown
below.

Enter a ‘Target Seating and ‘Reading

Schedule’. Click ‘Apply’ and wait for
the cell pressure to reach the selected
value. Click ‘Done’.

5.2.5. Flush Drain Lines and Attach Pore Pressure Sensor

The next step is to use the backpressure pump to push water through the top and
bottom specimen drain lines. Note that once the specimen drain lines are
connected to a water source, water can flow in or out of the specimen. If
specimen volume change is to be minimized during the seating process, the time
spent flushing should also be minimized. Flush the drain lines as follows.

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 72

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
 The ‘Pore’ pump pressure line should
be connected to the top of the ‘tee’
fitting. The pump valve should be
switched to the pressure port. Click
‘Start’, the ‘Flush Drain Line’ window
will appear. To flush the top drains,

open the top drain inlet valve connected

to the ‘tee’ fitting and the top drain vent
valve. Attach an overflow tube to the
top drain vent valve. Place tube end in
a container. Click ‘up’ then start.
Water should flow into the tee fitting,
through the top drains and into the
container. Flow can be stopped by
clicking ‘Stop’ or by pressing the
‘Spacebar’. Stopping and restarting
flow can help dislodge air bubbles.
Also, momentarily closing then
reopening the inlet valve to build up a
slight pressure in the pump creates a
flow surge that will dislodge air
bubbles.

This technique must be used with caution however so that the bottom pump is not
over pressurized. Continue flowing water through the top drains until bubbles
cease to emerge. Click ‘Stop’ and close both the top inlet and vent valves. Switch

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 73

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
 the overflow tube to the bottom vent valve, open the bottom inlet valve and click
‘Start’. Flow water through the bottom drains until air bubbles cease to emerge.
Click ‘Stop’ then close all bottom drain valves.

Attach the pore pressure sensor to either the top or bottom vent drain valve. Open
the valve, hold a paper towel under the pressure sensor bleed port then loosen the
setscrew.

(Note: do not remove the set screw, just loosen it a couple turns so that water and
air can flow around it). Leave the setscrew loose, open the corresponding inlet
drain valve, then click ‘start’ to initiate upward movement of the pump piston.
Stop the piston when air ceases to emerge from around the setscrew. Be sure the
pump is stopped and tighten the setscrew. Just snug the setscrew, do not over
tighten.

If the pump reaches the upper limit during flushing, switch the ‘Pore’ pump valve
to the drain/refill container and click ‘down’. The piston will move down and
water from the container will be drawn into the pump. Use this procedure to refill
the pump when flushing is complete. When flushing is complete, click ‘Done’
then click the next step.

5.2.6. Maintain Volume

The ‘Maintain Volume’ step involves applying a confining pressure to the
specimen such that it does not swell. This is accomplished by opening the

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 74

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
 specimen inlet valves and adjusting the cell pump pressure to maintain zero
pressure in the bottom pump.

The process starts by opening the inlet

valves connected to the ‘tee’ fitting and
clicking ‘Start’. The ‘Maintain
Volume’ window appears. Enter a
‘Target Seating Pressure’ and click
‘Apply’. Specimen volume change can
be monitored by clicking the ‘Graph’
button and viewing ‘Volume Change’
and ‘Axial Strain’ versus time. If a
change is noted, the cell pressure can be
increased by clicking ‘Stop’, entering a
new ‘Target Seating Pressure’ and then
clicking ‘Restart’.

Note that the response time for volume change can be long. This stage of seating
may be as short as 15 minutes for soft specimens that are normally consolidated
or may be as long as 24 hours for specimens that have a low hydraulic
conductivity and are highly over consolidated. Sufficient time should be spent at
each cell pressure to ensure that the plots show the correct trend.

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 75

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
 Once equilibrium has been established, click ‘Stop’ then ‘Done’. (Note: The
difference between the cell and backpressure when the ‘Done’ button is clicked
will be maintained throughout the backpressure process. Be sure this difference
has returned to the value selected during seating.) The following message

appears. Click ‘Yes’. Click ‘Move to Next Stage’ then

click ‘Next’. The following window appears.

Click ‘Yes’ to move to the Back Pressure tab.

