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W1 Ann

My documents

Uploaded by

faheemaltaf669
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keyboard_arrow_down Introduction to Deep Learning and Neural Networks

Deep Learning involves training neural networks, often large ones.


A Neural Network is a model for finding patterns and relationships in data. It learns a
mapping from input ( x ) to output ( y ).

Housing Price Prediction Example

A basic example of using neural networks is predicting house prices based on features like
house size.

A linear regression model might use a straight line, but neural networks allow more
flexible, non-linear fits.

This approach can be visualized as:

Input ( x ): size of the house.


Output ( y ): predicted price of the house.

ReLU (Rectified Linear Unit) is commonly used in neural networks. It sets negative outputs
to zero, creating a non-linear function:

[ f (x) = max(0, w ⋅ x + b) ]

where ( w ) and ( b ) are weights and biases, respectively.

Building Larger Neural Networks

Stacking Neurons: Larger neural networks are created by connecting multiple neurons (like
stacking LEGO bricks).
With more features (e.g., number of bedrooms, zip code, wealth), each feature is
represented by a "node" or neuron in the network.
Hidden Layers:

Inputs ( x ): size, number of bedrooms, zip code, wealth.


Outputs intermediate features (e.g., family size, walkability).
These hidden layers capture complex relationships.
Fully Connected Layer: Each input connects to every neuron in the next layer.

Applications of Neural Networks


1. Online Advertising: Predicts if users will click an ad based on ad/user data.
2. Computer Vision: Classifies images (e.g., photo tagging) using Convolutional Neural
Networks (CNNs).
3. Speech Recognition: Converts audio to text.
4. Machine Translation: Translates text between languages (e.g., English to Chinese).
5. Autonomous Driving: Analyzes real-time images and sensor data.
Types of Neural Networks

Standard Neural Networks: Used for general problems (e.g., price prediction).
Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs): Specialized for image data, extracting spatial
features.
Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs): Designed for sequential data, such as audio or text,
where time or sequence matters.

Structured vs. Unstructured Data


Structured Data: Data with well-defined features (e.g., housing database with columns like
size, bedrooms).
Unstructured Data: Raw data (e.g., images, audio) with complex relationships, traditionally
harder to analyze.
Deep Learning has enabled breakthroughs in interpreting unstructured data, opening up
applications in speech recognition, image recognition, and text processing.

Economic Value of Neural Networks

Structured Data applications in fields like advertising, recommendation systems, and


database analytics drive significant economic value.
Unstructured Data applications in media (like recognizing objects in images) have
attracted attention due to their visibility and technical achievements.

Why Neural Networks Are Thriving Now

Although neural network principles have been around for decades, recent advances in data
availability, computing power, and algorithmic improvements have spurred their current
success and practical applications.

The success of deep learning today is driven by three main factors: data, computation, and
algorithmic innovation. Although the core ideas of deep learning have existed for decades, they
only recently became practical for real-world applications because of advancements in these
areas.

1. Data: Traditionally, algorithms like Support Vector Machines (SVM) and Logistic Regression
perform well with smaller datasets, but their performance plateaus when given large
amounts of data. In contrast, deep neural networks thrive with large datasets. Over the
past 20 years, the digitization of society has led to an explosion of digital data—through
online activity, IoT devices, smartphones, and sensors. This has enabled neural networks to
surpass traditional algorithms by taking full advantage of this abundance of data.

2. Computation: Training large neural networks requires significant computational power,


which is now available thanks to advancements in hardware like GPUs. This has allowed
researchers and practitioners to train larger networks more quickly, enabling faster
experimentation and iteration. Faster computation speeds up the feedback loop between
testing a new idea and assessing its performance, which accelerates both research and
practical application.

3. Algorithmic Innovation: Innovations in neural network architecture and optimization


techniques have also propelled deep learning forward. For instance, replacing the sigmoid
activation function with the ReLU function has accelerated training by addressing the
vanishing gradient problem, where small gradient values slow down learning. This and
other algorithmic improvements make it feasible to train larger networks more efficiently.

These drivers—data, computation, and improved algorithms—continue to push the boundaries of


deep learning, suggesting that the field will keep advancing for years to come. As digital data
grows, specialized hardware advances, and the research community innovates, the potential
applications for deep learning are likely to expand across various industries.

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