8th CLASS

Experiment -1
Aim: Prove that the laws of reflection of light.
Materials required: White sheet of paper, drawing board, Table, Comb, Torch light, Strip
of plane mirror.
Procedure: i) Fix a white sheet of paper on a drawing board or a table.
ii) Take an except one in the middle. You can use a strip of black paper for this purpose.
iii) Hold the comb perpendicular to the sheet of paper.
iv) Throw light from a torch through the opening of the comb from one side.
v) With slight adjustment of the torch and the comb you will see a ray of light along the
paper on the other side of the comb.
vi) Keep the comb and the torch steady. Place a strip of plane mirror in the path of the
light ray.
vii) After striking the mirror, the ray of light is reflected in another direction.
viii) The light ray, which strikes any surface, is called the incident ray. The ray that
comes back from the surface after reflection is known as the reflected ray.
ix) Draw lines showing the position of the plane mirror, the incident ray and the reflected
ray on the paper with the help of your friends.
x) Remove the mirror and the comb.

xi) Draw a line making an angle of 90º to the line representing the mirror at the point
where the incident ray strikes the mirror. This line is known as the normal to the
reflecting surface at that point.
xii) The angle between the normal and incident ray is called the angle of incidence.
xiii) The angle between the normal and the reflected ray is known as the angle of
reflection.
xiv) Measure the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection. Repeat the activity several
times by changing the angle of incidence.
xv) Enter the data in Table.
S.No Angle of incidence(∟i) Angle of reflection(∟r)
1 25 0 250
2 300 300
3 35 0 350
4 400 400
5 450 450
Conclusion: Angle of incidence is equal is angle of reflection in each case. i.e ∟i = ∟r

Experiment -2
Aim: To classify the liquids as good or poor conductors of electricity using magnetic
compass.
Materials required: Compass needle, Battery, Match box, Electric wire, Lemon juice,
Vinegar, Tap water, Vegetable oil, Milk, Honey etc.

M.SRINIVASA RAO,SA(PS) SPSMHS, GUDIVADA PH: 9848143855 VISIT: SRINI SCIENCE MIND 1
Procedure:
1. Take the tray from inside a discarded matchbox. Wrap an electric wire a few times
around the tray.
2. Place a small compass needle inside it.
3. Now connect one free end of the wire to the terminal of a battery. Leave the other
end free.
4. Take another piece of wire and connect it to the other terminal of the battery.
5. Join the free ends of two wires momentarily.
6. The compass needle should show deflection. Now tester with two free ends of the
wire is ready.
7. Take out the ends of the tester from the lemon juice, dip them in water and then
wipe them dry.
8. Repeat the activity with other liquids such as tap water, vegetable oil, milk, honey.
9. In each case observe whether the magnetic needle shows deflection or not.
10. Record your observations in Table.
Deflections in compass needle Good conductor/
S.No Liquid
(Yes/No) Poor conductor
1 Lemon juice Yes Good conductor
2 Vinegar Yes Good conductor
3 Tap water Yes Good conductor
4 Vegetable oil No Poor conductor
5 Milk Yes Good conductor
6 Honey No Poor conductor
Conclusion: I find that some liquids are good conductors of electricity and some are
poor conductors.

Experiment -3
Aim: To prove that plane mirror forms virtual image.
Materials required: Source of light, Plane mirror, Scale, Pencil
Procedure:
1. A source of light O is placed in front of a plane mirror PQ. Two rays OA and OC
are incident on it.
2. Draw normals to the surface of the mirror PQ, at the points A and C.
3. Then draw the reflected rays at the points A and C.
4. Call the reflected rays AB and CD, respectively.
5. Extend them backwards.
6. If they meet, mark this point as I. For a viewer’s eye at E, do the reflected rays
appear to come from the point I.
7. Since the reflected rays do not actually meet at I, but only appear to do so, we say
that a virtual image of the point O is formed at I.
8. This image cannot be obtained on a screen.

M.SRINIVASA RAO,SA(PS) SPSMHS, GUDIVADA PH: 9848143855 VISIT: SRINI SCIENCE MIND 2
Conclusion: A plane mirror always forms a virtual image and cannot be obtained on a
screen.

