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O Level Physics Notes-7-10

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319 views4 pages

O Level Physics Notes-7-10

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dkimera.maritime
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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 An empty measuring cylinder is weighed on a beam

1:2. DENSITY AND RELATIVE DENSITY balance and its mass, Mo is noted.
 A liquid is added to it and it is weighed again using the
1:2:1. DENSITY beam balance;
Density is the mass per unit volume: 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓
mass 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠
Density = ( )=( 𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑦 ) – ( 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 )
volume 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑
𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑.
The SI unit is kg/m3 or kgm-3 other units are g/l or gcm -3
mass of liquid
Note: the density of pure water is 1000kgm-3 or 1gcm-3 Density of liquid =
volume of liquid
Changing gcm-3 to kgm-3
1gcm-3 = 1000kgm-3 (d) Air
So when changing gcm-3 to kgm-3 simply multiplies by 1000

Example:
Express 0.8 gcm -3 in kgm-3

1gcm-3= 1000kgm-3
0.8 = x
𝑥 = 0.8 × 1000𝑘𝑔𝑚−3
𝑥 = 800𝑘𝑚−3
Thus 0.8𝑔𝑐𝑚−3 = 800𝑘𝑔𝑚−3

1:1:2:3:1. Simple density Measurements


When the mass “M” and volume “V” of a substance are (i) Measuring of mass
known; then the density is obtained from: A round-bottomed flask is weighed using a beam balance
𝒎 when full of air and after removing the air using a vacuum
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝛒 = pump. Then
𝑽
(ii) Measuring of volume
(a) For a Regularly shaped solid The volume of air is found by filling the flask with water
 The mass of the solid is measured on a beam balance and pouring it into a measuring cylinder. Then volume of air
 The volume of the solid is obtained by measuring the = volume of water transferred into the measuring cylinder.
sides of the solid using a ruler, veneer calipers or mass of air
Density of air =
micrometer screw gauge. volume of air
 The density is then got from the formula. Precautions taken
mass of solid -The flask should be dried
Density of solid = -The atmospheric pressure and temperature should be noted.
volume of solid
-The air should be dry
(b) For an irregularly – shaped solid
 The solid is weighed using a beam balance to obtain its Factors that affect Density
mass. (i) Temperature
 The volume of the solid is obtained by displacement When the temperature of a substance is increased, it expands
methods; using a displacement can. The volume of hence increasing its volume. The density then decreases.
displaced water is equal to the volume of the solid. When the temperature of a substance is reduced, it contracts
 The density is then got from the formula. hence reducing its volume. The density then increases.
mass of solid
Density of solid = (ii) Pressure
volume of solid
Pressure only affects the density of gases.
NOTE: When the pressure of a given mass of a gas is increased, the
1. For a floating object. Tie a sinker on the floating object gas molecules become squeezed and occupy a smaller
and gently dip it water. Get the volume of the water volume. This increases the density of the gas.
displaced, V1. When the pressure of a given mass of a gas is reduced, the
Then dip the sinker alone in the water and again get the gas molecules become occupy a larger volume. This
volume of water displaced, V2. decreases the density of the gas.
The volume of the floating object, V = V1 – V2
Uses of density
2. For a pin or a ball bearing. It is used to: -Identify materials for construction
-Test the purity of a substance
(c) For liquids -Choose the light gases to fill balloons
 The volume of the liquid is measured using a measuring Example 1:
cylinder and the volume, V is noted. A Perspex box has a10cm square base containing water to a
height of10 cm. A piece of rock of mass 600g is lowered
into the water and the level rises to 12 cm.
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(a) What is the volume of water displaced by the rock? 2
(iii) Find the density of the stone. [ g/cm3]
5
V = Lxwxh
= 10 x10 x (12-10)
5. A steel C.P.U below, has a mass of 560g
= 200 cm3