5.3. Back Pressure Tab

The Backpressure Tab is used for saturating the specimen using backpressure. The
process involves raising the specimen pore pressure (backpressure pump pressure) while
simultaneously maintaining a constant difference (effective stress) between the cell
pressure and pore pressure. By maintaining a constant effective stress, the specimen
should not undergo a volume change. An important criterion for this process is that the
pore pressure be increased at a rate slow enough to allow pore pressure equalization
throughout the specimen.

Saturation is achieved by two processes. The first process involves compressing air
bubbles due to the pressure increase, Boyle’s Law. This process occurs in a matter of
seconds. The second process is the dissolving of air into solution, Henry’s Law. This
process is time dependent.

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 76

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
 5.3.1. Start Backpressure

Backpressure saturation is initiated by entering a ‘Target Back Pressure’, an

‘Effective Stress’ and then clicking ‘Start’. Backpressure progress can be
viewed by clicking the ‘Graph’ button.

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 77

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
 Backpressure saturation can be stopped at any time by clicking ‘Stop’. A higher
maximum backpressure can be entered and the process continued by clicking
‘Restart’.

5.3.2. ‘B’ Check

An indicator of the degree of saturation is the ‘B’ coefficient. This parameter
can be measured at any time during the backpressure saturation process. Click
‘Stop’ and then ‘Check B’ and the following window appears.

Initiate the ‘B’ check by first closing the

drain valves, entering a ‘Cell Pressure
Increment’ (typically 10 psi), a
‘Reading Interval’ then click ‘Start’.
The ‘B’ coefficient is displayed in the
text box and the pore pressure increase
versus time can be viewed by clicking
‘Graph’.

Once pore pressure increase with time ceases, click ‘Done’ to return to the
‘Backpressure’ tab. The cell pressure will return to its pre ‘B’ check value (this

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 78

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
 may take several minutes), the ‘B Value Check’ window will disappear and the
‘Backpressure’ tab will become active. Open the top and bottom inlet valves and
either continue backpressure saturation or click ‘Done’ to end the backpressure
stage. The following message window will appear.

Click ‘Yes’ to activate the ‘Consolidation’ tab.

Note: The ‘B Value Check’ window can be dismissed by clicking ‘x’ in the
upper right corner. However, this procedure is not recommended. If the cell
pressure has not returned to the pre ‘B’ check value, any action that is initiated,
(stepping to a higher back pressure value or initiating consolidation) will
maintain the current value of effective stress which will be different from that at
the start of the ‘B’ check.

5.4. Consolidation Tab

Three different methods can be employed to consolidate specimens. Isotropic
consolidation is accomplished by increasing the confining pressure while maintaining
constant backpressure. Anisotropic consolidation is accomplished by increasing both the
axial load and confining pressure such that the ratio between the vertical and horizontal
stress remains constant. The backpressure is held constant. Ko consolidation is
accomplished by increasing the vertical load while adjusting the confining pressure to
prevent lateral deformation. The backpressure is held constant. The tab panel for each
type of consolidation is shown below. Details specific to each method of consolidation
are also presented. In each case, use the manual controls to adjust the pump pistons so
that the expected volume change can be accommodated.

5.4.1. Isotropic Consolidation

If ‘isotropic’ was selected, the following window will appear.

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 79

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
 Check entry boxes to make sure
proper ‘Target Effective Stress’ and
‘Effective Stress Rate’ have been
entered. Select a loading direction
(normally ‘loading’). ‘Unloading’
can be used to achieve an
overconsolidated condition once a
specimen has been consolidated.
Click ‘Start’.

Confining pressure is increased along a linear ramp. The consolidation process

can be monitored by clicking ‘Graph’ to view the available plots.

Step loading can be achieved by using a fast ‘Stress Rate’. Consolidation can be
stopped and restarted at any time. Parameters can be changed after the ‘Stop’
button is clicked.

Once the ‘Target Effective Stress’ has been reached, the system enters a creep
mode. Cell pressure and backpressure are maintained while specimen volume
change can continue. Specimen equilibrium is determined by viewing plots
available through the ‘Graph’ button. Additional consolidation or unloading can
be accomplished by clicking ‘Stop’, entering a new ‘Effective Stress’ and
clicking ‘Restart’.

To end the consolidation stage, click ‘Stop’, then ‘Done’ to activate the ‘Shear’

tab. The following message will appear. Click ‘Yes’

to proceed.

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 80

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
 Note that during isotropic consolidation the platen or piston remains fixed and a
gap may occur between the specimen top cap and bottom piston attachment. Use
the manual controls to close the gap and reestablish contact before starting shear.