Project – 1
Title of the Project: Process and Applications of electroplating.
Aim of the project: To study the information of electroplating.
Hypothesis: Electroplating is a process that involves depositing a thin layer of one metal
onto the surface of another metal or object using electricity. It's widely used in various
industries for functional and decorative purposes.
Introduction:
Process of Electroplating:
1. Preparation of the Object: The object to be plated undergoes a thorough cleaning
process to remove any dirt, grease, or other contaminants from its surface.
2. Electrolyte Solution: An electrolyte solution is prepared, typically containing
salts of the metal to be deposited. For example, copper sulfate solution for copper
plating or nickel sulfate for nickel plating.
3. Setup of Electroplating Cell: The object to be plated is connected to the negative
terminal (cathode) of a direct current (DC) power supply. The metal that will be
plated onto the object is connected to the positive terminal (anode). Both are
immersed in the electrolyte solution.
4. Electroplating Process: When the electric current is applied, metal cations from
the electrolyte solution are attracted to the object's surface (cathode). They gain
electrons, get reduced, and form a thin, even layer on the object's surface.
5. Controlled Deposition: The duration and strength of the electric current control
the thickness and quality of the deposited metal layer. The process ensures a
uniform and adherent coating on the object's surface.
6. Finishing and Polishing: After plating, the object may undergo additional
processes like polishing or surface treatments to enhance its appearance or
functionality.

M.SRINIVASA RAO,SA(PS) SPSMHS, GUDIVADA PH: 9848143855 VISIT: SRINI SCIENCE MIND 3
Applications of Electroplating:
1. Decorative Purposes: Often used in jewelry making, decorative items, and for
enhancing the aesthetics of various products.
2. Corrosion Resistance: Provides a protective layer against corrosion on metals like
iron and steel, extending the lifespan of products like automotive parts, plumbing
fixtures, and machinery.
3. Improved Conductivity: Enhances electrical conductivity in components used in
electronics and telecommunications.
4. Wear Resistance: Increases resistance to wear and tear on tools and machine
parts, extending their durability.

Environmental Considerations:
1. Waste Management: Electroplating involves handling chemicals and metals that
can be environmentally harmful. Proper disposal and treatment of waste are
critical to prevent pollution.
2. Regulations: Many countries have strict regulations regarding the disposal of
electroplating waste to minimize environmental impact.
Challenges:
1. Health Hazards: Exposure to certain plating chemicals and metals can pose health
risks if not handled properly.
2. Costs: Electroplating can be costly due to the energy consumption, chemical
usage, and waste management requirements.
Conclusion: Despite these challenges, electroplating remains a widely used process due
to its versatility and ability to provide functional and aesthetic benefits to a wide range of
products across industries.

PROJECT REPORT
Name of the project: Process and applications of electroplating.
Class : 8th
Subject : Physical Science
Name of the School:
Time Duration :
Material used : Internet, Newspapers and 8th class physical science book.

Project – 2
Title of the Project: The collect information on the Braille system.
Aim of the project: Brief information on the Braille system.
Hypothesis: The Braille system is a tactile writing and reading system primarily used by
people who are blind or visually impaired. It was invented by Louis Braille in the early

M.SRINIVASA RAO,SA(PS) SPSMHS, GUDIVADA PH: 9848143855 VISIT: SRINI SCIENCE MIND 4
19th century and has since become a crucial tool for enabling accessibility and literacy
among the visually impaired.
Introduction:
Components of Braille:
1. Basic Unit: Braille uses a system of raised dots arranged in cells. Each cell
comprises a grid of six dots, arranged in two columns and three rows.
2. Encoding: Different combinations of raised dots within these cells represent
different letters, numbers, punctuation marks, and even musical notation.
3. Reading Direction: Braille is typically read from left to right, with each cell
representing a specific character or symbol.

Braille Writing:
1. Writing Tool: A stylus is used to create raised dots on a sheet of specialized heavy
paper or plastic called Braille paper.
2. Embossing: When the stylus is pressed against the paper, it creates a series of
raised dots that form the desired Braille characters.

Usage and Importance:

1. Literacy: Braille is essential for enabling literacy among people with visual
impairments, allowing them to read and write effectively.
2. Education: It's taught in schools for the blind as a fundamental skill, enabling
students to access textbooks, write assignments, and communicate effectively.
3. Accessibility: Braille signage, labels, and instructions provide essential
information for blind individuals in public spaces, on elevators, restroom signs,
etc.
Variations:
1. Grade 1 Braille: Represents the basic alphabet and punctuation.
2. Grade 2 Braille: Includes contractions and short forms to make reading more
efficient.

