Practical Workbook (Lab Manual)

Microprocessor and Assembly Language

Course Code: Cosc 2043
2nd Year 2 Semester

Name :

Section :

Student ID :

Group :

Fifth edition: 2019-2020

Prepared By: Dr. Mohammed Faisal

(M. Tech. Ph. D. (CS))
Contact Details: [email protected]
+251989866598
Department of Computer Science
College Of Engineering & Technology,
Samara University Samara
Afar Regional State, FDR Ethiopia –0132
 INTRODUCTION

Microprocessors play a vital role in the design of digital systems. They are found in a wide range of
applications such as process control, communication systems, digital instruments and consumer products.
Before embedding microprocessor in any system, profound knowledge and full understanding of the
architecture and the instruction set of that microprocessor is imperative.

First two lab sessions provide an in depth coverage of the instruction set of 8088 microprocessor. In next
two lab sessions an Introduction to Assembly Language programming is provided so that the students
have a good knowledge of programming as well as the environments like MASM (Microsoft Macro
Assembler) and TASM etc.

Further laboratory exercises enable the students to enhance their assembly language programming skills.
Interfacing techniques are introduced, which gives students an opportunity to interface various I/O
devices with the trainer board.

After studying the architecture and instruction set of 8088 microprocessor, students are encouraged to
undertake a mini project. This project enables the students to design their own microprocessor-based
system. Also students are encouraged to take project other than the one mentioned in the table of contents.

Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) are microprocessor-based devices used to control industrial
processes or machines. They provide advanced functions, including analog monitoring, control and high
speed motion control as well as share data over communication networks. Programmable Logic
controllers are introduced in the last lab session. Programming PLCs and ladder design are discussed in
detail.
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Department of Computer Science, Samara university Samara

CONTENTS

Lab Session Object Page

No. No.

1 Introduction to Assembly Language Programming. 1

2 Running and Debugging the Assembly Program. 9
3 Calling a Subroutine from another Assembly Language File (Near Procedure). 16
4 Introduction to the trainer. 20
5 Using the trainer. 26
6 Learning Data transfer and Stack operation instructions. 30
7 Learning Logic group of instructions (AND, OR and XOR). 34
8 Studying Logic group of instructions (Shift and rotate). 36
9 Studying Transfer of control instructions (Conditional & Un-Conditional jumps). 39
10 Learning Isolated I/O instructions. 42
11 Learning Arithmetic group of instructions (Add, Subtract, Multiply and Divide). 44
12 Studying Transfer of control instructions (Call and Return). 49
13 Using ADC/DAC. 52
14 Interfacing Printer with 8088. 54
15 Mini Project
15(a) Learning De-multiplexing of Address/Data bus of 8088 Microprocessor. 57
15(b) Creating input / output device select pulses. 58
15(c) Interfacing 8255PPI to the 8088 Microprocessor. 59

16 Programmable Logic Controller

16(a) Series-Parallel Logic 61
16(b) Latching Circuits 65
16(c) Timer Circuits 68
16(d) Counter Circuits 73
Microprocessors Lab Session 01
Department of Computer Science, Samara university Samara

Lab Session 01
OBJECT
Introduction to Assembly Language Programming
THEORY
ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE SYNTAX

name operation operand (s) comment

Assembly language statement is classified in two types

Instruction
Assembler translates into machine code.
Example:
START: MOV CX, 5 ; initialize counter
Comparing with the syntax of the Assembly statement, name field consists of the label
START:. The operation is MOV, operands are CX and 5 and the comment is ;initialize
counter.

Assembler Directive
Instructs the assembler to perform some specific task, and are not converted into
machine code.
Example:
MAIN PROC
MAIN is the name, and operation field contains PROC. This particular directive creates a
procedure called MAIN.

Name field
Assembler translate name into memory addresses. It can be 31 characters long.

Operation field
It contains symbolic operation code (opcode). The assembler translates symbolic
opcode into machine language opcode. In assembler directive, the operation field
contains a pseudo-operation code (pseudo-op). Pseudo-op are not translated into machine
code, rather they simply tell the assembler to do something.

Operand field
It specifies the data that are to be acted on by the operation. An instruction may
have a zero, one or two operands.

Comment field
A semicolon marks the beginning of a comment. Good programming practice
dictates comment on every line

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Examples: MOVCX, 0 ;move 0 to CX

Do not say something obvious; so:
MOV CX, 0 ;CX counts terms, initially 0

Put instruction in context of program

; initialize registers

DATA REPRESENTATION

Numbers
11011 Decimal
11011B Binary
64223 Decimal
-21843D Decimal
1,234 illegal, contains a non-digit character
1B4DH hexadecimal number
1B4D illegal hex number, does not end with
FFFFH illegal hex number, does not begin with digit
OFFFFH hexadecimal number

Signed numbers represented using 2's complement.

Characters
 Must be enclosed in single or double quotes, e.g. “Hello”, ‘Hello’, “A”, ‘B’
 encoded by ASCII code
o 'A' has ASCII code 41H
o 'a' has ASCII code 61H
o '0' has ASCII code 30H
o Line feed has ASCII code OAH
o Carriage Return has ASCII code
o Back Space has ASCII code 08H
o Horizontal tab has ASCII code 09H

VARIABLE DECLARATION

Each variable has a type and assigned a memory address.

Data-defining pseudo-ops

DB define byte
DW define word
DD define double word (two consecutive words)
DQ define quad word (four consecutive words)
DT define ten bytes (five consecutive words)

Each pseudo-op can be used to define one or more data items of given type.

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Byte Variables

Assembler directive format assigning a byte variable

Name DB initial value
A question mark (“?”) place in initial value leaves variable uninitialized

I DB 4 ;define variable I with initial value 4

J DB ? ;Define variable J with uninitialized value
Name DB "Course" ;allocate 6 bytes for name
K DB 5, 3,-1 ;allocate 3 bytes

K 05
03
FF

Other data type variables have the same format for defining the variables.
Like:
Name DW initial value

NAMED CONSTANTS

 EQU pseudo-op used to assign a name to constant.

 Makes assembly language easier to understand.
 No memory allocated for EQU names.

LF EQU 0AH
o MOV DL, 0AH
o MOV DL, LF

PROMPT EQU "Type your name"

o MSG DB “Type your name”
o MDC DB PROMPT

INPUT AND OUTPUT USING DOS ROUTINES

CPU communicates with peripherals through I/O registers called I/O ports. Two
instructions access I/O ports directly: IN and OUT. These are used when fast I/O is
essential, e.g. games.

Most programs do not use IN/OUT instructions. Since port addresses vary among
computer models and it is much easier to program I/O with service routines provided
by manufacturer.

Two categories of I/O service routines are Basic input & output system (BIOS)
routines and Disk operating system (DOS) routines. Both DOS and BIOS routines are
invoked by INT (interrupt) instruction.

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Disk operating system (DOS) routines

INT 21 H is used to invoke a large number of DOS function. The type of called
function is specified by pulling a number in AH register.

For example

AH=1 input with echo

AH=2 single-character output
AH=9 character string output
AH=8 single-key input without echo
AH=0Ah character string input

Single-Key Input
Input: AH=1
Output: AL= ASCII code if character key is pressed, otherwise 0.

To input character with echo:

MOV AH, 1
INT 21H read character will be in AL register

To input a character without echo:

MOV AH, 8
INT 21H read character will be in AL register

Single-Character Output
Input: AH=2,
DL= ASCII code of character to be output
Output: AL=ASCII code of character

To display a character
MOV AH, 2
MOV DL, ‘?’
INT 21H displaying character'?'

Combining it together:

MOV AH, 1
INT 21H
MOV AH, 2
MOV DL, AL
INT 21H read a character and display it

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To Display a String

Input: AH=9,
DX= offset address of a string.
String must end with a ‘$’ character.

To display the message Hello!

MSG DB “Hello!”
MOV AH, 9
MOV DX, offset MSG
INT 2IH

OFFSET operator returns the address of a variable The instruction LEA (load
effective address) loads destination with address of source
LEA DX, MSG

PROGRAM STRUCTURE
Machine language programs consist of code, data and stack. Each part occupies a
memory segment. Each program segment is translated into a memory segment by the
assembler.

Memory models

The size of code and data a program can have is determined by specifying a memory
model using the .MODEL directive. The format is:
.MODEL memory-model

Unless there is lot of code or data, the appropriate model is SMALL

memory-model description
One code-segment.
SMALL
One data-segment.
More than one code-segment.
MEDIUM One data-segment.
Thus code may be greater than 64K
One code-segment.
COMPACT
More than one data-segment.
More than one code-segment.
LARGE More than one data-segment.
No array larger than 64K.
More than one code-segment.
HUGE More than one data-segment.
Arrays may be larger than 64K.

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Data segment

A program’s DATA SEGMENT contains all the variable definitions.

To declare a data segment, we use the directive .DATA, followed by variable and
constants declarations.

.DATA
WORD1 DW 2
MASK EQU 10010010B

Stack segment

It sets aside a block of memory for storing the stack contents.

.STACK 100H ;this reserves 256 bytes for the stack

If size is omitted then by-default size is 1KB.

Code segment
Contain program’s instructions.

.CODE name

Where name is the optional name of the segment

There is no need for a name in a SMALL program, because the assembler will
generate an error). Inside a code segment, instructions are organised as procedures.
The simplest procedure definition is

name PROC
;body of message
name ENDP

An example

MAIN PROC
;main procedure instructions
MAIN ENDP
;other procedures go here

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Putting it together
.MODEL SMALL
.STACK 100H
.DATA
;data definition go here
.CODE
MAIN PROC
;instructions go here
MAIN ENDP
;other procedures go here
END MAIN
The last line in the program should be the END directive followed by name of the
main procedure.