5.4.2. Anisotropic Consolidation

If ‘anisotropic’ was selected, the following window will appear.

Check entry boxes to make sure

proper ‘Target Vertical Effective
Stress’ and ‘Strain Rate’ have been
entered. Select a loading direction
(normally ‘loading’). ‘Unloading’
can be used to achieve an
overconsolidated condition once a
specimen has been consolidated.
Click ‘Start’.

Consolidation is accomplished by subjecting the specimen to a constant rate of

deformation while constantly adjusting the confining pressure to achieve the
desired K value. The consolidation process can be monitored by clicking ‘Graph’
to view the available plots.

Consolidation can be stopped and restarted at any time. Parameters can be

changed after the ‘Stop’ button is clicked.

Once the target vertical effective stress has been reached, the system enters a
creep mode. Cell pressure, backpressure, and vertical load are maintained while
specimen volume change can continue. Specimen equilibrium is determined by
viewing plots available through the ‘Graph’ button. Additional consolidation or

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 81

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
 unloading can be accomplished by clicking ‘Stop’, entering a new ‘Vertical
Effective Stress’ and clicking ‘Restart’.

To end the consolidation stage, click ‘Stop’, then ‘Done’ to activate the ‘Shear’

tab. The following message will appear. Click ‘Yes’

to proceed.

5.4.3. K0 Consolidation
If ‘K0’ was selected, the following window will appear.

Check entry boxes to make sure

proper ‘Target Vertical Effective
Stress’ and ‘Strain Rate’ have been
entered. Select a loading direction
(normally ‘loading’). ‘Unloading’
can be used to achieve an
overconsolidated condition once a
specimen has been consolidated.
Click ‘Start’.

Consolidation is accomplished by subjecting the specimen to a constant rate of

deformation and extracting pore water at a rate equal to the specimen area times
the deformation rate while adjusting the confining pressure to maintain an excess
pore pressure equal to zero. The consolidation process can be monitored by
clicking ‘Graph’ to view the available plots.

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 82

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
 Consolidation can be stopped and restarted at any time. Parameters can be
changed after the ‘Stop’ button is clicked.

Once the target effective stress has been reached, the system enters a creep
mode. Cell pressure, backpressure, and vertical load are maintained while
specimen volume change can continue. Specimen equilibrium is determined by
viewing plots available through the ‘Graph’ button. Additional consolidation or
unloading can be accomplished by clicking ‘Stop’, entering a new ‘Vertical
Effective Stress’ and clicking ‘Restart’.

To end the consolidation stage, click ‘Stop’, then ‘Done’ to activate the ‘Shear’

tab. The following message will appear. Click ‘Yes’

to proceed.

5.5. Shear Tab

TruePath allows for drained (CD) or undrained (CD) conditions during the shear stage.
For each case, shearing can be accomplished through compression or extension. Details
of the various options are discussed below.

5.5.1. CU – Undrained Shear

If CU (undrained shear) was selected one of the following windows will appear.
The windows only differ in their title. Instructions and entry parameters are the
same.

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 83

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
 Check entry boxes to make sure proper the ‘Strain Rate’ has been entered.
Select Enter limits for both the ‘Maximum Vertical Effective Stress’ and
‘Maximum Strain’. The load frame platen or piston will stop when either of
these limits are reached. Close the cell valves connected to the backpressure
pump. Check that the valve between the pore pressure sensor and drain line is
open. The initial state of the commond buttons are as follows:

Click ‘Start’ to initiate shear and the buttons change to:

Click ‘Graph’ to view plots and monitor shear. Or click ‘Stop’ and the buttons
change to:

When shear is stopped, the platen stops and cell pressure is held constant. Entry
box parameters can be change and shear reinitiated by clicking ‘Restart’.
Testing can be terminated by clicking ‘Done’.

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 84

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
 5.5.2. CD – Drained Shear
If CD (drained shear) was selected one of the following windows will appear.
The windows only differ in their title. Instructions and entry parameters are the
same.

Check entry boxes to make sure proper the ‘Strain Rate’ has been entered.
Select Enter limits for both the ‘Maximum Vertical Effective Stress’ and
‘Maximum Strain’. The load frame platen or piston will stop when either of
these limits are reached. Open any valves between the specimen drain lines and
the backpressure or pore pump. Check that the valve between the pore pressure
sensor and drain line is open.