M.SRINIVASA RAO,SA(PS) SPSMHS, GUDIVADA PH: 9848143855 VISIT: SRINI SCIENCE MIND 5
Challenges and Advancements:
1. Learning Curve: Learning Braille can take time and practice, similar to learning
any written language.
2. Technology Impact: Advancements in technology have introduced digital tools
and devices equipped with screen readers and refreshable Braille displays,
enhancing accessibility for the visually impaired.
Conclusion: Braille remains an indispensable tool for enabling communication,
education, and independence for individuals with visual impairments. It's a powerful
system that continues to evolve alongside technological advancements to enhance
accessibility and inclusion.
PROJECT REPORT
Name of the project: The collect information on the Braille system.
Class : 8th
Subject : Physical Science
Name of the School:
Time Duration :
Material used : Internet, Newspapers and 8thclass physical science book.
Project – 3:
Title of the Project: Applications of reflection of light in various fields
Aim of the Project: Application of reflection of light in various fields.
Hypothesis: The reflection of light finds numerous applications across various fields,
enabling diverse functionalities and technologies.
Introduction:
Optics and Imaging:
1. Mirrors in Optics: Mirrors, both concave and convex, are extensively used in
telescopes, microscopes, and cameras to reflect and focus light for magnification,
imaging, and visual observation.
2. Reflective Telescopes: Reflecting telescopes use mirrors to gather and focus light,
enabling astronomers to observe distant celestial objects.
3. Rearview and Side Mirrors: In vehicles, mirrors are crucial for providing drivers
with a clear view of their surroundings, aiding in safe navigation.
Lighting and Illumination:
1. Fiber Optic Technology: Mirrors and reflective surfaces play a role in guiding and
redirecting light in fiber optic cables, allowing for high-speed transmission of data
in telecommunications.
2. Reflectors in Lighting: Reflectors are employed in lamps and lighting fixtures to
redirect light, ensuring better illumination in specific areas or to enhance
efficiency by directing light where needed.
Architecture and Design:
1. Skylights and Light Wells: Architectural designs incorporate reflective surfaces to
redirect natural light into buildings, reducing the need for artificial lighting during
the day.
2. Reflective Coatings: Reflective materials and coatings on buildings or surfaces help
manage heat absorption, keeping structures cooler in sunny climates.
Solar Energy:
1. Solar Reflectors: Mirrors and reflective surfaces are used in solar power plants to
concentrate sunlight onto solar panels or collectors, maximizing energy
production.
M.SRINIVASA RAO,SA(PS) SPSMHS, GUDIVADA PH: 9848143855 VISIT: SRINI SCIENCE MIND 6
Scientific Applications:
1. Spectroscopy: Reflection and dispersion of light are essential in spectrometers,
enabling the analysis of materials' composition by separating light into its
component wavelengths.
2. Optical Experiments: Reflection is utilized in various optical experiments to
understand the behavior of light, such as in mirrors, lenses, and prisms.
Art and Display:
1. Art Installations: Artists use mirrors and reflective surfaces creatively in
installations and artworks to manipulate light and create visual effects.
2. Display Technologies: Reflective displays, such as electronic ink or e-paper, use
ambient light reflection for low-power, easy-to-read digital screens.

Conclusion: The applications of light reflection span across scientific, technological,

artistic, and everyday contexts, showcasing its versatility and significance in enabling
various functionalities and innovations in different fields.
PROJECT REPORT
Name of the project :
Class : 8th class
Subject : Physical Science
Name of the School :
Time Duration :
Material Used : Internet, Newspapers and 8th class textbook

M.SRINIVASA RAO,SA(PS) SPSMHS, GUDIVADA PH: 9848143855 VISIT: SRINI SCIENCE MIND 7
 9th CLASS

Experiment -1
Aim: To understand the meaning of buoyancy and buoyant force by doing an activity.
Materials required:
Procedure:
i) Take an empty plastic bottle.
ii) Take a plastic ball. Put it in a bucket filled with water. You see that the plastic ball
floats.
iii) Push the plastic ball into the water. You feel an upward push. Try to push it further
down.
iv) I will find it difficult to push deeper and deeper.
v) This indicates that water exerts a force on the plastic ball in the upward direction.
vi) The upward force exerted by the water goes on increasing as the plastic ball is
pushed deeper till it is completely immersed.
vii) Now, release the plastic ball. It bounces back to the surface.
viii) The force due to the gravitational attraction of the earth acts on the plastic ball in
the downward direction. So the plastic ball is pulled downwards.
ix) But the water exerts an upward force on the bottle. Thus, the plastic ball is pushed
upwards.
x) When the plastic ball is immersed, the upward force exerted by the water on the
plastic ball is greater than its weight. Therefore, it rises up when released.
xi) The upward force exerted by the water on the plastic ball is known as upthrust or
buoyant force.