A Case Conversion Program

Prompt the user to enter a lowercase letter, and on next line displays another message
with letter in uppercase, as:
Enter a lowercase letter: a
In upper case it is: A

TITLE PGM4_1: CASE CONVERSION PROGRAM

.MODEL SMALL
.STACK 100H
.DATA
CR EQU 0DH
LF EQU 0AH
MSG1 DB 'ENTER A LOWER CASE LETTER: $'
MSG2 DB CR, LF, 'IN UPPER CASE IT IS: '
CHAR DB ?,'$'

.CODE
MAIN PROC
;initialize DS
MOV AX,@DATA ; get data segment
MOV DS,AX ; initialize DS
;print user prompt
LEA DX,MSG1 ; get first message
MOV AH,9 ; display string function
INT 21H ; display first message
;input a character and convert to upper case
MOV AH,1 ; read character function
INT 21H ; read a small letter into AL
SUB AL,20H ; convert it to upper case

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MOV CHAR,AL ; and store it

;display on the next line
LEA DX,MSG2 ; get second message
MOV AH,9 ; display string function
INT 21H ; display message and upper case letter in front
;DOS exit
MOV AH,4CH ; DOS exit
INT 21H
MAIN ENDP
END MAIN

Save your program with (.asm) extension.

If “first” is the name of program then save it as “first.asm”

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Lab Session 02
OBJECT
Running and Debugging the Assembly Program

THEORY

ASSEMBLING THE PROGRAM

Assembling is the process of converting the assembly language source program into machine language
object file. The program “ASSEMBLER” does this.

Assemble the program

C:\>masm first.asm
Microsoft (R) Macro Assembler Version 5.10
Copyright (C) Microsoft Corp 1981, 1988. All rights reserved.
Object filename [first.OBJ]: first
Source listing [NUL.LST]: first
Cross-reference [NUL.CRF]: first
47338 + 430081 Bytes symbol space free
0 Warning Errors
0 Severe Errors

After assembling the program as shown above you will find two additional files with the object file,
automatically generated by the assembler, in your directory i.e. the list file and the cross-reference file.
Name must be provided for .LST else NUL (nothing) will be generated.

1. OBJECT FILE
A non-executable file contains the machine code translation of assembly code, plus other information
needed to produce the executable.

2. LIST FILE
The list file is a text file that gives you assembly language code and the corresponding machine language
code, a list of names used in the program, error messages and other statistics as shown below for the
assembly file first.asm:
PGM4_1: CASE CONVERSION PROGRAM Page 1-1

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1 TITLE PGM4_1: CASE CONVERSION PROGRAM

2 .MODEL SMALL
3 .STACK 100H
4 .DATA
5 = 000D CR EQU
0DH
6 = 000A LF EQU
0AH
7 0000 45 4E 54 45 52 20 MSG1 DB 'ENTER A LOWER
CASE LETTER: $'
8 41 20 4C 4F 57 45
9 52 20 43 41 53 45
10 20 4C 45 54 54 45
11 52 3A 20 20 24
12 001D 0D 0A 49 4E 20 55 MSG2 DB 0DH, 0AH, 'IN U
PPER CASE IT IS: '
13 50 50 45 52 20 43
14 41 53 45 20 49 54
15 20 49 53 3A 20 20
16 0035 00 24 CHAR DB ? ,'$'
17 .CODE
18 0000 MAIN PROC
19 ; initialize DS
20 0000 B8 -----R MOV AX,@DATA ; get data segment
21 0003 8E D8 MOV DS, AX ; initialize DS
22 ;print user prompt
23 0005 8D 16 0000 R LEA DX,MSG1 ; get first message
24 0009 B4 09 MOV AH,9 ; display string
function
25 000B CD 21 INT 21H ; display first
message
26 ;input a character and
;convert to uppercase

27 000D B4 01 MOV AH,1 ; read character

function
28 000F CD 21 INT 21H ;read a small letter
into AL
29 0011 2C 20 SUB AL,20H ; convert it to upper case
30 0013 A2 0035 R MOV CHAR,AL ; and store it
31 ;display on the next line
32 0016 8D 16 001D R LEA DX,MSG2 ;get second message
33 001A B4 09 MOV AH,9 ; display string
function
34 001C CD 21 INT 21H ; display message and
;upper case letter in front
35 ;DOS exit

PGM4_1: CASE CONVERSION PROGRAM Page 1-2

36 001E B4 4C MOV AH,4CH ; DOS e

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xit
37 0020 CD 21 INT 21H

38 0022 MAIN ENDP

39 END MAIN

PGM4_1: CASE CONVERSION PROGRAM Symbols-1

Segments and Groups:

Name Length Align Combine Class

DGROUP . . . . . . . . . . . . . GROUP
_DATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0037 WORD PUBLIC 'DATA'
STACK . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0100 PARA STACK
_TEXT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0022 WORD PUBLIC 'CODE'

Symbols:

Name Type Value Attr

CHAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L BYTE 0035 _DATA

CR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NUMBER 000D

LF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NUMBER 000A

MAIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N PROC 0000 _TEXT Length = 0022

MSG1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L BYTE 0000 _DATA
MSG2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L BYTE 001D _DATA

@CODE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TEXT _TEXT

@CODESIZE . . . . . . . . . . . . TEXT 0
@CPU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TEXT 0101h
@DATASIZE . . . . . . . . . . . . TEXT 0
@FILENAME . . . . . . . . . . . . TEXT cc
@VERSION . . . . . . . . . . . . TEXT 510

32 Source Lines
32 Total Lines
23 Symbols

46146 + 447082 Bytes symbol space free

0 Warning Errors
0 Severe Errors

3. CROSS-REFERENCE FILE
List names used in the program and the line number.

LINKING THE PROGRAM

Linking is the process of converting the one or more object files into a single executable file. The program
“LINKER” does this.

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C:\>link first.obj;
Microsoft (R) Overlay Linker Version 3.64
Copyright (C) Microsoft Corp 1983-1988. All rights reserved.
RUNNING THE PRORAM
On the command line type the name of the program to run.

C:\>first.exe
ENTER A LOWER CASE LETTER: a
IN UPPER CASE IT IS: A

DEBUGGING
DEBUG is a primitive but utilitarian program, supplied with MS-DOS, with a small easy to learn command
set. After assembling and linking the program in previous practical, (first.asm) we take the first.exe into
DEBUG.
On the MS-DOS prompt type the following command,

C:\>DEBUG first.exe
-

DEBUG comes back with its “-“command prompt.

To view registers and FLAGS, type “R‟

C:\>debug first.exe
-R
AX=0000 BX=0000 CX=0030 DX=0000 SP=0100 BP=0000 SI=0000 DI=0000
DS=1189 ES=1189 SS=119C CS=1199 IP=0000

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NV UP EI PL NZ NA PO NC
1199:0000 B89A11 MOV AX,119A
-
As we know 8086 has 14 registers, all of these registers are shown by DEBUG with different values stored
in these registers.
FLAG REGISTER
The letters pairs on the fourth line are the current setting of some of the status and control FLAGS. The
FLAGS displayed and the symbols DEBUG uses are the following:

To change the contents of a register-for example, AX to 1245h

-RDX
DX 0000
:1245

Note:- DEBUG assumes that all numbers are expressed in hex. Now let us verify the
change, through “R‟ command.

DX now contain 1245h.

The next instruction to be executed by the CPU is written on the last line with its address in the memory.
Let us execute each instruction one by one using „T‟ trace command. But before that, just check whether
the “.exe‟ file is representing the same assembly language program or not, using the U (unassembled)
command.

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The U command by default shows 32 bytes of program coding. The last instruction shown above is not our
last program’s instruction. To see the remaining instructions, specify directly some address ranges ahead.
Now execute instructions one be one using T command.

AX now have the segment number of the data segment. Again press T for one more time will execute the
instruction MOV DS, AX as shown on the last line above. This will initialize the data segment register with
the data segment address of the program.

The next command LEA DX, [0002] will load the offset address of MSG1 in DX which is 0002.

Check the contents of the data segment using the D command:

We can see that the string variables initialized in the Data Segment has been successfully loaded into the
memory locations as above.
Now through MOV AH, 09 and interrupt command -g 000d, MSG1will be displayed as shown below:

Pressing T one more time will move 01 in AH so that we can take input.

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As you can
Now through interrupt command -g 0011, user will be prompted to enter a lower case letter
see, ‘a’ is entered as input, so AX will now contain 0161 where 61 is the ASCII code of
‘a’.

Now the SUB command will subtract 20 out of the contents of AL to perform case
conversion.

Again pressing ‘t’ will store the case conversion output i.e. ‘A’ in memory.
Now to display MSG2, its offset address will be loaded in DX:

MOV AH, 09 and interrupt command are used to print the string on screen as done before. The result will
be displayed as follows:

This message indicates that the program has run to completion. The program must be reloaded to execute
again. Now leave the DEBUG using “Q‟,

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Lab Session 03

OBJECT
Calling a subroutine from another assembly file as a near procedure
THEORY
Near call—A call to a procedure within the current code segment (the segment currently pointed to by the
CS register), sometimes referred to as an intrasegment call.

Procedure Declaration
 The syntax of procedure declaration is the following:
PROC name NEAR
; body of procedure
ret
ENDP name

The CALL Instruction

 CALL invokes a procedure
call name
where name is the name of a procedure.

Executing a CALL
 The return address to the calling program (the current value of the IP) is saved on the stack

 IP get the offset address of the first instruction of the procedure (this transfers control to the
procedure)
The RET instruction
 To return from a procedure, the instruction
ret pop_value
is executed.
 The integer argument pop_value is optional.

 ret causes the stack to be popped into IP.

