O Level Physics Notes-7-10
O Level Physics Notes-7-10
1:2. DENSITY AND RELATIVE DENSITY balance and its mass, Mo is noted.
A liquid is added to it and it is weighed again using the
1:2:1. DENSITY beam balance;
Density is the mass per unit volume: 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓
mass 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠
Density = ( )=( 𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑦 ) – ( 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 )
volume 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑
𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑.
The SI unit is kg/m3 or kgm-3 other units are g/l or gcm -3
mass of liquid
Note: the density of pure water is 1000kgm-3 or 1gcm-3 Density of liquid =
volume of liquid
Changing gcm-3 to kgm-3
1gcm-3 = 1000kgm-3 (d) Air
So when changing gcm-3 to kgm-3 simply multiplies by 1000
Example:
Express 0.8 gcm -3 in kgm-3
1gcm-3= 1000kgm-3
0.8 = x
𝑥 = 0.8 × 1000𝑘𝑔𝑚−3
𝑥 = 800𝑘𝑚−3
Thus 0.8𝑔𝑐𝑚−3 = 800𝑘𝑔𝑚−3
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Liquid Y of volume 0.40m3 and density 90.0kgm-3 is mixed
with liquid X of volume0.35m3 and density 800kgm-3.
Calculate the density of the mixture.
Solution
mass of Y = Volume of Y × Density of Y
mass of Y = 0.40 × 90.0
mass of Y = 360kg
2. 500cm3 of liquid X of density 2gcm-3 is combined with Note: The advantage of using a density bottle in measuring
200 g of liquid Y of density 4gcm-3. Calculate the density of the relative density of a solid is that it is accurate compared
the mixture. to other methods.
3. Liquid M of density 0.5gcm-3 is mixed with liquid N in Measurement of relative density of a solid
equal volumes. If the mixture has a density of 0.8gcm-3 , This can be found by weighing the solid in air and when
Find the density of liquid N. fully immersed in water.
The solid immersed in water displaces an amount of
4. 3cm-3of water was mixed with 5cm-3 of milk of density water equal to its volume. The relative density is then
1500kgm-3. Find the density of the mixture. [1312.5kgm-3] calculated using;
Relative density = Weight in air = Wa
5. Liquid A of volume 400cm3 and density 800kgm-3 is Weight in water Wa −Ww
mixed with liquid B of volume 600cm3 and density
1120kgm-3. Calculate the density of the mixture. Example 1
A density bottle was used to measure the density of
1:2:3. RELATIVE DENSITY (R.D) mercury. The following measurements were taken:
Relative density is defined as the ratio of the density of a Mass of empty bottle = 20g
substance to the density of an equal volume of water. Mass of bottle full of mercury = 360g
Density of substance Mass of bottle full of water = 45g
Relative Density = Calculate the;
Density of equal volume of water
a. Relative density of mercury
Note: Density of pure water =1gcm-3 = 1000kgm-3 since b. Density of mercury
density = mass ⁄ Volume, Then:
mass of substance Solution
Relative Density = (i) (ii)
mass of equal volume of water m2 − m0 Density mercury
R. D = R. D =
weight of substance m1 − m0 Density of water
Relative Density = ρ
weight of equal volume of water 360 − 20 13.6 =
R. D = 1000
45 − 20 𝜌 = 13.6 × 1000
Note: Relative density has no units.
𝜌 = 13600𝑘𝑔𝑚−3
340
Experiment: To determine the Relative density of a liquid R. D =
25
using a density bottle. R. D = 13.6
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Example: 2 A: 160 cm3 B: 600 cm3
3
A density bottle has mass 75g when empty, 95g when full of C: 760 cm D: 1000 cm3
water and 99g when full of a liquid. Calculate the: 12. What mass of lead has the same volume as 1600 kg of
(i) Relative density of the liquid. petrol? {Density of lead = 11400 kg m-3, Density of petrol
(ii) density of the liquid = 800 kg m-3}
Solution A. 22 800 kg C. 1600 kg
mE = 75g; mL = 99g; mW = 95g B. C. 11400 kg D. 800 kg
(i) (ii)
mL − mE Density of liquid 13. A metal cuboid of dimensions 3 cm by 2 cm by 1 cm
R. D = R. D =
mW − mE Density of water and 8.9 g cm-3 is completely immersed in a liquid of density
ρ 0.8 g cm-3. The mass of the liquid displaced is
99 − 75 1.2 = A. 53.4 g. B. 29.1 g.
R. D = 1000
95 − 75 𝜌 = 1.2 × 1000 B. C. 7.5 g. D. 4.8 g.
𝜌 = 1200𝑘𝑔𝑚−3
24 14. A tank 2m tall and base area of 2.5m2 is filled to the
R. D = brim with a liquid, which weighs 40000N. Calculate, the
20
R. D = 1.2 density of the liquid in kg/m3.
4000 4000
A. C.
2×2.5×10 2×2.5×10
Exercise:
1. A bottle full of water has a mass of 45g, when full of 40000 40000
ethanol, its massis36g. If the empty bottle weighs 20g, B. D.
2×2.5×10 2×25
calculate the density of ethanol.
2. Density bottle has a mass of 70g when empty, 90g when 1:3. SCALARS AND VECTORS
full of water and 94g when full of liquid.
Find the relative density of the liquid and its density. Physical quantities can be divided into two types namely:
i) Scalar quantity ii) Vector quantity
3. An empty 60-litre petrol tank weighs10kg. What will be
its mass when full of petrol of relative density 0.72? A scalar quantity is physical quantity which has magnitude
only.
4. A density bottle was used to measure the relative density Examples: Mass, volume, time, temperature distance,
of a liquid and the following results were obtained. pressure etc.
Mass of empty bottle : =30g
Mass of bottle full of water : =130g A vector quantity is a physical quantity which has both
Mass of bottle full of liquid : =110g magnitude and direction.
Calculate the density of the liquid. (=0.8gcm-3) Examples: Velocity, acceleration, force, momentum
displacement, Electric and magnetic field intensities.
5. An empty density bottle is 46.00g. When fully filled with
water, it weighs 96.00g. It weighs 86.00g when full of an Resultant Vector
unknown liquid. Find the density of the liquid. (=0.8gcm-3) A resultant vector is a single vector which produces the
6. A piece of aluminum weighs 80N in air and 50.37N when same effect on an object as two or more vectors acting on
completely immersed in water. Calculate the relative density the same body.
of aluminum. (=2.7) Moving from O to B along OB is the same as moving
through OA followed by AB. This shows that a single vector
7. Two solid cubes have the same mass but their surface OB produces the same effect as adding; ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OB = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OA + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AB
areas are in the ratio of 1 : 16. What is the ratio of their
densities? In general the resultant force is calculated by adding all the
A. 1 : 2 B. 4 : 1 force. But when the forces are in opposite direction the
C. 64 : 1 D. 1 : 64 resultant force is calculated by subtracting.