Conclusion: All objects experience a force of buoyancy when they are immersed in a
fluid.
Experiment -2
Aim: To prove that Archimedes principle experimentally.
Materials required: A piece of stone, A rubber string/A spring balance, Container,
Water.
Procedure:
1) Take a piece of stone and tie it to one end of a rubber string or a spring balance.
2) Suspend the stone by holding the balance or the string as shown in Fig.
3) Note the elongation of the string or the reading on the spring balance due to the
weight of the stone.
4) Now, slowly dip the stone in the water in a container as shown in Fig.
5) I will find that the elongation of the string or the reading of the balance decreases
as the stone is gradually lowered in the water.

M.SRINIVASA RAO,SA(PS) SPSMHS, GUDIVADA PH: 9848143855 VISIT: SRINI SCIENCE MIND 8
 6) However, no further change is observed once the stone gets fully immersed in the
water.
7) We know that the elongation produced in the string or the spring balance is due to
the weight of the stone. Since the extension decreases once the stone is lowered in
water.
8) The apparent loss of weight of the immersed stone is equal to the weight of water
displaced by stone.
9) This is equal to the force of buoyancy exerted by the water.

Conclusion: When a body is immersed fully or partially in a fluid, it experiences an

upward force that is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by it.

Experiment -3
Aim: Prove that inertia of rest experimentally in two situations.
Materials required: Glass tumbler, A five-rupee coin, Card board
Procedure:
1) Set a five-rupee coin on a stiff card covering an empty glass tumbler standing on a
table as shown in Fig.
2) Give the card a sharp horizontal flick with a finger.
3) If we do it fast then the card shoots away, allowing the coin to fall vertically into
the glass tumbler due to its inertia.
4) The inertia of the coin tries to maintain its state of rest even when the card flows
off.

Materials required:
Procedure:
1) Make a pile of similar carom coins on a table, as shown in Fig.
2) Attempt a sharp horizontal hit at the bottom of the pile using another carom coin
or the striker.
3) If the hit is strong enough, the bottom coin moves out quickly.
4) Once the lowest coin is removed, the inertia of the other coins makes them ‘fall’
vertically on the table.

M.SRINIVASA RAO,SA(PS) SPSMHS, GUDIVADA PH: 9848143855 VISIT: SRINI SCIENCE MIND 9
Conclusion: Inertia is the natural tendency of an object to resist a change in its state of
motion or of rest.

Project – 1:
Title of the Project: Applications of Newton’s third law of motion in
everyday life.
Aim of the Project: Applications of Newton’s third law of motion in everyday life.
Hypothesis: To every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction and they act on two
different bodies.
Introduction:
Applications of Newton's Third Law:
1. Rocket Propulsion: Rockets work based on this law. Exhaust gases are expelled
downward, exerting a force (action) that propels the rocket upward (reaction).

2. Automobiles: The movement of a car forward is the reaction to the action of the
tires pushing backward against the road.

3. Swimming: A swimmer pushes water backward (action), and the reaction propels
the swimmer forward.

4. Airplanes: Thrust generated by engines pushes air backward, causing the

airplane to move forward.

M.SRINIVASA RAO,SA(PS) SPSMHS, GUDIVADA PH: 9848143855 VISIT: SRINI SCIENCE MIND 10
 5. Sports: The kick of a soccer player against the ball (action) leads to the ball
moving in the opposite direction (reaction).

6. Riding a bicycle:

7. Walking and Running:

8. Impact in sports or martial arts: In martial arts, punches and kicks involve
actions that generate reaction forces to deliver impact or movement.

M.SRINIVASA RAO,SA(PS) SPSMHS, GUDIVADA PH: 9848143855 VISIT: SRINI SCIENCE MIND 11
Conclusion: Newton's third law of motion is fundamental to understanding interactions
between objects and is applicable in various activities we encounter in our everyday
lives, from simple movements to complex mechanical systems.