A Case Conversion Program
Prompt the user to enter a lowercase letter, and on next line displays another message with letter in
uppercase, as:
Enter a lowercase letter: a
In upper case it is: A
We will create two different assembly files to implement case conversion. First file contains the code that
will prompt user to enter a lower case letter. This file contains a call to a near procedure named
CONVERT, which is used to perform case conversion. The second file contains the code of the procedure
CONVERT. So, when the procedure CONVERT is invoked, the given lower case letter will be converted
to upper case. The control will then be returned back to the calling procedure in the first file which will
display the output.
Assembly code for both of the files is given below:
TITL PGM4_2: CASE
E
EXTRN CONVERSION
CONVERT:
NEAR
.MODEL SMALL
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.STACK
100H
.DATA 'ENTER A LOWER CASE
MSG LETTER: $'
D
B
AX,@DA ; get data
.CODE TA segment
MAIN DS,AX ; initialize DS
;print user
LEA DX,MSG ; get first
prompt message
MOV AH,9 ; display string function
INT 21H ; display first message
;input a character and convert to upper
case MOV AH,1 ; read character function
INT 21H ; read a small letter into AL
CAL CONVE ; convert to
L RT uppercase
MO AH,4CH
V 21H ;DOS exit
INT MAI
MAIN N with (.asm) extension. If “first” is the name of program then save it
Save your program
as “first.asm”.

TITL PGM4_2A : CASE

E
PUBLIC CONVERSION
CONVERT
.MODEL SMAL
.DATA L
MSG 0DH, 0AH, 'IN UPPER CASE
D IT IS: '
B -20H,'$'
CHAR
D char PROC
;converts in AL toNEAR
uppercase
PUS BX
H DX
PUS CHAR,
H AL
ADD AH,9
MOV DX,MS
LEA G 21H
INT D
POP X
POP
RET END
P
CONVERT
Save the above program as well with (.asm) extension. If “second” is the name of
program then save it as “second.asm”.
Now follow the steps as mentioned in the previous lab session to assemble the two files. First perform all
the steps to assemble and create .obj file for the first program, list file and cross reference file will also be

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generated automatically by the assembler for the first program. Now, do the same for the second program.
Observe the list files for both the programs yourself.
Now we have to link the two files. For this, write the following line on the command prompt:
>link first + second
Then give any name to the resultant file (e.g.: first). Now we have a single .exe file to perform case
conversion. Write following line on the command prompt:
>debug first.exe
Check whether the .exe file is representing the same assembly language program or not, using the U
(unassembled) command.

The U command by default shows 32 bytes of program coding. To see the remaining instructions, specify
directly some address ranges ahead.
To see initial condition of registers, type R command.

Now execute instructions one be one using T command.

Through above commands, we have initialized the data segment, verify by using D command.

You can see in the above figure that the data segment is initialized with the messages. Now execute the
assembly and interrupt commands and note down the observations stepwise.
EXERCISE 1
Write a program that takes two numbers as input and performs their addition. The code
for addition of the numbers should be present in another assembly file that should be
called as a near procedure in the first file.

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Lab Session 04
OBJECT
Introduction to the trainer.

THEORY
The MC 8088/EV microcomputer trainer is a microprocessor controlled educational
system, based on 8088, conceived to face any problem concerning the study and use of
microprocessor systems.

The 8088 is one of the most common microprocessors and so it can be of help for
studying the structure and general function of PCs. Consequently a fundamental step in
the evolution of PCs is the introduction, by IBM of this kind of microprocessor into the
PC “IBM PC” in 1981.

The basic MC8088/EV contains all the necessary components for the study of this kind of
systems (8088 microprocessor, RAM and EPROM memory, liquid crystal display and
keyboard, serial and parallel interface, analog inputs and outputs, troubleshooting
section).

Technical characteristics of the trainer are:

 8088/4.77 MHz microprocessor;
 16 Kbytes system EPROM;
 16*2 Kbyte user EPROM;
 2 Kbyte RAM memory expandable to 6 Kbyte;
 Keyboard (USA type PC keyboard);
 Liquid crystal display (max 40 characters : 2 lines with 20 characters each);
 Buzzer;
 Cassette recorder interface;
 CENTRONICS parallel interface;
 8 bit IN/OUT parallel ports;
 serial interface (standard RS-232);
 BUS expansion interface;
 Analog output with 8-bit D/A converter;
 Analog input with 8-bit A/D converter;
 Device for troubleshooting (Num.max.=8);
 8+2 logic probes for fault insertion;
 Power supplies: 5V/3A, +/-12V/0.3A;
 EPROM monitor with:
 Register display and edit
 Memory display and edit
 Continuous, step-by-step, break-points program run

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 Load and save on cassette recorder.

General operation:

All the system’s operations are controlled by microprocessor 8088 (IC1). The clock is
generated by an oscillator composed by inverters TTL-7404 (IC15) and by the system
quartz (14.318 MHz). With the two J-K flip flops included in IC 74107 the original
frequency is divided to obtain the microprocessor clock.
The general RESET line, used by UART also, is short circuited to ground by a condenser
switching on the system (logic level “0”) while this line returns to logic level “1” after
few m-seconds.

The data, addresses and control lines bus are buffered with ICs type 74244, 74245 and
74373 (IC3, IC2, IC4, IC8, IC16).

The selection among the devices concerned with the processor (EPROM memory, RAM,
I/O ports…) is made by ICs type IC17, IC19, IC21, IC22, IC23 and IC24.

These components type 74139 and 74138 are line decoders, 21N – 4OUT and 3IN –
8OUT respectively. The logic combination of the two or three input lines selects one of
the four or eight possible outputs and the selected device because these lines are
connected to the devices enable ones.

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EXERCISES
Identify the modules M1 to M12 by writing their names on the figure below. Describe
each module in the space provided for this purpose.

M9

M12

M8

M7

M11 M10

M5
M4

M6

M3

M1

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Microprocessors Lab Session 04
Department of Computer Science, Samara university Samara

Module M1:

Module M2:

Module M3:

Module M4:

Module M5:

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Microprocessors Lab Session 04
Department of Computer Science, Samara university Samara

Module M6:

Module M7:

Module M8:

Module M9:

Module M10:

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Microprocessors Lab Session 04
Department of Computer Science, Samara university Samara

Module M11:

Module M12:

25
Microprocessors Lab Session 05
Department of Computer Science, Samara university Samara

Lab Session 05
OBJECT
Using the trainer.
THEORY
The monitor commands are given below:
Command Name Purpose Syntax

A Assembler To let the user to type A

8088 assembly language A <addr>
programs into memory
and assemble them into
machine code line by
line.

L Disassembler To translate L
(disassemble) a block of L <addr1>
memory into 8088 L <addr1> / <n>
assembly instructions. L <addr1> <addr2>

G Go To execute a program in G
memory. G <addr>

S Step To single-step a S
program or execute a Sn
specified number of
instructions and then
stop with a display of
register contents on the
screen; execution starts
from the address pointed
to by the CS regirter and
the IP register.

B Breakpoint To set up to three B

breakpoints or display B <n>
their current settings. B <n> <addr>
When a program is on
execution and runs into
a breakpoint address, the
program execution will
be halted.

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Microprocessors Lab Session 05
Department of Computer Science, Samara university Samara
C Cancel To cancel one or all of C
Breakpoint the breakpoints set C <n>
previously.

X Register To display or change the X

contents of any of the X <register name>
registers.

M Memory To display or change the M

contents of a memory M <addr1>
location or a range of M <addr1> <addr2>
memory location. M <addr1> <addr2> /
<data1> /

I Insert To insert data into a I

memory location or a I /<data1> [data2] …/
portion of memory I <addr1>
locations.

D Delete To delete a byte of data D

or a segment of data in D / <n>
memory. D <addr1> / <n>

F Find To search for a specified F / <datastring>

value or set of values in F <addr1> / <datastring>
memory. F <addr1> <addr2> /
<datastring>

J Jump To directly jump to the (1) J <addr>.

particular address from
which program
execution must start.

T Transfer To copy a range of T <addr1> <addr2> <addr3>

memory contents to T <addr4> <addr5> / <n>
another area in memory.

P Pause To adjust the speed of (1) P <n>

displaying on the screen.

N Input To input and display in (1) N <port_address>

hexadecimal one byte of
data from the specified
port.

O Output To send one or more (1) O <port_address> / <data>

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Microprocessors Lab Session 05
Department of Computer Science, Samara university Samara

bytes of data to a
specified output port.

W Write To record the contents (1) W <addr1> <addr2> /

of a range of memory on <file_name>
tape.

R Read To read the contents R / <file_name>

from tape and copy in R <addr> / <file_name>
the memory. R
R <addr>

EXERCISE

1. Write down the machine code for the program after passing through Assembler and
also write the output of Disassembler.
2. By using single stepping observe the contents of internal registers of microprocessor
during program execution.
3. Set breakpoints at the addresses 000C, 0012 and 0018 then run the program to the end
by Canceling the breakpoints.
4. Display the registers at each breakpoint in the previous step.
5. Transfer the program to location 0040 onwards.
6. Now jump to 0040 address and execute the program.
7. Note the contents of memory where the program is stored. Also change the contents
of memory location 0015 to AA. Delete the data present at memory location 0008.

MOV AX , 1111
MOV BX , 0200
MOV CX , 3333
MOV DX , 4444
MOV WORD [0200] , 6A9E
MOV DX , [0200]
MOV CX , DX
MOV AL , [0200]
MOV [0100] , AL
INT 7

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Microprocessors Lab Session 05
Department of Computer Science, Samara university Samara

OBSERVATIONS
Observe the contents of registers by using single stepping and record them. (Task 2)

Register After 1st After 2nd After 3rd After 4th After 5th
instruction instruction instruction instruction instruction
AX
BX
CX
DX
DS:[0200]
DS:[0100]
Register After 6th After 7th After 8th After 9th
instruction instruction instruction instruction
AX
BX
CX
DX
DS:[0200]
DS:]0100]

29
 Microprocessors Lab Session 06
Department of Computer Science, Samara university Samara

Lab Session 06
OBJECT
Learning Data transfer and Stack operation instructions.
THEORY
Opcode of following MOV instructions: 100010dw oorrrmmm disp

MOV reg1 , reg2 ; copy the contents of 8-bit register “reg2” in the 8-bit register
“reg1”.
MOV mem , reg ; copy the contents of 8-bit register “reg” in memory location
“mem”.
MOV reg , mem ; copy the contents of memory location “mem” into the register
“reg”.