(b) What is the volume of the rock? 40cm


Volume of rock = volume of water displaced
= 200cm3
20cm
100cm
Alternatively,
Find its density (i) in g/cm3 (ii) in kg/m3
Volume of water before adding the rock
V1 = LxWxH
6. 200g of liquid Y of density 4gcm-3. Calculate the density
= (10cm x 10cm x 10cm)
of the mixture.
= 1000cm3
7. Liquids X and Yare mixed to form a solution. If the
density of X is 0.8gcm-3 and volume is 100cm3, density of Y
Volume of water after adding the rock
1.5cm-3 and its volume is 300m3.Find the;
V2 = LxWxH
(i) mass of liquid X [80g]
= (10 x 10 x 12) cm3
(ii) mass of liquid Y [450g]
= 1200cm3
(iii) Density of a mixture [1.325gcm-3]
Volume of water displaced
7. In an experiment to determine the density of a pin,
V= V2 – V
100pins are gently lowered into a measuring cylinder
= (1200 – 1000) cm3
containing 12cm3 of water. The water in the cylinder rose to
= 200cm3
98cm3. Find the;
(i) volume of a pin.
(c) Calculate the density of the rock
mass 600 g (ii) density of the pin in kgm-3
−3
Density = = 3 = 3gcm
volume 200cm
1:2:2. DENSITY OF MIXTURES
Example 2: Suppose two substances are mixed as follows:
(ii) The mass of 24.4cm3 of mercury is 332g. Find the Substance Mass Volume Density
density of mercury.(=13.6 gcm-3) X MX VX MX
(iii) An 800g solid measures 10cm by 5cm by 4cm. DX =
VX
Determine its density.(= 4 gcm-3) Y MY VY MY
DY =
(iv) A glass stopper of volume 16cm3 weighs 40g. Calculate VY
its density in : (i) gcm-3 .(=2.5 gcm-3)
(ii) kgm-3. (=2500kgm-3) 𝐦𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐦𝐢𝐱𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞
(v) The density of copper is 8.9gcm-3. What is the mass of 𝐃𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐦𝐢𝐱𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 =
𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐦𝐢𝐱𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞
100cm3 of copper? .(=890 g)
(vi) When a piece of irregular stone of mass200g is lowered MX + MY
Density of mixture =
in a measuring cylinder, the initial and final volumes VX + VY
were 500cm3 and 600cm3 respectively. Calculate the
density of the stone.(=2gcm-3) Example: 1
(vii) An empty beaker weighs 120g in air and 180g when 100cm3 of fresh water of mass100g is mixed with 100 cm3
filled with 75cm3 of methylated spirit. Find the density of sea water of mass103g. Calculate the density of the
of methylated spirit. (=0.8gcm-3) mixture.
(viii) What is the mass of 1.5litres of water? (= 1.5kg) Solution
mass of mixture
2. The oil level in a burette is 25cm3.50 drops of oil fall Density of mixture =
Volume of mixture
from a burette. If the volume of one drop is 0.1cm3.What is
the final oil level in the burette. [30cm3] Density of mixture
mass of fresh water + mass of sea water
3. A measuring cylinder has water level of 13cm.What will =
Vol. of fresh water + Volume of sea water
be the new water level if 1.6g of a metallic block of density
0.8g/cm3 is added.
100 + 103
4. A perspex box having 6cm square base contains water to Density of mixture =
100 + 100
a height of 10cm.
(a) Find the volume of water in the box [360cm3] 203
=
200
(b) A stone of mass 120g is lowered into the box and the 𝐃𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐦𝐢𝐱𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟏𝟓 gcm-3
level of water rises to 13cm.
(i) Find the new volume of water? [468cm3] Example 2:
(ii) Find the volume of the stone? [108 cm3]

©[email protected] 8
Liquid Y of volume 0.40m3 and density 90.0kgm-3 is mixed
with liquid X of volume0.35m3 and density 800kgm-3.
Calculate the density of the mixture.