The initial state of the commond buttons are as follows:

Click ‘Start’ to initiate shear and the buttons change to:

Click ‘Graph’ to view plots and monitor shear. Or click ‘Stop’ and the buttons
change to:

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 85

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
 When shear is stopped, the platen stops while cell and back pressure are held
constant. Entry box parameters can be change and shear reinitiated by clicking
‘Restart’. Testing can be terminated by clicking ‘Done’.

5.6. Test Tear Down

Test tear down involves removing loads and pressures from the specimen and then
triaxial chamber removal from the load frame. This can be accomplished in several
ways. The following is one example. The user may find other ways that are more
appropriate for a particular that are more convenient.
a. Close chamber valves that are attached to the backpressure pump.
b. Lock cell piston.
c. Use the manual controls and reduce the cell pressure to zero. This may require
draining of the cell pump.
d. Use the manual controls and reduce the pore pump pressure to zero.
e. Undo any coupling between the piston top and the external load cell.
f. Use the manual controls to move the platen or piston to remove load on the cell
piston and create a gap between the cell piston and load cell.
g. Remove the triaxial chamber for the load frame.
h. Drain the triaxial chamber and dismantle.
Click ‘x’ in the upper right most corner of the main widow to close the program.

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 86

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
6. APPENDIX 1. Data File Format

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 87

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
Data collected by TruePath is stored in a file named < name>.trx’. It is a tab delimited (each
column of data separated by a tab) ASCII text file which can be opened in any text editor such as
Wordpad, or imported into a spreadsheet program. A single data file is used to store specimen
related information, sensor constants, and test data. The data is stored in sections, each marked
by a header string as follows: [HEADER], [SENSOR], [SEATING],….., [SHEAR] as shown
above.

To import the file in Microsoft Excel, launch Microsoft Excel, go to File | Open and then
select ‘All Files (*. *)’ in the file selection box. Browse to the folder that contains the data file.
The Open dialog box should list all available files. Select the data file you want to import and
click Open, the text import wizard will pop up. In step 1, for “Original Data Type” check
Delimited, in step 2 select Tab as “Delimiters”, in step 3 check General as “Column Data
Format”, and click Finish.

Refer to the section concerning calibrations factors for instruction as to how to convert the raw
data to engineering units.

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 88

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
7. APPENDIX 2. Plot Controls

To see plots, click ‘View Plots’ and the ‘View Graphs’ window will appear.

Explanations of the plot freatures are given below.

Menu Items
Two floating cursors on the graph can
be manipulated using the mouse to
obtain coordinates of any two points in
the plot space. The cursors can be free
floating or can me made to snap to data
points for precise measurements by
selecting appropriate options from
‘Cursor Behavior’ menu.

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 89

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
 The plot appearance menu item can be
used to select between showing just the
plot points, just lines that connect the
points, or both.

Plot Selection Box The plot selection box provides a

means to switch between available
plots. The number of and type of plots
varies depending on the test stage

Cursor Position Box

The Cursor Coordinate box provides
the x and y position of the cursors on
the plot.

Cursor Box The Cursor box displays the value of

slope, ∆x, or ∆y of the line that
connects the two cursors. Right click
on ‘Slope’ and select the desired mode
from the pop-up menu.

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 90

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
 A right click in the plot area provides a
pop up menu containing pointer
behavior choices. The pointer will
change depending on the selection.
Select ‘Cursor’ to be able to manipulate
the plot cursors. Select ‘Zoom’ to
cursor poin ter
enlarge a particular region by dragging
zoom pointer the pointer over it. Select ‘Pan’ to grab
the plot to move it from side to side or
pan pointer
up and down.

Clicking the Plot Properties button

Plot Properties Button
brings up the ‘<plot name >
Properties’ window.

Plot properties window allows

user to set axis limits, number
of divisions, and plot results on
a logarithmic or inverted axis.
A convenient auto-scale feature
automatically sizes any axis to
fit available data.

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 91

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
 Settings selected through ‘properties window’ are stored in a settings file named
‘Graphs.ini’ in the program directory and are recalled next time the program is launched.

Plot properties window allows user to set axis limits, number of divisions, and plot
results on a logarithmic or inverted axis. A convenient auto-scale feature automatically
sizes any axis to fit available data. Settings selected through ‘properties window’ are
stored in a settings file named ‘Graphs.ini’ in the program directory and are recalled next
time the program is launched.