Opcode of following MOV instruction: 100010dw oorrrmmm disp data

MOV mem , imm ; copy the immediate data “imm” into memory location “mem”.

Opcode of following MOV instruction: 1011wrrr data

MOV reg , imm ; copy the immediate data “imm” into the register “reg”.

Opcode of following MOV instructions: 101000dw disp

MOV mem , acc ; copy the contents of accumulator into memory location
“mem”.
MOV acc , mem ; copy the contents of memory location “mem” into
accumulator.

Instruction opcode Description

PUSH reg 01010rrr pushes the contents of register “reg”
onto the stack.
PUSH mem 11111111 oo110mmm disp pushes the contents of memory location
“mem” onto the stack.
PUSH seg 00sss110 pushes the contents of segment register
“seg” onto the stack.
PUSH imm 011010s0 data pushes the immediate data “imm” onto
the stack.
PUSHA/PUSHAD 01100000 pushes all the registers onto the stack
PUSHF/PUSHFD 10011100 pushes the flags onto the stack.
POP reg 01011rrr pops the contents of register “reg” from
top of the stack.

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 Microprocessors Lab Session 06
Department of Computer Science, Samara university Samara

POP mem 10001111 oo000mmm disp pops the contents of memory location
“mem” from top of the stack.
POP seg 00sss111 pops the contents of segment register
“seg” from top of the stack
POPA/POPAD 01100001 pops all the registers from the stack.
POPF/POPFD 10010000 pops the flags from the stack.

PUSHA and POPA instructions are not available in 8008 microprocessor.

ASSEMBLY PROGRAM

1. MOV AX , B386
2. MOV BX , 0200
3. MOV CX , 0A5C
4. MOV DX , D659
5. MOV BP , 0300
6. MOV ES , CX
7. MOV WORD[0200], 95D8
8. ADD AX , BX
9. PUSH AX
10. PUSH [BX]
11. PUSH ES
12. PUSHF
13. PUSH DX
14. POP CX
15. POP DI
16. POP DS
17. POP [BP]
18. POPF
19. INT 7

OBSERVATIONS
By using single stepping observe the working of the program.

Inst# AX BX CX DX Flag BP SP ES DS DI [0200] [0300]

7th
8th
13th
14th
15th
16th
17th
18th

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Microprocessors Lab Session 06
Department of Computer Science, Samara university Samara

Note the contents of the SS: SP register after 13th instruction and then examine the
contents of the corresponding memory locations pointed out to by SS:SP.

EXERCISE 1
Write a program, which
1. Loads AX, BX, CX and DX registers with A154, 7812, 9067, BFD3.
2. Exchange lower byte of CX and higher byte of DX registers by using memory
location 0150 in between the transfer. Then stores CX and DX registers onto memory
location 0170 onward.
3. Exchange higher byte of AX and higher byte of BX registers by using memory
location 0160 in between the transfer. Then stores AX and BX registers onto memory
location 0174 onward.
4. Also draw the flow chart of the program.
Program Flowchart

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Microprocessors Lab Session 06
Department of Computer Science, Samara university Samara

OBSERVATIONS 1
 Observe the contents of memory location from 0170 to 0177 and record them below
in a table.
 Observe the contents of registers by using single stepping and record the final
contents below.

Contents of memory location Contents of Registers

AX

BX

CX

DX

EXERCISE 2
Write a program that produces certain delay and then increment the Accumulator register.
When accumulator produces a carry then the buzzer should generate tone for a certain
time. Implement this program using subroutine. The length of delay is passed to the delay
subroutine as a parameter, using stack. Also draw the flowchart. You can also use any
assembler for this exercise.

Program Flowchart

33
 Microprocessors Lab Session 07
Department of Computer Science, Samara university Samara

Lab Session 07
OBJECT
Learning Logic group of instructions (AND, OR and XOR).

THEORY

Opcode Inst. Operand1, Operand2 Description

001000dw oorrrmmm disp AND Perform logical operation
on register/memory with
000010dw oorrrmmm disp OR reg/ mem, reg/ mem the memory or the second
register. Both the two
001100dw oorrrmmm disp XOR operands cannot be the
memory location.
100000sw oo100mmm disp data AND Perform logical operation
on the “immediate value”
100000sw oo001mmm disp data OR reg/mem/acc, imm with the contents of the
register / memory location
100000sw oo100mmm disp data XOR or specifically the
accumulator.

ASSEMBLER PROGRAM
1. MOV AX, 8A53
2. MOV BX, 0200
3. MOV CX, 692D
4. MOV DX, E6CB
5. MOV WORD [BX], 7B8A
6. AND AX, BX
7. AND CX, [BX]
8. OR [BX], CX
9. OR WORD [BX], 6F0C
10. XOR AX, 94D7
11. XOR DX, C4D1
12. INT 7

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Microprocessors Lab Session 07
Department of Computer Science, Samara university Samara

OBSERVATIONS
By using single stepping record the contents of following registers:

Register After 5th After 6th After 7th After 8th After 9th After 10th After 11th
instruction instruction instruction instruction instruction instruction instruction
AX
BX
CX
DX
Flag
Word[0200]

EXERCISE 1
Write a program which mask the bits of AX register, by setting left-most 4 bits ,resetting
right most 4 bits and complement bit position number 9 and 10.(Hint: Use AND,OR and
XOR instructions for masking).

Program Flowchart

EXERCISE 2
An ASCII coded number can be converted to BCD by masking. Write a program ,which
converts ASCII 30H - 39H to BCD 0-9. Use any assembler for this exercise.

Program Flowchart

35
 Microprocessors Lab Session 08
Department of Computer Science, Samara university Samara

Lab Session 08
OBJECT
To study the shift and rotate instructions present in 8088 instruction set.

THEORY

Instruction Op-code
1101000w 1101001w 1101001w ooTTTmmm
TT
ooTTTmmm disp ooTTTmmm disp disp
T
Description Shift/otate one time Shift/Rotate Shift/Rotate according to the
val
according to the immediate memory location ue
contents of the CL “mem”
register
Rotate left without carry ROL reg/mem , 1 ROL reg/mem , CL ROL reg/mem , imm 000
Rotate right without carry ROR reg/mem , 1 ROR reg/mem , CL ROR reg/mem , imm 001
Rotate left with carry RCL reg/mem , 1 RCL reg/mem , CL RCL reg/mem , imm 010
Rotate right with carry RCR reg/mem , 1 RCR reg/mem , CL RCR reg/mem , imm 011

Shift logic left SAL reg/mem , 1 SAL reg/mem , CL SAL reg/mem , imm 100
Shift Arithmetic left SHL reg/mem , 1 SHL reg/mem , CL SHL reg/mem , imm ″
Shift logic right SHR reg/mem , 1 SHR reg/mem , CL SHR reg/mem , imm 101
Shift arithmetic right SAR reg/mem , 1 SAR reg/mem , CL SAR reg/mem , imm 111

ASSEMBLER PROGRAM
1. 0000 MOV AX , 1111
2. 0003 MOV BX , 2222
3. 0006 MOV CX , 3303
4. 000C MOV SI , 9254
5. 000F MOV WORD [100] , 6655
6. 0015 MOV BYTE[123] , 77
7. 001A MOV WORD [126] , 9988
8. 0020 ROL AX , 1
9. 0022 ROL BYTE [100] , 1
10. 0026 ROL AX , CL
11. 0028 ROL BYTE [100] , CL
12. 002C RCL BX , 1
13. 002E RCL WORD [100] , 1

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Microprocessors Lab Session 08
Department of Computer Science, Samara university Samara

14. 0032 RCL AX , CL

15. 0034 RCL WORD [100] , CL
16. 0038 ROR AX , 1
17. 003A ROR AX , CL
18. 003C ROR BYTE [126] , CL
19. 0040 RCR BX , 1
20. 0042 RCR BYTE [127] , CL
21. 0046 SHL BX , 1
22. 0048 SHL BYTE [126] , CL
23. 004C SAR SI , 1
24. 004E SAR SI ,CL
25. 0050 SHR BYTE [123] , 1
26. 0054 SHR BYTE [123] , CL
27. 0058 INT 7

OBSERVATIONS
By using single stepping observe the contents of the registers and memory locations that
are used to store data in the program.

AX BX SI CF Memory Locations
100 101 123 126 127
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.

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Microprocessors Lab Session 08
Department of Computer Science, Samara university Samara

EXERCISE
Write a program, which multiply two 8-bit numbers using add and shift logic. Check the
program by
(i) loads accumulator with 20H and then multiply it by 10H.
(ii) loads BL with 10H and multiply it by 12H.
Use any assembler of your choice for this purpose.
Also draw the flow chart of the program.

Program Flowchart

OBSERVATIONS 1
Value of the Multiplicand = ---------------- --.
Value of the Multiplier = ---------------- --.
Result of Multiplication = ----------------- --.

OBSERVATIONS 2
Value of the Multiplicand = ---------------- --.
Value of the Multiplier = ---------------- --.
Result of Multiplication = ----------------- --.

38
Microprocessors Lab Session 09
Department of Computer Science, Samara university Samara

Lab Session 09
OBJECT
Studying Transfer of control instructions (Conditional & Un-Conditional jumps).