Solution
mass of Y = Volume of Y × Density of Y
mass of Y = 0.40 × 90.0
mass of Y = 360kg

mass of X = Volume of X × Density of X


mass of Y = 0.35 × 800 The bottle contains exactly the same volume when the liquid
mass of Y = 280kg level is at the hole.
.Then:  mass of empty bottle M0
mass of mixture A dry density bottle with a stopper is weighed when empty
Density of mixture = using a balance.
Volume of mixture
 Mass of bottle filled with the liquid M2
Density of mixture A dry density bottle with a stopper is weighed when filled
mass of liquid Y + mass of liquid X with the liquid using a balance.
=  Mass of bottle filled with water M1
Volume ofliquid Y + Volume of liquid X
360 + 280 After removing the liquid and rinsing out the density bottle
Density of mixture = with water, the density bottle is filled with water and
0.40 + 0.35 weighed again.
640kg  The measurements are recorded as below:
= Mass of empty: = m0
0.75m3 Mass of bottle full of water: = m1
𝐃𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐦𝐢𝐱𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 = 𝟖𝟓𝟑. 𝟑𝟑𝐤𝐠m-3
Mass of bottle full of liquid: = m2
Exercise: Mass of liquid: = m2 −m0
1. An alloy is formed by adding 500g of element P of Mass of water: = m1 −m0
density 5gcm-3 to 400cm3 of element Q of density 4gcm-3. 𝐦𝟐 −𝐦𝟎
Calculate the density of the alloy.[ 4.2gcm-3]  Relative Density of a liquid =
𝐦𝟏 −𝐦𝟎

2. 500cm3 of liquid X of density 2gcm-3 is combined with Note: The advantage of using a density bottle in measuring
200 g of liquid Y of density 4gcm-3. Calculate the density of the relative density of a solid is that it is accurate compared
the mixture. to other methods.

3. Liquid M of density 0.5gcm-3 is mixed with liquid N in Measurement of relative density of a solid
equal volumes. If the mixture has a density of 0.8gcm-3 ,  This can be found by weighing the solid in air and when
Find the density of liquid N. fully immersed in water.
 The solid immersed in water displaces an amount of
4. 3cm-3of water was mixed with 5cm-3 of milk of density water equal to its volume. The relative density is then
1500kgm-3. Find the density of the mixture. [1312.5kgm-3] calculated using;
 Relative density = Weight in air = Wa
5. Liquid A of volume 400cm3 and density 800kgm-3 is Weight in water Wa −Ww
mixed with liquid B of volume 600cm3 and density
1120kgm-3. Calculate the density of the mixture. Example 1
A density bottle was used to measure the density of
1:2:3. RELATIVE DENSITY (R.D) mercury. The following measurements were taken:
Relative density is defined as the ratio of the density of a  Mass of empty bottle = 20g
substance to the density of an equal volume of water.  Mass of bottle full of mercury = 360g
Density of substance  Mass of bottle full of water = 45g
Relative Density = Calculate the;
Density of equal volume of water
a. Relative density of mercury
Note: Density of pure water =1gcm-3 = 1000kgm-3 since b. Density of mercury
density = mass ⁄ Volume, Then:
mass of substance Solution
Relative Density = (i) (ii)
mass of equal volume of water m2 − m0 Density mercury
R. D = R. D =
weight of substance m1 − m0 Density of water
Relative Density = ρ
weight of equal volume of water 360 − 20 13.6 =
R. D = 1000
45 − 20 𝜌 = 13.6 × 1000
Note: Relative density has no units.
𝜌 = 13600𝑘𝑔𝑚−3
340
Experiment: To determine the Relative density of a liquid R. D =
25
using a density bottle. R. D = 13.6