PROJECT REPORT
Name of the project : Applications of Newton’s third law of motion in everyday life.
Class : 9th class
Subject : Physical Science
Name of the School :
Time Duration :
Material Used : Internet, Newspapers and 9th class textbook

Project – 2
Title of the Project: "A Universe Without Gravity: The Hypothetical
Consequences and Implications"
Aim of the Project: Imagine a universe without Gravity
Hypothesis: Describe a universe where the force of gravity suddenly vanishes.
Introduction:
1. Overview of Gravity: Briefly explain the fundamental role of gravity in the
universe, its effects on celestial bodies, orbits, and everyday life.
2. Objective: Explore and speculate on what the universe might be like if gravity
ceased to exist.
Hypothetical Scenario:
1. Absence of Gravity: Describe a universe where the force of gravity suddenly
vanishes.
2. Effects on Celestial Bodies: Discuss the potential consequences on planets,
stars, galaxies, and other astronomical bodies. For instance, orbits might become
erratic or disintegrate, celestial objects might disperse, etc.
3. Impact on Planetary Systems: Explain the fate of planets and their orbits in the
absence of gravitational forces. Consider how they might move or drift without
gravitational pulls.
Impact on Life and Everyday Scenarios:
1. Life on Earth: Speculate on the effects on life if gravity were absent. Discuss
potential changes in our environment, structures, and biological systems.
2. Space Exploration and Travel: Analyze how space exploration and travel might
change in a universe without gravity. Consider the implications for spacecraft,
astronauts, and interstellar travel.
Consequences for Physics and Science:
1. Laws of Physics: Explore the implications for fundamental laws, such as Newton's
laws of motion and their validity in a gravity-less universe.
2. Fundamental Forces: Discuss how the absence of gravity might impact other
fundamental forces like electromagnetism or the strong and weak nuclear forces.
Speculation and Creativity:
1. Alternative Scenarios: Consider imaginative scenarios or possible outcomes in a
gravity-free universe, exploring creative possibilities and implications beyond
known physics.
2. Artistic Representation: Encourage creative interpretations, drawings, or visual
representations of a universe without gravity.
Conclusion: Summarize the hypothetical scenario of a universe without gravity and its
potential consequences. Emphasize the significance of gravity in the universe and its
crucial role in shaping our existence.

M.SRINIVASA RAO,SA(PS) SPSMHS, GUDIVADA PH: 9848143855 VISIT: SRINI SCIENCE MIND 12
 PROJECT REPORT
Name of the project : "A Universe Without Gravity: The Hypothetical Consequences and
Implications"
Class : 9th class
Subject : Physical Science
Name of the School :
Time Duration :
Material Used : Internet, Newspapers and 9th class textbook

Project – 3
Title of the Project: Significance of Buoyancy.
Aim of the Project: Significance of buoyancy.
Hypothesis: Buoyancy is a fundamental principle in fluid mechanics that describes the
upward force exerted on an object submerged or floating in a fluid, such as water or air.
Its significance spans various fields, influencing everything from engineering and physics
to biology and everyday applications.
Introduction:
Physics and Engineering:
1. Archimedes' Principle: Buoyancy is explained by Archimedes' principle, stating
that the buoyant force acting on an object immersed in a fluid is equal to the
weight of the fluid displaced by the object. This principle is foundational in fluid
dynamics and hydrostatics.
2. Ship Design: Understanding buoyancy is crucial in designing ships and boats.
Properly utilizing buoyant forces allows vessels to float and maintain stability
while carrying heavy loads.
3. Submarine Operations: Submarines use buoyancy control to rise and descend in
water. Adjusting the submarine's density allows it to sink or float as needed.
4. Aircraft Design: Buoyant forces affect the lift and stability of aircraft.
Understanding buoyancy helps engineers design planes and airships for optimal
flight.
Construction and Architecture:
1. Buoyant Materials: Architects and engineers use buoyant materials in
construction for floating platforms, floating houses, and floating bridges, especially
in areas prone to flooding or with water-based infrastructures.
2. Buoyancy in Swimming Pools: Designers consider buoyancy in the construction
and maintenance of swimming pools, ensuring structural integrity and safety.
Biology and Nature:
1. Buoyancy in Aquatic Life: Marine animals use buoyancy to control their depth in
water. Some fish have swim bladders filled with gas to adjust buoyancy, while
others use oils or fats.
2. Plant Adaptations: Some plants have adapted to utilize buoyancy in dispersing
seeds. Seeds with buoyant structures can float, aiding in their dispersal through
water.
Medical and Healthcare:
1. Buoyancy in Hydrotherapy: Buoyancy in water is utilized for hydrotherapy, as it
reduces the weight on joints and muscles, facilitating rehabilitation and exercise
for injured individuals.
2. Life Jackets and Flotation Devices: Life-saving devices like life jackets and buoys
rely on buoyancy to keep individuals afloat in water, preventing drowning.
Everyday Applications:
1. Balloons and Airships: Understanding buoyancy is essential in designing and
operating balloons and airships, where buoyant gases provide lift.
2. Hot Air Balloons: Buoyant forces generated by hot air in balloons allow them to
float in the air.
M.SRINIVASA RAO,SA(PS) SPSMHS, GUDIVADA PH: 9848143855 VISIT: SRINI SCIENCE MIND 13
Environmental Impact:
1. Buoyancy in Ocean Currents: Buoyant forces contribute to the movement of ocean
currents, affecting climate patterns and nutrient distribution.
2. Buoyancy in Marine Ecosystems: Understanding buoyancy helps in studying the
behavior and distribution of marine organisms and ecosystems.
Conclusion: Buoyancy's significance is pervasive across various scientific, technological,
and practical domains, influencing engineering designs, natural phenomena, medical
applications, and our understanding of fluid dynamics. Its principles play a crucial role
in everyday life, shaping numerous aspects of our world.
PROJECT REPORT
Name of the project : Significance of buoyancy
Class : 9th class
Subject : Physical Science
Name of the School :
Time Duration :
Material Used : Internet, Newspapers and 9th class textbook