THEORY
Jump Instructions transfers the control of program to the location addressed by the
specified location (as listed in description column)

Instruction Opcode Description

JMP label (short) 11101011 disp IP+disp
JMP label (near) 11101001 disp
JMP label (far) 11101010 IPnew CSnew Label
JMP reg (near) 11111111 oo100mmm contents of register “reg”
JMP mem (near) memory location “mem”
JMP mem (far) 11111111 oo101mmm
Jcnd label (8-bit disp) 0111cccc disp IP+disp; when condition
Jcnd label (16-bit disp) 00001111 1000cccc disp “cnd” becomes true

Condition Codes Mnemonic Flag Description

0000 JO O=1 Jump if overflow
0001 JNO O=0 Jump if no overflow
0010 JB/JNAE C=1 Jump if below
0011 JAE/JNB C=0 Jump if above or equal
0100 JE/JZ Z=1 Jump if equal/zero
0101 JNE/JNZ Z=0 Jump if not equal/zero
0110 JBE/JNA C=1+Z=1 Jump if below or equal
0111 JA/JNBE O=0.Z=0 Jump if above
1000 JS S=1 Jump if sign
1001 JNS S=0 Jump if no sign
1010 JP/JPE P=1 Jump if parity
1011 JNP/JPO P=0 Jump if no parity
1100 JL/JNGE S.O Jump if less than
1101 JGE/JNL S=0 Jump if greater than or equal
1110 JLE/JNG Z=1+S.O Jump if less than or equal
1111 JG/JNLE Z=0+S=O Jump if greater than

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Microprocessors Lab Session 09
Department of Computer Science, Samara university Samara

ASSEMBLER PROGRAM 1

INT 8 Console In (Input a character from the keyboard and store it into the AL reg.
INT B Console Out (Output a character contained in AL to the LCD.
JMP 0000 Jump to the first instruction.

OBSERVATIONS 1

By using single stepping observe the working of the program. Record the content of the
AX registers.

Character AX
1
2
3
4
5

ASSEMBLER PROGRAM 2
MOV AX, 0000
MOV BX, 0000
INT 8 ;Input from Keyboard
INT B ;Output the character
MOV BL, AL
INT 8 ;Input from Keyboard
INT B ;Output the character
CMP AX, BX ;Compare the values in AX and BX
JNZ 0000 ;if not equal jump to start of program.
INT 7

40
Microprocessors Lab Session 09
Department of Computer Science, Samara university Samara

OBSERVATIONS 2
By using single stepping observe the contents of registers AX, BX after execution of each
instruction.
(Different Key input) (Same Key Input)
AX BX AX BX
After 1st instruction
After 2nd instruction
After 3rd instruction
After 1st instruction
After 1st instruction
After 4th instruction
After 5th instruction
After 6th instruction
After 7th instruction
After 8th instruction
After 9th instruction
Flag register after
8th instruction

EXERCISE
Write a program, which prints your name on the LCD display when ‘space’ key is
pressed from the keyboard. Implement using conditional jump instruction. Also draw the
flow chart of the program.

Program Flowchart

41
Microprocessors Lab Session 10
Department of Computer Science, Samara university Samara

Lab Session 10
OBJECT
Learning Isolated I/O instructions.

THEORY
IN acc , pt opcode = 1110010w port# ; Takes an 8-bit binary
number as input from input port “port#” and stores that in Accumulator.

IN acc , DX opcode = 1110110w ; Takes an 8-bit binary number as input from

input port addressed by DX and stores that in Accumulator.

OUT pt , acc opcode = 1110010w port# ; Outputs an 8-bit number from

Accumulator to output port number “port#”.

OUT DX , acc opcode = 1110111w ; Outputs an 8-bit number from Accumulator

to output port addressed by DX.

ASSEMBLER PROGRAM
INPUT PORT

MOV AX , 0
MOV DX , 1A3
IN AL , DX
INT 7

OUTPUT PORT
S. No. AL Character
MOV AL , 41
MOV DX , 1A1 1
OUT DX , AL
2
INT 7
3

42
Microprocessors Lab Session 10
Department of Computer Science, Samara university Samara

EXERCISE
Write a program, which output the first ten numbers of Fibonacci series. You can also use
any assembler for this exercise. (Hint: Use looping technique, to output numbers one by
one in each iteration of loop)

Program Flowchart

43
 Microprocessors Lab Session 11
Department of Computer Science, Samara university Samara

Lab Session 11
OBJECT
Learning Arithmetic group of instructions (Add, Subtract, Multiply and Divide).

THEORY

Opcode Inst.
Operand1, Description
Operand2
000000/000101dw ADD/SUB reg1, reg2 add / subtract (with carry/borrow)
oorrrmmm disp OR
the contents of the register “reg” or
mem, reg “mem” with / from the register
000100/000110dw ADC/SBB OR
oorrrmmm disp reg, mem “reg” or “mem”
100000sw oo000/101mmm ADD/SUB reg, imm add / subtract (with carry/borrow)
disp data OR
the immediate data “imm” with /
mem, imm from register / memory location or
100000sw oo010/011mmm ADC/SBB OR
disp data acc, imm specifically the accumulator.

Opcode of following MUL instructions: 1111011w oo100mmm disp

MUL reg ; multiply the contents of register “reg” with the accumulator
register and return the result in “AH and AL” or “DX and AX”.
MUL mem ; multiply the contents of memory “mem” with the accumulator
register and return the result in “AH and AL” or “DX and AX”.

Opcode of following DIV instructions: 1111011w oo110mmm disp

DIV reg ; divide the contents of the accumulator register by the contents of
register “reg” and return the remainder in AH and the quotient in
AL or the remainder in DX and the quotient in AX.
DIV mem ; divide the contents of the accumulator register by the contents of
memory location “mem” and return the remainder in AH and the
quotient in AL or the remainder in DX and the quotient in AX.

44
Microprocessors Lab Session 11
Department of Computer Science, Samara university Samara

ASSEMBLER PROGRAM 1 (Add & Subtract)

ADDITION:
MOV AX , 4000
MOV BX , 0006
MOV CX , 8
ADC AX , BX
LOOP 0009
INT 7

SUBTRACTION
MOV AX , 4000
MOV BX , 0006
MOV CX , 8
SBB AX , BX
LOOP 0009
INT 7

OBSERVATIONS 1

 Using single stepping record the contents of AX register until CX becomes zero

Addition:

CX AX CX AX CX AX

Subtraction:

CX AX CX AX CX AX

45
Microprocessors Lab Session 11
Department of Computer Science, Samara university Samara

ASSEMBLER PROGRAM 2 (MULTIPLY AND DIVIDE)

MULTIPLICATION
(8-bit) (16-bit)
MOV AX , FF MOV AX , FFFF
MOV CL , 6 MOV CX , 0200
MUL CL MUL CX
INT 7 INT 7

DIVISION
(8-bit) (16-bit)
MOV AX , 0400 MOV DX , 23
MOV CL , 6 MOV AX , 4
DIV CL MOV CX , 300
INT 7 DIV CX
INT 7

OBSERVATIONS 2
Record values of AX, BX, CX & DX before & after execution of MUL/DIV instruction.

For Multiplication

8-bit:
Before Execution of MUL:
AX : , BX :
CX : , DX :

After Execution of MUL:

AX : , BX :
CX : , DX :

16-bit:
Before Execution of MUL:
AX : , BX :
CX : , DX :

After Execution of MUL:

AX : , BX :
CX : , DX :

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Microprocessors Lab Session 11
Department of Computer Science, Samara university Samara

For Division

8-bit:
Before Execution of DIV:
AX : , BX :
CX : , DX :

After Execution of DIV:

AX : , BX :
CX : , DX :

16- bit:
Before Execution of DIV:
AX : , BX :
CX : , DX :

After Execution of DIV:

AX : , BX :
CX : , DX :

EXERCISES
1) Write a program, which will add the contents of two 32 bit numbers stored in DX
– AX (DX contains the high order word) and memory location WORD [0202] –
WORD [0200].

Program

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Microprocessors Lab Session 11
Department of Computer Science, Samara university Samara

2) Write a program which input ten 8-bit numbers as input from user and output their
sum on LCD display.

Program Hex code

3) Write a program, which calculate the factorial of any given number (the number
may be used as an immediate operand in the instruction). Use any assembler for
this exercise.

Program Flowchart

48
Microprocessors Lab Session 12
Samara University, College of Engineering & Technology – Department of Computer Science

Lab Session 12
OBJECT
Studying Transfer of control instructions (Call and Return).

THEORY
Opcode of following CALL instruction: 11101000 disp

CALL label ; transfer the control of program to the location “IP+disp”

(near)

Opcode of following CALL instruction: 11101000 IPnew CSnew

CALL label ; transfer the control of program to the location “label”

(far)

Opcode of following CALL instructions: 11111111 oo010mmm

CALL reg ; transfer the control of program to the location “reg”

(near)
CALL mem ; transfer the control of program to the location of memory “mem”
(near)

Opcode of following CALL instruction: 11111111 oo011mmm

CALL mem ; transfer the control of program to the location of memory “mem”
(far)

Opcode of following RET instruction: 11000011

RET ; Return the control of program to the main routine (to the
(near) instruction next to the associated CALL instruction)

Opcode of following RET instruction: 11000010 data

RET imm ; Return the control of program to the main routine and changes SP
(near) to address “SP+imm”

Opcode of following RET instruction: 11001011

RET ; Return the control of program to the main routine (to the
(far) instruction next to the associated CALL instruction)

Opcode of following RET instruction: 11001010 data

49
Microprocessors Lab Session 12
Samara University, College of Engineering & Technology – Department of Computer Science

RET imm ; Return the control of program to the main routine and changes SP
(far) to address “SP+imm”

ASSEMBLER PROGRAM
MOV AX , 5AD8
MOV CX , 0006
MOV WORD[FE], 349A
MOV WORD[100], 9CFF
MOV WORD[102], A9B6
MOV AX , WORD[102]
CALL LABEL
MOV CX , DX
JMP HERE
LABEL: PUSH AX
MOV AX , WORD[FE]
INC WORD[100]
ADD AX , WORD[100]
ROL AX , CL
XOR WORD[102] , AX
SBB WORD[FE] , AX
MOV DX , AX
POP AX
RET
HERE: CMP AX , CX

OBSERVATIONS
By using single stepping observe the contents of registers AX, BX, CX, DX and memory
location FE, 100 and 102.