The ‘View Graphs’ window can be dismissed by clicking the ‘x’ in the upper right hand
corner or by clicking any other button on the lower task bar.

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 92

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
8. APPENDIX 3. Calibration Factor (CF) for GEOTAC Systems

The calibration factor (CF) for GEOTAC systems is defined as the magnitude of physical input
applied to a sensor that would produce 1 volt of signal output while using 1 volt of excitation. In
terms of an equation CF can be expressed as follows:

CF = P /(Vs /Ve)

CF = calibration factor (measurement unit/ volt/ volt)

P = magnitude of physical input (e.g. load, pressure, deformation, temperature, etc.)
(Vs /Ve) = normalized sensor signal or output
Vs = sensor signal or output voltage (volts)
Ve = sensor excitation voltage (volts)

The following is a typical example of how to calculate CF. A load cell manufacturer provides a
specification sheet that lists the sensitivity of a 2000-pound capacity load cell as 3.296 mV/ V.
This means that the output signal from the load cell will equal 3.296 mV when 1000 pounds is
applied to the load cell that has an excitation voltage of 1 volt. CF in this case is determined as
follows:

P = 2000 lbs.
Vs = 3.296mVs x 1 Vs / 1000 mVs = 0.003296 Vs
Ve = 1 Ve
CF = 2000lbs / (0.003296 Vs / 1 Ve)
CF = 60,6796.116 lbs / Vs / Ve

So in this case, applying 60,6796.116 pounds to the load cell would produce 1 V of output if an
excitation voltage of 1 volt were used.

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 93

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
Frequently sensor calibration information is presented as a set of physical input versus sensor
output pairs as shown below.

Applied Load Sensor

(lbs) Output
(volts)
0 0.000000
400 0.003730
800 0.007461
1200 0.011184
1600 0.014912
2000 0.018636
Note: Excitation voltage used during calibration = 10.0842 V

In this case, calibration factor can be obtained by performing linear regression analysis on the
data set using Microsoft Excel® or similar spreadsheet program. Select sensor output as the X
input range and applied load as the Y input range for regression analysis. The calibration factor
is calculated by multiplying the slope (X Variable 1 from regression output), by the excitation
used during calibration. The slope for the above example is 107,321.6 lbs / Vs, giving a
calibration factor of 1,082,252.702 lbs/(Vs/Ve).

P / Vs = 107,321.6 lbs / Vs
Ve = 10.0842 Ve
CF = 107,321.6 lbs / (1 Vs / 10.0842 Ve)
CF = (107,321.6 lbs/ 1 Vs) x 10.0842 Ve
CF = 1,082,252.702 lbs/(Vs/Ve)

The following observations may be helpful in understanding CF. First, CF may seem much larger
than other conversion constants you may have used in the past. The reasons are twofold. One is

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 94

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
that CF is defined in terms of volts instead of mV. The other is that CF is the inverse of what
many manufactures list in specification sheets, namely the output in mV when the sensor is
subjected to full-scale physical excitation.

A second observation is that in calculating CF, the signal voltage is normalized by the excitation
voltage, Ve. This normalization makes it convenient to account for changes in excitation voltage
for ratiometric sensors. A ratiometric sensor produces a signal that is directly proportional to
excitation voltage. Most strain gauge sensors are ratiometric. A load cell that is excited by 5 V
and produces a 0.012 V signal for a particular load would produce a 0.024 V signal if excitation
was increased to 10 V for the same load.

The following is an example of how CF is used to calculate the corresponding physical excitation
for a measured signal voltage. The above load cell will be used in this example.

A signal voltage (Vs) of 0.027663 volts is measured from the above load cell while using an
excitation voltage of 9.9546. A ‘zero’ sensor signal voltage (Vso) of 0.000087 volts was
measured previously when no physical loading was applied to the load cell. The load (P) applied
to the load cell is calculated as follows:

P = CF x ((Vs – Vso) /Ve)

P = 60,6796.116 pounds/(Vs/Ve) x ((0.027663 Vs – 0.000087 Vso) / 9.9546 Ve)

P = 1,680.93 pounds

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 95

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
9. APPENDIX 4. GEOTAC Sensor Cable Wiring Diagram

TruePath - Instruction Manual - Version 5.3.5 11/4/04 96

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company