©[email protected] 9
Example: 2 A: 160 cm3 B: 600 cm3
3
A density bottle has mass 75g when empty, 95g when full of C: 760 cm D: 1000 cm3
water and 99g when full of a liquid. Calculate the: 12. What mass of lead has the same volume as 1600 kg of
(i) Relative density of the liquid. petrol? {Density of lead = 11400 kg m-3, Density of petrol
(ii) density of the liquid = 800 kg m-3}
Solution A. 22 800 kg C. 1600 kg
mE = 75g; mL = 99g; mW = 95g B. C. 11400 kg D. 800 kg
(i) (ii)
mL − mE Density of liquid 13. A metal cuboid of dimensions 3 cm by 2 cm by 1 cm
R. D = R. D =
mW − mE Density of water and 8.9 g cm-3 is completely immersed in a liquid of density
ρ 0.8 g cm-3. The mass of the liquid displaced is
99 − 75 1.2 = A. 53.4 g. B. 29.1 g.
R. D = 1000
95 − 75 𝜌 = 1.2 × 1000 B. C. 7.5 g. D. 4.8 g.
𝜌 = 1200𝑘𝑔𝑚−3
24 14. A tank 2m tall and base area of 2.5m2 is filled to the
R. D = brim with a liquid, which weighs 40000N. Calculate, the
20
R. D = 1.2 density of the liquid in kg/m3.
4000 4000
A. C.
2×2.5×10 2×2.5×10
Exercise:
1. A bottle full of water has a mass of 45g, when full of 40000 40000
ethanol, its massis36g. If the empty bottle weighs 20g, B. D.
2×2.5×10 2×25
calculate the density of ethanol.

2. Density bottle has a mass of 70g when empty, 90g when 1:3. SCALARS AND VECTORS
full of water and 94g when full of liquid.
Find the relative density of the liquid and its density. Physical quantities can be divided into two types namely:
i) Scalar quantity ii) Vector quantity
3. An empty 60-litre petrol tank weighs10kg. What will be
its mass when full of petrol of relative density 0.72? A scalar quantity is physical quantity which has magnitude
only.
4. A density bottle was used to measure the relative density Examples: Mass, volume, time, temperature distance,
of a liquid and the following results were obtained. pressure etc.
Mass of empty bottle : =30g
Mass of bottle full of water : =130g A vector quantity is a physical quantity which has both
Mass of bottle full of liquid : =110g magnitude and direction.
Calculate the density of the liquid. (=0.8gcm-3) Examples: Velocity, acceleration, force, momentum
displacement, Electric and magnetic field intensities.
5. An empty density bottle is 46.00g. When fully filled with
water, it weighs 96.00g. It weighs 86.00g when full of an Resultant Vector
unknown liquid. Find the density of the liquid. (=0.8gcm-3) A resultant vector is a single vector which produces the
6. A piece of aluminum weighs 80N in air and 50.37N when same effect on an object as two or more vectors acting on
completely immersed in water. Calculate the relative density the same body.
of aluminum. (=2.7) Moving from O to B along OB is the same as moving
through OA followed by AB. This shows that a single vector
7. Two solid cubes have the same mass but their surface OB produces the same effect as adding; ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OB = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OA + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AB
areas are in the ratio of 1 : 16. What is the ratio of their
densities? In general the resultant force is calculated by adding all the
A. 1 : 2 B. 4 : 1 force. But when the forces are in opposite direction the
C. 64 : 1 D. 1 : 64 resultant force is calculated by subtracting.

9. A metal cuboid of dimensions 3 cm by 2 cm by 1 cm and Addition and subtraction of vectors


8.9 g cm-3 is completely immersed in a liquid of density 0.8 The addition of vector takes place so long as the directions
g cm-3. The mass of the liquid displaced is. are the same though the magnitude may differ.
A. 53.4 g. C. 29.1 g. The subtraction occurs when the directions are opposite.
B. 7.5 g. D. 4.8 g.
Example 1:
10. 0.002m3 of a liquid of density 800kgm-3 is mixed with A goat moves 13m west and continue moving west ward
0.003m3 of another liquid of density 1200kgm-3. What is the 5m. Find the resultant displacement of the got .
density of the mixture?
A. 1,000 kgm-3 B. 4,000 kgm-3 13m 5m
-3
C. 2,500 kgm D. 1,040 kgm-3 SH =13+5
=18m in the western direction
11. A bottle weighs 160 g when empty, 760 g when filled
with water, and 1 kg when filled with a certain liquid.
Calculate the volume of the liquid in bottle.

©[email protected] 10

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