Before Execution
AX : ; BX :
CX : ; DX :
SP : ; WORD[FE] :
WORD[100] : ; WORD[102] :
After CALL instruction
AX : ; BX :
CX : ; DX :
SP : ; WORD[FE] :
WORD[100] : ; WORD[102] :

50
Microprocessors Lab Session 12
Samara University, College of Engineering & Technology – Department of Computer Science

After RET instruction

AX : ; BX :
CX : ; DX :
SP : ; WORD[FE] :
WORD[100] : ; WORD[102] :
After Execution
AX : ; BX :
CX : ; DX :
SP : ; WORD[FE] :
WORD[100] : ; WORD[102] :

EXERCISE
Write a program, which takes input from port address 3060h then calls a subroutine
having label ‘ADDNOS’. ADDNOS subroutine adds the inputted values from the
specified input port. The program takes input from port 10 times. Produce a certain delay
by using a subroutine between two consecutive inputs from port. Program stores the final
result as a word on memory location 0200. Also draw the flow chart of the program.

Program Flowchart

51
Microprocessors Lab Session 13
Samara University, College of Engineering & Technology – Department of Computer Science

Lab Session 13
OBJECT
Using ADC/DAC

THEORY
Analog Interface

The MC8088 Analog interface provides one 8-bit ADC (0804) and one 8-bit DAC
(0800).
The port address of DAC and ADC is 10C h.

DIGITAL /ANALOG CONVERTER

The digital/analog converter uses an IC34 latch (74374) directly connected to the data
bus in order to give the digital information to the conversion device (DAC – 0800). The
current of the digital signal to be transmitted is converted into the corresponding voltage
signal with the operational IC36 (I – V converter)

ANALOG / DIGITAL CONVERTER

The analog / digital converter uses the ADC0804 for converting and a buffer (74244) for
data bus communication of the system.

DAC PROGRAMMING

This program outputs a value from 00h to FFh on the DAC port. Observe the analog
output of the program using a multi meter.

Program:

START:
MOV DX,10C; Move address of DAC in DX
MOV AL,0 ; reset AL
LOOP: INT E ; Display AL in Hex Format
PUSH AX ; save AL on stack
INT 8 ; Wait for a keyboard hit
POP AX
OUT DX, AL ; OUT to DAC at 10C h
INC AL
JNZ LOOP ;if AL is not zero then repeat
INT 7 ; EXIT

52
Microprocessors Lab Session 13
Samara University, College of Engineering & Technology – Department of Computer Science

ADC PROGRAMMING

Apply analogue voltage at the analogue input of ADC using variable power supply (0-
10V DC) and take the digital input from the ADC port at 10C h and display it on the
LCD.

Program:

START:
MOV DX, 10C ; Move address of ADC in DX
LOOP: INT 8 ; Wait for a keyboard hit
IN AL, DX ; IN from ADC at 10C h
INT E ; display AL on LCD in HEX format
JMP LOOP ; repeat
INT 7

OBSERVATION
DAC PROGRAMMING:

Observe the multimeter reading for the following values of AL register.

Value of AL register Multimeter Reading (Volts)

1) 00 ----------------
2) 15 ----------------
3) DE ----------------
4) FC ----------------

ADC PROGRAMMING:

Observe the value of AL register for following values of multimeter.

Multimeter Reading (Volts) Value of AL register

1) 1.5 ----------------
2) 3.8 ----------------
3) 6.3 ----------------
4) 9.8 ----------------

53
Microprocessors Lab Session 14
Samara University, College of Engineering & Technology – Department of Computer Science

Lab Session 14
OBJECT

Interfacing Printer with 8088

THEORY
PARALLEL PRINTER INTERFACE

This section of the MC8088 trainer board offers 1 OUTPUT parallel port per printer.

The unit contains all the test points related to the MC8088 signals:

 Address
 Data
 Control signals

It also contains an expansion connector on which the bus signals are reported.
This powers the system with external hardware.

The 25 pin connector complete pin-out is shown below:

STROBE 1 14 AUTOFD
D0 2 15 ERROR
D1 3 16 INIT
D2 4 17 SLCT IN
D3 5 18 GROUND
D4 6 19 GROUND
D5 7 20 GROUND
D6 8 21 GROUND
D7 9 22 GROUND
AK 10 23 GROUND
BUSY 11 24 GROUND
PE 12 25 GROUND
SLCT 13

The operation involving the parallel output is controlled by 8 data lines (D0 – D7) and the
two lines related to handshaking: BUSY and STROBE controls.

The data are sent to the printer with an IC47 buffer with 1E0H address.

The BUSY line is connected to line 6 of buffer IC7 (line 6 connected to relative bus data
line with weight 2^6=64) and is used as input.

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Microprocessors Lab Session 14
Samara University, College of Engineering & Technology – Department of Computer Science

The STROBE line is used toward the printer and goes from the system to the printer
buffer to inform the printer that the byte to be printed is available on the data lines. It is
connected to line 7 of buffer IC3 and to the data bus line with weight 2^7=128.

The timing diagram for the printing operation is:

BUSY

DATA

STROBE

The BUSY line coming from the printer must be at low logic level for a printing
operation; with high logic level the device is in printing state related to a former
character.

In a second time data to be printed must be introduced and buffer IC47 must be loaded
with byte related to the desired character or control.

At last the line STROBE must be put at low logic level for a moment (STROBE is ON
and low) to memorize bytes to be printed in the printer buffer.

ASSEMBLY PROGRAM
PARALLEL PRINTER PROGRAMMING

PRINTER PORT ADDRESSES

DATA 1E0 H
STROBE 180 H bit 7
BUSY 1C0 H bit 6

This program prints typed characters

0008 : 0000 INT 8 ;load typed character in AL

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Microprocessors Lab Session 14
Samara University, College of Engineering & Technology – Department of Computer Science

0002 PUSH AX
0003 MOV DX , 1C0 ;read BUSY port
0006 IN AL , DX
0007 TEST AL , 40 ;test bit 6 of byte read
0009 JNZ 3
00OB POP AX
00OC MOV DX , 1E0 ;send data to port 1E0h
00OF OUT DX , AL
0010 MOV DX , 180 ;generate strobe pulse
0013 IN AL , DX
0014 SUB AL, 80
0016 OUT DX , AL
0017 ADD AL , 80
0019 OUT DX , AL
001A JMP 00

56
Microprocessors Lab Session 15(a)
Samara University, College of Engineering & Technology – Department of Computer Science

Lab Session 15(a)

OBJECT
Learning De-multiplexing of Address/Data bus of 8088 Microprocessor.

THEORY
There is 20-bit address bus and 8-bit data bus present on the chip of 8088 microprocessor.
Lower 8 bits of address and data buses are time multiplexed with each other. For any
machine cycle address comes out of the microprocessor and after some time the bus is
used for data transfer between microprocessor and memory or I/O device. In this way the
address is not present there for the whole machine cycle on the bus. For holding the
address for the full machine cycle we have to design a circuit.

DESIGN OF CIRCUIT
These components will be required for design of the circuit.
1. 8088 microprocessor
2. 74LS373 latches
3. 74LS244 buffers
4. 74LS245 buffers

STEPS OF DESIGNING (Connection description)

1. Connect the lower 8 bits of the time multiplexed address/data (AD0-AD7) bus to the
inputs of latch 74LS373. The only address will be available after passing through the
latch.
2. The enable pin of the latch 74LS373 will be connected to the ALE pin of the 8088.
3. The only address will be available after passing through the latch.
4. Connect the lower 8 bits of the time multiplexed address/data (AD0-AD7) bus to the
inputs of bi-directional buffer 74LS245.
5. The enable pin of the buffer 74LS245 will be connected to the DEN pin of the 8088.
6. The only data will be pass through the buffer in either direction.
7. The DT/R pin of the microprocessor will control the direction of data flow through
the bi-directional buffer.
8. Connect the higher 8 bits of the address bus (A8-A15) to the inputs of buffer
74LS244.
9. Connect the next 4 bits (A16-A19) of address bus to the latch 74LS373.
10. Connect the same pins to the inputs of buffer 74LS244 to get the status signals S3,
S4, S5 and S6 from 8088.

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Microprocessors Lab Session 15(b)
NED University of Engineering & Technology – Department of Computer & Information Systems Engineering

Lab Session 15(b)

OBJECT
Creating input / output device select pulses
THEORY
The Microprocessor 8088 has 16-bit register to address I/O devices. Here we have to
create device select pulses to select input and output devices. We will use DIP switches
as input device and LEDs as output device.

DESIGN OF CIRCUIT
These components will be required for design of the circuit.
5. DIP switches.
6. LEDs.
7. 74LS08 AND gates.
8. 74LS04 hex inverter.
9. 74LS138 line decoder.
STEPS OF DESIGNING (Connection description)
 For input device selection we have to use IO/M and RD signals and address of the
input device to be selected to generate the device select pulse.
 For output device selection we have to use IO/M and WR signals and address of the
output device to be selected to generate the device select pulse.
 As IO/M, RD, WR are active low for I/O operations so we will generate the device
select pulse in given below manner.
IO/M
RD Input Device Select Pulse
Address
of input device
IO/M
WR Output Device Select Pulse
Address
of output device
 By using these device select pulse we can select / enable the DIP switches or LEDs
according to the need.

OR
 By using 74138 line decoder we can generate the device select pulses for I/O devices.

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Microprocessors Lab Session 15(c)
Samara University, College of Engineering & Technology – Department of Computer Science

Lab Session 15(c)

OBJECT
Interfacing 8255PPI to the 8088 Microprocessor
THEORY
There are three different ports (Port A, Port B and Port C) are available to interface I/O
devices to 8088 microprocessor. There is an internal register, which stores Command
Word so we can call it Command register. Command Word defines the modes of working
of ports of the device. There are three different types of modes present in 8255 to
interface I/O devices to 8088 microprocessor.

Mode 1 : Simple I/O.

Mode 2 : Strobed I/O.
Mode 3 : Handshake I/O.

There are two pins A0 and A1 present on the package of 8255PPI to select the ports.