M.SRINIVASA RAO,SA(PS) SPSMHS, GUDIVADA PH: 9848143855 VISIT: SRINI SCIENCE MIND 14
 10th CLASS

Experiment -1
Aim: To show that the ratio V/I is a constant for a conductor.
Materials required: 6V battery eliminator, 0 to 1A ammeter, 0-6V volt meter, copper
wires, 50cm manganin coil, Rheostat, switch

Procedure: 1. Complete the circuit as shown in the figure.

2. By using Rheostat adjust the potential difference1V between two ends of
manganin wire.
3. Now observe the electric current through ammeter in the circuit.
4. Using Rheostat change the potential difference with different values upto 4.5V and
note down at least five values of V and I in the table.
5.
S.No Potential Current V/I
1 1 0.2 5
2 1.5 0.3 5
3 2 0.4 5
4 2.5 0.5 5
5 3 0.6 5
We can conclude that the ratio of V/I is constant.
Conclusion: We can conclude that the ratio of V/I is constant for a conductor

Experiment -2
Aim: To prove that the presence of air and water are essential occurrences of corrosion.
Materials required: Three test tubes, three corks, Distilled water, anhydrous calcium
chloride, clean iron nails and oil etc.
Procedure:
A B C

1. Take 3 test tubes and place clean iron nails in each of them.
2. Label the test tubes A, B and C
3. Pour some water in test tube A and cork it.
4. Pour boiled distilled water in test tube B, and about 1ml of oil and cork it.

M.SRINIVASA RAO,SA(PS) SPSMHS, GUDIVADA PH: 9848143855 VISIT: SRINI SCIENCE MIND 15
 5. Put some anhydrous calcium chloride in test tube C and cork it.
6. Leave these test tubes for a few days and then observe.
7. After a few days, we will observe that iron nails rust in test tube A, but they do not
rust in test tubes B and C.
8. In the test tube A. The nails are exposed to both air and water.
9. In the test tube B, the nails are exposed to only water, and the nails in test tube C
are exposed to dry air.
.Conclusion: From the above experiment, we can prove that air and water are essential
for corrosion.

Experiment -3
Aim: To verify that current carrying wire produces magnetic field.
Materials required: Thermocol sheet, battery, key, wooden sticks, compass needle,
bar magnet etc.
Procedure:
1. Take a thermocole sheet and fix two thin wooden sticks of height 1cm which
have small slit at the top of their ends.
2. Arrange a copper wire of 24 gauge so that it passes through these slits and
make a circuit.
3. The circuit consists of a 9 volt battery,key and copper wire which are connected
in series as shown in figure.
4. Now, keep a magnetic compass below the wire.
5. Bring a bar magnet close to the compass. The needle get deflected by the bar
magnet.
6. Take the bar magnet far away from the circuit and switch on the circuit.
7. The needle get deflected by the bar magnet in opposite direction.
8. This deflection is due to the magnetic field produced by the current carrying
wire.