A1 A0 Select
0 0 Port A
0 1 Port B
1 0 Port C
1 1 Command Register

First of all the Command Register is selected and the Command Word is stored in the
register. After that we can use the ports of 8255PPI according to the function that we
have defined in the Command Word.

DESIGN OF CIRCUIT

These components will be required for design of the circuit.

10. 8088 microprocessor.
11. 8255 Programmable Peripheral Interface.
12. DIP switches.
13. LEDs.
14. 74LS373 latches.
15. 74LS244 buffers.
16. 74LS245 buffers.
17. 74LS04 hex inverter.
18. Small capacity RAM IC (e.g. 4016).
19. Small capacity EPROM IC (e.g. 2716).
20. 74LS138 line decoder.

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Microprocessors Lab Session 15(c)
Samara University, College of Engineering & Technology – Department of Computer Science

STEPS OF DESIGNING (Connection description)

1. Connect the lower 8 bits of the time multiplexed address/data (AD0-AD7) bus to the
inputs of latch 74LS373. The only address will be available after passing through the
latch.
2. The enable pin of the latch 74LS373 will be connected to the ALE pin of the 8088.
3. The only address will be available after passing through the latch.
4. Connect the lower 8 bits of the time multiplexed address/data (AD0-AD7) bus to the
inputs of bi-directional buffer 74LS245.
5. The enable pin of the buffer 74LS245 will be connected to the DEN pin of the 8088.
6. The only data will be pass through the buffer in either direction.
7. The DT/R pin of the microprocessor will control the direction of data flow through
the bi-directional buffer.
8. Connect the higher 8 bits of the address bus (A8-A15) to the inputs of buffer
74LS244.
9. Connect the next 4 bits (A16-A19) of address bus to the latch 74LS373.
10. Connect the same pins to the inputs of buffer 74LS244 to get the status signals S3,
S4, S5 and S6 from 8088.
11. Define the addresses for selecting 8255PPI, RAM and EPROM ICs.
12. Connect three address pins to the inputs (A, B and C) of 74138 decoder.
13. Connect the enable pins of the decoder 74138 to appropriate address lines.
14. Connect the data bus of microprocessor to the data bus of 8255PPI.
15. A0 and A1 pins of 8255PPI will be connected to A0 and A1 pins of 8088
microprocessor respectively.
16. CS (Chip Select) pin of 8255PPI will be connected to one of the outputs of 74138
decoder.
17. RESET of 8255PPI will be connected to RESET of 8088 microprocessor.
18. RD and WR pins of 8255PPI will be connected to the IORC and IOWC pins of 8088
microprocessor respectively.
19. Connect the address and data buses of EPROM and RAM to the address and data
buses of 8088 microprocessor.
20. CE or CS pin of EPROM and RAM will be connected to one of the outputs of the
74138 decoder.
21. OE pin of the EPROM and RAM will be connected to the RD pin of the
microprocessor.

60
Microprocessors Lab Session 16(a)
Samara University, College of Engineering & Technology – Department of Computer Science

Lab Session 16(a)

Series-Parallel Logic
OBJECT
To learn how to handle elements when connecting them in series (an AND circuit) or
in parallel (an OR circuit).

THEORY
Input I1 is ORed with input I2 and this Logical combination of element is ANDed with
input I3. Whether or not input I3 passes power flow to output element O1 depends on
whether input 11 or input 12 passes a current flow.

Suppose we try this new combination of AND and OR functions in Figur 2.

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Microprocessors Lab Session 16(a)
Samara University, College of Engineering & Technology – Department of Computer Science

PROCEDURE
Program the PLC with this circuit:

1. To execute CX-programmer, do the following steps:

 Click the START and go to All Programs.
 Select the folder Omron then the folder CX-Programmer.
 Click on CX-Programmer to start.
2. To start a new project, perform the following steps:

Step 1: Create a New Project

Select <File> -- <New> OR click on the New Project icon.

A project window will appear, with a <Change PLC> window.

Step 2: Select your Settings

Assign a name for the PLC at the Device Name (Default – NewPLC1).
Select the appropriate PLC model (CPM2* for this PLC) by clicking on Device Type.
Set the driver to the COM port (in Network Type Settings) connected from PC to
PLC.

After the setup has been done, the programming screens will appear. There are 4
different windows:
 Ladder design window
 Project work space
 Output Window Error on Compiling
 Watch window I/O Monitor

Ladder Design Window:

1. Develop the given ladder logic in Figure 1 in this window by following these
steps:
 Place a new contact by clicking on it from toolbar and then clicking on ladder
design window at the desired location.
 Write 0.00 in Edit contact and press OK then write I1 in Edit comment field and
press OK.
 Place another new contact by clicking on it from toolbar and then clicking on
ladder design window at the right of I1.
 Write 0.01 in Edit contact and press OK then write I2 in Edit comment field and
press OK.
 Place a new coil by clicking on it from toolbar and then clicking on ladder design
window at the right of I2.

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Microprocessors Lab Session 16(a)
Samara University, College of Engineering & Technology – Department of Computer Science

 Write 10.00 in Edit contact and press OK then write O1 in Edit comment field and
press OK.
 Place a vertical wire connection in between I1 and I2 for connecting I3 in parallel
of I1.
 Place another new contact by clicking on it from toolbar and then clicking on
ladder design window at the bottom of I1.
 Write 0.02 in Edit contact and press OK then write I3 in Edit comment field and
press OK.

2. Compile this program by clicking on Program Menu and by selecting Compile

option. Another window appears with number on errors and warning message.
3. Now change PLC mode to online from PLC menu and selecting Work online OR
by pressing Work On-line button from toolbar. A confirmation dialogue is
displayed, select the Yes pushbutton to connect.
4. Select the Download button from the toolbar. The Download Options dialogue is
displayed.
5. Set the Programs field and select the OK pushbutton.
6. Deselect the Work Online option. Now you can observe the operation of PLC on
the PC monitor.

TEST THE CIRCUIT

Output 10.00 should be energized when:
I-01 and I-02 are pressed.
or
I-03 and I-02 are pressed.

TASK
Develop the logic given in Figure 2 and test its operation:
Output:
.

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Microprocessors Lab Session 16(a)
Samara University, College of Engineering & Technology – Department of Computer Science

EXERCISE
Program the PLC with the circuit below:

OBSERVATIONS

1. Output O1 when I1 and I4 are pressed ---------. (ON/OFF)

2. Output O1 when I4 and I3 are pressed ---------. (ON/OFF)
3. Output O1 when I5 and I6 are pressed ---------. (ON/OFF)
4. Output O1 when I6 is pressed ---------. (ON/OFF)

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Microprocessors Lab Session 16(b)
Samara University, College of Engineering & Technology – Department of Computer Science

Lab Session 16(b)

Latching Circuits
OBJECT
To learn how to program a latching circuit in the PLC.

THEORY
A latching circuit provides a latched (ON) signal from a momentary pulse. When a
momentary pulse is transmitted, the circuit turns on and remains on even though the pulse
is momentary.

In Figure 1 a momentary push button, PB1, is wired to input I1. When the button is
pushed and then released, I1 turns ON, then OFF, providing only momentary energizing
for I1. Output O1 receives this momentary pulse, and energizes the contacts (O1) in
parallel with the momentary switch. These contacts maintain the connection after the
push button is released. Contact will be maintained until I2 is energized, breaking the
circuit to relay coil O1. The circuit will also reset to a power off condition if the PLC
loses power or the PLC is turned off.

This experiment will also introduce Nicknames and Reference Description.

Input 11 will be named as START.

Input 12 will be named as STOP.

PROCEDURE
Program the PLC with this circuit:

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Microprocessors Lab Session 16(b)
Samara University, College of Engineering & Technology – Department of Computer Science

1. To execute CX-programmer, do the following steps:

 Click the START and go to All Programs.
 Select the folder Omron then the folder CX-Programmer.
 Click on CX-Programmer to start.
2. To start a new project, perform the following steps:

Step 1: Create a New Project

Select <File> -- <New> OR click on the New Project icon.

A project window will appear, with a <Change PLC> window.

Step 2: Select your Settings

Assign a name for the PLC at the Device Name (Default – NewPLC1).
Select the appropriate PLC model (CPM2* for this PLC) by clicking on Device Type.
Set the driver to the COM port (in Network Type Settings) connected from PC to
PLC.

After the setup has been done, the programming screens will appear. There are 4
different windows:
 Ladder design window
 Project work space
 Output Window Error on Compiling
 Watch window I/O Monitor

Ladder Design Window:

1. Develop the given ladder logic in Figure 1 in this window by following these
steps:
 Place a new contact by clicking on it from toolbar and then clicking on ladder
design window at the desired location.
 Write 0.00 in Edit contact and press OK then write I1 in Edit comment field and
press OK.
 Now Place a new closed contact by clicking on it from toolbar and then clicking
on ladder design window at the right of I1.
 Write 0.01 in Edit contact and press OK then write I2 in Edit comment field and
press OK.
 Place a new coil by clicking on it from toolbar and then clicking on ladder design
window at the right of I2.
 Write 10.00 in Edit contact and press OK then write O1 in Edit comment field and
press OK.
 Place a vertical wire connection in between I1 and I2 for connecting I3 in parallel
of I1.
 Place another new contact by clicking on it from toolbar and then clicking on
ladder design window at the bottom of I1.

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Microprocessors Lab Session 16(b)
Samara University, College of Engineering & Technology – Department of Computer Science

 Write 0.02 in Edit contact and press OK then write I3 in Edit comment field and
press OK.

2. Compile this program by clicking on Program Menu and by selecting Compile

option. Another window appears with number on errors and warning message.
3. Now change PLC mode to online from PLC menu and selecting Work online OR
by pressing Work On-line button from toolbar. A confirmation dialogue is
displayed; select the Yes pushbutton to connect.
4. Select the Download button from the toolbar. The Download Options dialogue is
displayed.
5. Set the Programs field and select the OK pushbutton.
6. Deselect the Work Online option. Now you can observe the operation of PLC on
the PC monitor.

TEST THE CIRCUIT

 When SW1 is pressed, enabling I1, the indicator for O1 will illuminate as well.
O1 will remain on even after SW1 is no longer pressed.
 When SW2 is pressed, O1 should turn off.
 If the PLC power is turned off, the circuit will RESET when power is turned back
on.

EXERCISE

Program the PLC with the circuit below:

OBSERVATIONS

1. Output O1 when I1 is pressed. --------- (ON/OFF)

2. Output O1 when I3 is pressed and released. --------- (ON/OFF)
3. Output O1 when I2 is pressed. --------- (ON/OFF)
4. Output O1 when I2 and I3 both are pressed --------- (ON/OFF)

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Microprocessors Lab Session 16(c)
Samara University, College of Engineering & Technology – Department of Computer Science

Lab Session 16(c)

Timer Circuits
OBJECT
To learn how to program a Timer circuit in the PLC.

THEORY
The internal PLC timer consists of an enabling input, a reset input, and a timer preset
value.

The figure shows the basic timer function in a logic circuit.

This circuit delays power to O1 until a preset time has elapsed. The Set Value sets the
length of the time delay in multiple of 0.1 seconds. In the above figure, the constant value
of 40 will result in a 4 seconds time delay between the time I1 is energized and O1
output.

PROCEDURE
Program the PLC with this circuit:

1. To execute CX-programmer, do the following steps:

68
Microprocessors Lab Session 16(c)
Samara University, College of Engineering & Technology – Department of Computer Science

 Click the START and go to All Programs.

 Select the folder Omron then the folder CX-Programmer.
 Click on CX-Programmer to start.
2. To start a new project, perform the following steps:

Step 1: Create a New Project

Select <File> -- <New> OR click on the New Project icon.

A project window will appear, with a <Change PLC> window.

Step 2: Select your Settings

Assign a name for the PLC at the Device Name (Default – NewPLC1).
Select the appropriate PLC model (CPM2* for this PLC) by clicking on Device Type.
Set the driver to the COM port (in Network Type Settings) connected from PC to
PLC.

After the setup has been done, the programming screens will appear. There are 4
different windows:
 Ladder design window
 Project work space
 Output Window Error on Compiling
 Watch window I/O Monitor

Ladder Design Window:

1. Develop the given ladder logic in Figure 1 in this window by following these
steps:
 Place a new contact by clicking on it from toolbar and then clicking on ladder
design window at the desired location.
 Write 0.00 in Edit contact and press OK then write I1 in Edit comment field and
press OK.
 Now Place a new PLC instruction by clicking on it from toolbar and then clicking
on ladder design window at the right of I1.
 Write TIM 001 #40 in Edit Instruction and press OK then write Timer1 in Edit
comment field and press OK.
 Place another new contact by clicking on it from toolbar and then clicking on
ladder design window just below I1 in the next rung.
 Write TIM001 in Edit contact and press OK then write Timer1 in Edit comment
field and press OK.
 Place a new coil by clicking on it from toolbar and then clicking on ladder design
window at the right of Timer1.
 Write 10.00 in Edit contact and press OK then write O1 in Edit comment field and
press OK.

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Microprocessors Lab Session 16(c)
Samara University, College of Engineering & Technology – Department of Computer Science

2. Compile this program by clicking on Program Menu and by selecting Compile

option. Another window appears with number on errors and warning message.
3. Now change PLC mode to online from PLC menu and selecting Work online OR
by pressing Work On-line button from toolbar. A confirmation dialogue is
displayed; select the Yes pushbutton to connect.
4. Select the Download button from the toolbar. The Download Options dialogue is
displayed.
5. Set the Programs field and select the OK pushbutton.
6. Deselect the Work Online option. Now you can observe the operation of PLC on
the PC monitor.

TEST THE PROGRAM

 Four seconds after I1 is closed O1 will be energized.

 The timer status will be displayed in real time on the program screen in either
online or monitor modes. Observe the time value shown on the program screen. If
the time is running, a number will increment on the timer. This reflects the timer’s
internal count. After the set value has been reached, the timer stops to increment.
 Releasing I1 will reset the timer value to zero.

EXERCISE
Q: Design Ladder logic program for Priority determination design (Early Player Buzzer
First).

OPERATION:
The game buzzer control requirement:
1. After the Host has finished with question.
2. The 3 players will press the switch in front of them to fight to be first to
answer the question.
3. The buzzer will sound for 10 sec after any one of the players has touched the
switch.
4. The light indicator in front of each player will light-up and only reset by the
Host switch.

I/O ASSIGNMENT:

Input Device Output Device

00000 PB1 01000 Buzzer
00001 PB2 01001 Player1 light
00002 PB3 01002 Player2 light
00003 RST (reset) 01003 Player3 light

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Microprocessors Lab Session 16(c)
Samara University, College of Engineering & Technology – Department of Computer Science

LADDER LOGIC:

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Microprocessors Lab Session 16(c)
Samara University, College of Engineering & Technology – Department of Computer Science

OBSERVATIONS

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Microprocessors Lab Session 16(d)
Samara University, College of Engineering & Technology – Department of Computer Science

Lab Session 16(d)

Counter Circuits
OBJECT
To learn how to program a counter circuit in the PLC.

THEORY
The basic counter within the PLC consists of the input the counter function, the counter
reset input, and the counter preset. Each part of the counter performs a very specific
function. Each part of the counter performs a very specific function. The counter must
first be enabled before it can count events. To enable the counter, the reset element must
be open initially. If the reset element is open, then closing the count element causes the
accumulated value of a counter to increase by 1.For example, if the accumulated value of
a counter was 7, the value would increase to 8 with the closing of the count element.

The accumulated value increases by 1each time the count element goes from open to
close. If the count element remain in the close position, the accumulated value increases
by only 1.The count element must then be opened and again closed in order to increases
the value by a count of 1.When the accumulated value of a counter is equal to a PRESET
value, the counter energizes the output relay coil.

Any time the RESET element is closed, the counter is RESET regardless of whether or
not the count contact is close. If the counter is RESET, the accumulated value of the
counter is RESET, to 0000 and the counter output is de-energized. This causes the output
relay coil and its associated contacts to change back to their original status-the normally
closed contacts close. These conditions will remain as long as the RESET element is
close. When the RESET element is again opened, the counter is ready to begin counting
all over again.

PROCEDURE

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Microprocessors Lab Session 16(d)
Samara University, College of Engineering & Technology – Department of Computer Science

Program the PLC with this circuit:

1. To execute CX-programmer, do the following steps:

 Click the START and go to All Programs.
 Select the folder Omron then the folder CX-Programmer.
 Click on CX-Programmer to start.
2. To start a new project, perform the following steps:

Step 1: Create a New Project

Select <File> -- <New> OR click on the New Project icon.

A project window will appear, with a <Change PLC> window.

Step 2: Select your Settings

Assign a name for the PLC at the Device Name (Default – NewPLC1).
Select the appropriate PLC model (CPM2* for this PLC) by clicking on Device Type.
Set the driver to the COM port (in Network Type Settings) connected from PC to
PLC.

After the setup has been done, the programming screens will appear. There are 4
different windows:
 Ladder design window
 Project work space
 Output Window Error on Compiling
 Watch window I/O Monitor

Ladder Design Window:

1. Develop the given ladder logic in Figure 1 in this window by following these
steps:
 Place a new contact by clicking on it from toolbar and then clicking on ladder
design window at the desired location.
 Write 0.00 in Edit contact and press OK then write I1 in Edit comment field and
press OK.
 Now Place a new PLC instruction by clicking on it from toolbar and then clicking
on ladder design window at the right of I1.
 Write CNT 010 #8 in Edit Instruction and press OK then write Counter1 in Edit
comment field and press OK.
 Place another new contact by clicking on it from toolbar and then clicking on
ladder design window just below I1.
 Write 0.01 in Edit contact and press OK then write I2 in Edit comment field and
press OK.
 Place third new contact by clicking on it from toolbar and then clicking on ladder
design window just below I2 in the next rung.

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Microprocessors Lab Session 16(d)
Samara University, College of Engineering & Technology – Department of Computer Science

 Write CNT010 in Edit contact and press OK then write Counter1 in Edit comment
field and press OK.
 Place a new coil by clicking on it from toolbar and then clicking on ladder design
window at the right of Counter1.
 Write 10.00 in Edit contact and press OK then write O1 in Edit comment field and
press OK.

2. Compile this program by clicking on Program Menu and by selecting Compile

option. Another window appears with number on errors and warning message.
3. Now change PLC mode to online from PLC menu and selecting Work online OR
by pressing Work On-line button from toolbar. A confirmation dialogue is
displayed; select the Yes pushbutton to connect.
4. Select the Download button from the toolbar. The Download Options dialogue is
displayed.
5. Set the Programs field and select the OK pushbutton.
6. Deselect the Work Online option. Now you can observe the operation of PLC on
the PC monitor.

TEST THE PROGRAM

 Press I1 eight times. The accumulated count will appear on the counter. At the
tenth switch closure O1 will energize.
 Press I2 to reset the counter and repeat the experiment.

EXERCISE
Q: Design Ladder Logic Program for Packaging Line Control:

OPERATION:
When PB1 (START Push Button) is pressed, the box conveyor moves. Upon detection of box
present, the box conveyor stops and the Apple conveyor starts. Part sensor will count for 10
apples. Apple conveyor stops and box conveyor starts again. Counter will be reset and
operation repeats until PB2 (STOP Push Button) is pressed.

I/O ASSIGNMENT:
Input Devices Output Devices
00000 START Push Button (PB1 01000 Apple Conveyor
00001 STOP Push Button (PB2) 01001 Box Conveyor
00002 Part Present (SE1)
00003 Box Present (SE2)

LADDER LOGIC:

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Microprocessors Lab Session 16(d)
Samara University, College of Engineering & Technology – Department of Computer Science

OBSERVATIONS

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
(Lab session 15)

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