Conclusion: Hence we experimentally proved that current carrying wire produces a

magnetic Field.

Project – 1
Title of the Project: Electric shock, its causes and preventions
Aim of the Project: Electric shock causes and preventions.
Hypothesis: Electric shock occurs when a human body comes into contact with an
electrical current. It can range from mild to severe, potentially leading to injuries or even
death depending on the voltage, duration of exposure, and path the current takes
through the body.
Introduction:
a) Causes of Electric Shock:
Direct Contact: Contact with electrical sources such as outlets, appliances, power
M.SRINIVASA RAO,SA(PS) SPSMHS, GUDIVADA PH: 9848143855 VISIT: SRINI SCIENCE MIND 16
 lines, or faulty wiring.
Lightning Strikes: A direct strike or through contact with a person or object struck
by lightning.
Arc Flash or Blast:High-intensity electrical arcs or blasts that can occur in industrial
settings or when working on electrical systems.
b) Effects on the Body:
Mild Shock: Tingling, minor burns, muscle contractions, pain, or discomfort.
Severe Shock: Cardiac arrest, burns, internal organ damage, and neurological
complications. It can also cause breathing difficulties and affect the heart's rhythm.

c) Factors Influencing Severity:

Voltage: Higher voltages are more likely to cause severe injuries.
Pathway Through the Body: Current passing through vital organs like the heart or
brain can be fatal.
Duration of Exposure: Longer exposure increases the risk of serious injury or death.
d) First Aid and Treatment:
Ensure Safety: Turn off the power source if safe to do so before touching the person.
Call for Help: Dial emergency services immediately.
Do Not Touch: Avoid touching the person until you are sure the power is off to
prevent becoming a secondary victim.
CPR if Necessary: If the person isn't breathing or doesn't have a pulse, perform CPR
if trained.
Medical Attention: Even for seemingly minor shocks, seek medical attention to
check for internal injuries or delayed complications.
e) Prevention:
Electrical Safety Practices: Proper insulation, grounding, and installation of
electrical systems.
Education and Training: Training individuals on electrical safety measures,
especially in workplaces.
Safety Equipment: Using appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) when
working with electricity.
f) Complications:
Long-Term Effects: Chronic pain, neurological issues, cardiac problems, and
psychological trauma.
Secondary Injuries: Falls or injuries resulting from involuntary muscle contractions
during a shock.
g) Professional Help:
Electricians: Needed for fixing faulty electrical systems.
Medical Professionals: For assessing and treating injuries resulting from electric
shock.
Conclusion: Electric shock is a serious hazard that requires immediate attention and
proper handling to prevent further injury or complications. Maintaining awareness of

M.SRINIVASA RAO,SA(PS) SPSMHS, GUDIVADA PH: 9848143855 VISIT: SRINI SCIENCE MIND 17
electrical safety measures and knowing how to respond in an emergency can greatly
reduce the risk of injury or fatality.

PROJECT REPORT
Name of the project: Electric shock causes and preventions.
Class : 10th
Subject : Physical Science
Name of the School:
Time Duration :
Material used : Internet, Newspapers and 10thclass physical science book.

Project – 2
Title of the Project: Collect information on applications of Faraday’s
law of induction in various fields.
Aim of the Project: Applications of Faraday’s law of induction in various fields.
Hypothesis: Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, formulated by Michael Faraday
in the 1830s, describes the generation of electromotive force (EMF) or voltage in a
conductor when it experiences a change in magnetic field. This principle has numerous
applications across various fields.
Introduction:
Power Generation:
1. Electric Generators: Faraday's law is the foundation of electrical power
generation. Rotating coils within magnetic fields induce EMF, producing electricity
in power plants and generators.
2. Renewable Energy: Generators in hydroelectric, wind, and tidal power systems
utilize electromagnetic induction to convert mechanical energy into electrical
energy.
Transformers:
1. Voltage Transformation: Transformers employ Faraday's law to change voltage
levels in electrical circuits, facilitating efficient transmission and distribution of
electricity.
Induction Heating:
1. Metal Processing: Induction heating uses Faraday's law to generate heat in
metallic objects, crucial in metalworking, forging, and industrial processes like
welding and heat treatment.
Wireless Charging:
1. Inductive Charging: Faraday's law is employed in wireless charging systems for
devices like smartphones and electric vehicles, using electromagnetic induction to
transfer power without physical connectors.
Sensors and Detectors:
1. Eddy Current Testing: Faraday's law is utilized in non-destructive testing
methods like eddy current testing to detect flaws or inconsistencies in conductive
materials.
2. Magnetic Sensors: Inductive sensors, like inductive proximity sensors, rely on
changes in electromagnetic fields as per Faraday's law to detect the presence or
absence of objects.
Medical Applications:
1. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): MRI machines in medical diagnostics use
Faraday's law to generate detailed images of internal body structures by
manipulating magnetic fields and detecting resulting signals.
Communication and Electronics:

M.SRINIVASA RAO,SA(PS) SPSMHS, GUDIVADA PH: 9848143855 VISIT: SRINI SCIENCE MIND 18
 1. Electromagnetic Compatibility: Understanding electromagnetic induction is
crucial in designing electronic devices to prevent interference and ensure
compatibility in communication systems.
2. Wireless Communication: Antennas and radiofrequency technology apply
electromagnetic induction principles for signal transmission and reception in
wireless communication.
Research and Science:
1. Physics Experiments: Faraday's law is fundamental in physics experiments
involving electromagnetism, helping researchers study magnetic fields, electrical
currents, and related phenomena.
Conclusion: Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction is foundational in numerous
technologies and industries, enabling advancements in power generation,
communications, medical diagnostics, materials testing, and various scientific
endeavors. Its applications continue to evolve and expand across diverse fields,
contributing significantly to modern technological developments.

PROJECT REPORT
Name of the project: Collect information on applications of Faraday’s law of induction in
various fields.
Class : 10th
Subject : Physical Science
Name of the School:
Time Duration :
Material used : Internet, Newspapers and 10thclass physical science book.

Project - 3
Title of the Project: Construction and working of Reverberatory
furnace.
Aim of the Project: Collect the information on the construction and working of
reverberatory furnace.
Hypothesis: A reverberatory furnace is a type of furnace used for roasting.
Introduction:
Construction:
1. Structure: Reverberatory furnaces have a rectangular or cylindrical shape with a
refractory-lined hearth (bottom) and walls.
2. Fuel and Air Entry: They typically have multiple ports for fuel and air entry,
allowing for controlled combustion.
3. Roof and Flue: A sloped roof helps reflect heat downwards, and a flue or chimney
allows gases and fumes to exit.

Working Principle:
1. Heat Source: Combustion of fuel (coal, gas, oil, etc.) in the furnace generates
heat.
M.SRINIVASA RAO,SA(PS) SPSMHS, GUDIVADA PH: 9848143855 VISIT: SRINI SCIENCE MIND 19
 2. Reflected Heat: The roof's design allows heat to reflect downward onto the
materials being processed in the hearth.
3. Heating Process: Materials (such as ores, metals, or other substances) are placed
on the hearth. Heat from the combustion chamber heats these materials indirectly
through the reflected heat from the roof.
4. Melting or Processing: The high temperatures attained in the furnace allow for
processes like smelting ores to extract metals, refining metals, or heating
substances for various purposes.
Operation:
1. Charging and Discharging: Materials are loaded and unloaded manually or using
machinery through openings in the furnace.
2. Controlled Combustion: Air and fuel flow rates are regulated to control
temperature and ensure efficient combustion.
3. Skimming and Tapping: Depending on the process, impurities or slag may float
on the molten metal surface and are periodically skimmed off. The molten metal is
tapped and collected for further processing.
Applications:
1. Metallurgical Processes: Reverberatory furnaces are used for smelting and
refining non-ferrous metals like copper, lead, and zinc.
2. Glass Production: They're employed in glassmaking for melting and refining glass
compositions.
Advantages and Disadvantages:
1. Advantages: Versatility in processing various materials, relatively simple design,
and ability to achieve high temperatures.
2. Disadvantages: Slower heating rates compared to other furnaces, potential
inefficiency due to heat loss, and emissions of pollutants.
Conclusion: Reverberatory furnaces have been used historically and continue to be
employed in specific industrial applications for their suitability in certain processes,
despite advancements in other heating technologies.
PROJECT REPORT
Name of the project: Construction and working of Reverberatory furnace.
Class : 10th
Subject : Physical Science
Name of the School:
Time Duration :
Material used : Internet, Newspapers and 10thclass physical science book.

M.SRINIVASA RAO,SA(PS) SPSMHS, GUDIVADA PH: 9848143855 VISIT: SRINI SCIENCE MIND 20